Implicit Forms Research Articles

Algebraic Point Projection for Immersed Boundary Analysis on Low Degree NURBS Curves and Surfaces

Point projection is an important geometric need when boundaries described by parametric curves and surfaces are immersed in domains. In problems where an immersed parametric boundary evolves with time as in solidification or fracture analysis, the projection from a point in the domain to the boundary is necessary to determine the interaction of the moving boundary with the underlying domain approximation. Furthermore, during analysis, since the driving force behind interface evolution depends on locally computed curvatures and normals, it is ideal if the parametric entity is not approximated as piecewise-linear. To address this challenge, we present in this paper an algebraic procedure to project a point on to Non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curves and surfaces. The developed technique utilizes the resultant theory to construct implicit forms of parametric Bézier patches, level sets of which are termed algebraic level sets (ALS). Boolean compositions of the algebraic level sets are carried out using the theory of R-functions. The algebraic level sets and their gradients at a given point on the domain are then used to project the point onto the immersed boundary. Beginning with a first-order algorithm, sequentially refined procedures culminating in a second-order projection algorithm are described for NURBS curves and surfaces. Examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency and robustness of the developed method. More importantly, the method is shown to be robust and able to generate valid solutions even for curves and surfaces with high local curvature or G 0 continuity—problems where the Newton–Raphson method fails due to discontinuity in the projected points or because the numerical iterations fail to converge to a solution, respectively.

Political Ecology in Merbeel: A Power Play Around Past and Present Wetland Resource Management

The interrelationship between human society and nature is multifarious. Indeed, interrelationship involves different power plays either in explicit or implicit forms. In different indigenous societies of the world, different actors have been influencing the natural resource management process. With time, the power plays commenced by such actors have been altering their forms with different actors at the zenith of hierarchical man-environment relationship. This research is an attempt to explore a succession of such power plays around a historically famous wetland Merbeel and its island of Upper Assam. The research methods followed here is qualitative. A participatory research approach is used to explore different local dynamics. The research shows that the wetland and its island have perceivably been under a through hegemonic control of different groups, from time to time. Due to natural resource availability, Merbeel and its island have always been in the epicentre of these hegemonic power plays. This study provides a brief explanation of this succession process of these power plays dividing it into three periods.

ПУБЛИЧНЫЕ ДИРЕКТИВЫ КАК ЧАСТЬ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО ЛАНДШАФТА СОВРЕМЕННОГО КИТАЙСКОГО ГОРОДА

Public signs which manage people’s behaviour in public places are an integral part of the linguistic landscape of any city. They not only reflect the existing system of social values, cultural norms and standards, but also play a role in their formation by exerting unconscious and repeated influence on the mentality of citizens. The article examines the linguistic and sociocultural features of the texts of Chinese public signs. The tendencies to soften communicative intent in the texts of public signs, to implement the principle of courtesy, to reject ready-made formulas and clichés, to use the implicit forms of inducement intent expression are noted.

Two-Way Cultural Transmission in Study-Abroad: U.S. Host Families and Japanese College Students in Short-Term Homestay Programs

This study addresses a gap in the study-abroad literature, examining both student and host family experiences of two-way cultural transmission. Interviews, participant observation and reflective journals revealed both parties sought authentic cultural experiences, but implicit forms of cultural transmission in homestay rendered preconceived notions of authenticity elusive. This discrepancy held potential for growth in cultural understanding. The authors explore implications for program design and interpretation of outcomes.

Demanding more of Strawsonian accountability theory

AbstractA neglected and non‐trivial problem exists for a central cluster of Strawsonian accountability theories of moral responsibility, namely those that, following Gary Watson, understand the reactive attitudes to be implicit forms of moral address, particularly moral demand. The problem consists in the joint acceptance of two claims: (a) Accountability is a matter of agents holding one another to moral demands, and (b) accountability is a view of blame and praise. I label joint acceptance of these claims the Strawsonian's demand dogma. Symptomatic of a larger tendency among responsibility theorists to focus on blame to the neglect of its positive counterpart, the demand dogma saddles the Strawsonian with an impoverished and ultimately untenable view of praise. This is because moral demand occupies a dual role on the Strawsonian's view of blame, one that it is incapable of occupying for praise. For, demands figure not only in the contents of blame responses; demand typifies the form of these responses themselves. That is, reactive attitudes of blame, unlike those of praise, implicitly make demands of their targets. The force of this problem is highlighted by considering the inadequacy of various strategies for shoehorning “demand” into our conception of praise. If reactive attitudes generally are incipient forms of moral address, praise‐manifesting attitudes must communicate something other than demand. Though primarily critical, this paper invites Strawsonian responsibility theorists to give renewed attention to the foundations of the proposal that the reactive attitudes are incipiently communicative, focusing this time on the form of address that lies at the heart of praise.

The effects of accounting conservatism on executive compensation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify means of better associating executive remuneration with managerial decision making and firm performance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors evaluate the influence of conditional accounting conservatism on CEO compensation. The authors focus particularly on the ex ante pay-for-performance sensitivity (PPS) of CEO stock option grants. The empirical method used is panel data regression.FindingsThe authors find that accounting conservatism is positively related to the PPS of CEO option-based compensation. The effects of accounting conservatism on the PPS of options are more significant for firms with relatively weaker corporate governance and for the period before the introduction of FAS 123R. The findings suggest that directors reward CEOs for adopting accounting conservatism, both in general terms and incrementally, and that rewards are channelled through incentive-linked compensation. The results are also consistent with the view that accounting conservatism compliments other mechanisms, such as corporate governance, in reducing information asymmetry and agency problems between managers and shareholders and other stakeholders.Originality/valueThis paper provides a number of important contributions to the literature. It is the first to identify a relationship between accounting conservatism and option-based CEO compensation, which has important potential contracting and enforcement implications due to the incomplete nature of option contracts and the reward and risk attributes of CEOs. This paper is also the first to analyse the association between conditional accounting conservatism and CEO compensation at the firm–year level, by employing the firm–year conservatism score approach proposed by Khan and Watts (2009). This provides for greater insight regarding the interaction between accounting conservatism and other firm-specific elements than is otherwise obtainable from an overall firm or year interpretations derived from the traditional Basu (1997) asymmetric timeliness model approach. Furthermore, this paper also provides a comparison of the relative association of accounting conservatism on both explicit and implicit forms of CEO compensation for the same firm sample. This allows for the assessment of whether accounting conservatism relates differently to incentive-based CEO remuneration relative to ex post CEO compensation outcomes.

Measuring Workers’ Financial Incentives

We propose a novel measure for workers’ financial incentives based on within-establishment wage differences among similar workers from the same occupation. This measure captures all forms of incentive pay that lead to worker-employer-specific pay premiums, including explicit (e.g., bonuses) and implicit forms (e.g., tournaments). We estimate the measure using a linked worker-establishment-firm dataset that covers 31 million workers in Germany. For validation, we exploit survey-based information on performance pay and variation in monitoring costs due to occupational characteristics, establishment size, and task complexity and show that the measure behaves as theoretically predicted. Applying the measure yields evidence that workers’ incentives positively correlate with firms’ performance and innovativeness, which supports a positive relationship between incentives and effort.

Moments of Reticence in the Analects and Wittgenstein

Despite the cultural distance between the Analects of Confucius and the writings of Wittgenstein, both link ethical cultivation with care in language use. This article explores that link by studying both the implicit and explicit forms of reticence found in the textual sources. The objective is to bring into view some indirect modes of teaching within and across traditions, a dynamic that may be useful for future cross-cultural study of philosophical, religious, and/or ethical traditions.

Assessing task‐orientation potential in primary science textbooks: Toward a new approach

AbstractTask orientation is currently a prominent concept under discussion in primary school didactics. It focuses on tasks along which pupils acquire competences on distinct levels of competence. The qualitative empirical study TAPSE (Textbook Analysis in Primary Science Education) pursues the question which conception of task orientation is present in current textbooks in primary science education. The study follows two foci: (a) The introduction of a new category system for the analysis of the task‐orientation potential of tasks, based on the further development of existing category systems for analyzing tasks; and (b) the analysis of 994 task statements in science textbooks with respect to the didactic quality of their task orientation. The sample included nine primary science textbooks, four from Germany, and five from Luxembourg. Textbooks were selected from the most frequently sold series in the respective country. All tasks of the textbooks were analyzed deductively and inductively by four coders in three steps: (a) Identifying tasks with task‐oriented potential; (b) itemizing different types of task‐orientation potential; and (c) comparing the textbooks with respect to country‐ and period‐specific manifestations of task orientation. Analysis indicated that (a) there are few tasks which meet the criteria of task orientation; (b) distinct types of task orientation can be generated, among which implicit forms dominate; and (c) differences occur in the characteristics of task orientation between older and newer textbooks as well as between German and Luxembourgish ones. Central points of discussion ensue from this: The need to develop models for social and cognitive activation for tasks, challenges for professional development for teachers, and support for pupils—in particular high achieving heterogenization.

The Development of Skill Knowledge in Conservation

Abstract In conservation, the practical ability to implement treatment on objects of cultural heritage requires skills as an essential part of conservation expertise and constitutes an fundamental part of learning in conservation education. The acquisition of practical skills, which include cognitive and practical elements, is governed by laws that are primarily explained by means of organizational psychology and medicine where they have evolved in the form of step models. Stages of explicit and implicit knowledge are distinguished as well as factual-theoretical and practical-performative knowledge. Forms of learning are, in addition to guided learning, the experiment, the emergency, case studies and implicit forms of problem solving. The development of the expert can also be traced by the development of practical skills in five stages from beginner to expert. The stages of skills acquisition can be explained by reference to the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF) and the skill levels defined by the European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers’ Organizations (E.C.C.O.).

Increased Efficiency of Systems Modeling Electronic Circuits in Frequency Domains

We consider methods to construct mathematical models for the automation of circuit design that implement the calculations of the parameters and the structure of the circuit connections of the components of the developed electronic device displayed by its graphic scheme. We note that the modeling of frequency properties of an electronic circuits in a frequency range is among the main problems of circuit design. Within this range, the frequency characteristics of the circuit are computed multiply to find the admissible or optimum values of the parameters of the components used in the designed electronic circuit. It is shown that two approaches to resolve such a problem are possible. The first approach is based on the description of the simulated circuit by complex matrices at each frequency f [kf] of the given frequency range with the preliminary calculation of the operator s = (0.0, 2 × 3.14 f [kf]). A substantial disadvantage of this approach is the necessity to form a mathematical description of all the circuit components at each frequency. The second approach is based on the representation of the complex matrix of the scheme in the bilinear form W = A + sB, where A and B are real frequency-independent matrices. It is shown that, in a number of cases, we have to present the equations of frequency-dependent components in an explicit form to implement such an approach, while this is possible only if the scheme is described in selected coordinate bases such that this possibility is foreseen for them. A technique is proposed to describe the simulated circuits based on a modified basis of the nodal potentials, providing the possibility to use both explicit and implicit forms to specify the component equations. It is shown that the bilinear form of the circuit description, based on the modified basis, substantially improves the efficiency of computing the frequency characteristics because the fixed frequency-independent matrix components of the circuit are used at each frequency.

#UsToo: implicit bias, meritocracy and the plight of black minority leaders in healthcare

In the fall of 2017, the #MeToo movement ushered in one of the most astonishing revolts against the perils of workplace-related harassment. Several unsuccessful campaigns geared towards ending the harassment...

A model of tournament incentives with corruption

The institution that has enabled decades of rapid economic growth in China features lower-level government officials competing for promotion to a higher level by promoting local economic growth. Theoretically, this tournament-style promotion scheme calls for a convex wage scale to effectively elicit effort. However, the empirically observed public-sector pay scale is rather concave in China. We reconcile the theoretical prediction on the wage progressivity with its empirical counterpart by recognizing other implicit forms of incentives of rising to the top made possible by another institutional feature of China: the top-down disciplinary inspection.

English and Swedish teachers’ perspectives on the role of parents in year one children’s learning of number: manifestations of culturally-conditioned norms

ABSTRACT This paper presents an exploratory study of English and Swedish teachers' perspectives on the role of parents in year one children's learning of number. Drawing on the results of semi-structured interviews, data from each cohort were analysed independently to ensure the cultural integrity of any response categories and the results of this process compared. Two broad themes were identified concerning implicit and explicit forms of parental involvement. The former, manifested similarly across the two cohorts, concerned the importance of parents presenting children with positive attitudes towards mathematics. The latter, incorporating three comparable subthemes, focused on the creation of number-rich home environments, home–school communication and parents' role in the completion of homework. All three subthemes differentiated the cohorts in ways that highlighted teachers' culturally situated perspective on teaching and learning. Some implications are discussed, particularly with respect to the challenge this study poses for developers of cross-cultural survey instruments.

A Linguistic Study of Praise with Reference to Arabic Religious Texts

This study explores praise as one of the expressive acts in Arabic. The love of praise is part of human nature and a sincere praise is an important tool in giving people confidence and hence making them feel happy and satisfied. The problem may increase when the speaker expresses his praise by using words of blame which might create some sort of ambiguity to the reader because he might understand it as blame rather than praise. For the sake of presenting and discussing the act of praising in Arabic, the present study aims at proving the linguistic devices of praise focusing on three aspects: pragmatic, semantic and syntactic in some religious texts. The theoretical part deals with investigating the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic aspects of praise as well as its types. The practical part deals with analyzing some religious texts taken from different aayas from different suras in the Glorious Quran. It is concluded that praise can be applied to religious texts depending on three aspects of language and Arabic language is distinguished by its heavy use of explicit and implicit forms expressing praise.

Increasing Diversity in Innovation by Tracking Women, Minority, and Startups Innovators that Patent and Supporting Experimentation in Inclusive Innovation

The SUCCESS Act requires the USPTO and SBA to report to Congress on ways that the agencies can promote and increase the participation of women, minorities, and veterans in inventing, innovation and entrepreneurship. This is the written version of oral testimony provided to USPTO SUCCESS Act Hearings held in San Jose in June 2019 and makes four points. First, due to the absence of other sources of reliable demographic data on participation in inventing, the USPTO should collect data from patent applicants, but keep this information segregated from the examination function and initially disseminate it in bulk-reported form or for research related purposes resulting in bulk-reporting. During an initial collection period, the Office should ask applicants and stakeholders about their concerns to their data being sharing more generally, and develop policy informed by these responses. Second, in addition to collecting data about patent applicants, the PTO should more systematically collect and distribute data about assignees that support the tracking of startups, small businesses, independent inventors, minority- and veteran-owned businesses; it should also more systematically support the tracking not only of patent application, but the full participation, through grant, maintenance, and patent transaction - of underrepresented applicants and assignees - in the patent system. Third, the PTO should support investigations of the possibility of implicit, structural, or other forms of bias on participation in the patent system - for example by carrying out or supporting experimentation to uncover the root causes of the 7-21% lower grant rate to female applications, and considering the barriers to participation inadvertently created by the degree prerequisites of patent prosecutors, and take appropriate action. Fourth, the USPTO should use its convening power to work with companies to uncover the practices that lead to greater rates of participation in inventing.

Is implicit Theory of Mind real but hard to detect? Testing adults with different stimulus materials.

Recently, Theory of Mind (ToM) research has been revolutionized by new methods. Eye-tracking studies measuring subjects' looking times or anticipatory looking have suggested that implicit and automatic forms of ToM develop much earlier in ontogeny than traditionally assumed and continue to operate outside of subjects’ awareness throughout the lifespan. However, the reliability of these implicit methods has recently been put into question by an increasing number of non-replications. What remains unclear from these accumulating non-replication findings, though, is whether they present true negatives (there is no robust phenomenon of automatic ToM) or false ones (automatic ToM is real but difficult to tap). In order to address these questions, the current study implemented conceptual replications of influential anticipatory looking ToM tasks with a new variation in the stimuli. In two separate preregistered studies, we used increasingly realistic stimuli and controlled for potential confounds. Even with these more realistic stimuli, previous results could not be replicated. Rather, the anticipatory looking pattern found here remained largely compatible with more parsimonious explanations. In conclusion, the reality and robustness of automatic ToM remains controversial.

Memory-guided attention: bilateral hippocampal volume positively predicts implicit contextual learning.

Several studies have begun to demonstrate that contextual memories constitute an important mechanism to guide our attention. Although there is general consensus that the hippocampus is involved in the encoding of contextual memories, it is controversial whether this structure can support implicit forms of contextual memory. Here, we combine automated segmentation of structural MRI with neurobehavioral assessment of implicit contextual memory-guided attention to test the hypothesis that hippocampal volume would predict the magnitude of implicit contextual learning. Forty healthy subjects underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging brain scanning with subsequent automatic measurement of the total brain and hippocampal (right and left) volumes. Implicit learning of contextual information was measured using the contextual cueing task. We found that both left and right hippocampal volumes positively predicted the magnitude of implicit contextual learning. Larger hippocampal volume was associated with superior implicit contextual memory performance. This study provides compelling evidence that implicit contextual memory-guided attention is hippocampus-dependent.

Disruption of the Prefrontal Cortex Improves Implicit Contextual Memory-Guided Attention: Combined Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence.

Many studies have shown that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays an important role in top-down cognitive control over intentional and deliberate behavior. However, recent studies have reported that DLPFC-mediated top-down control interferes with implicit forms of learning. Here we used continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) combined with electroencephalography to investigate the causal role of DLPFC in implicit contextual memory-guided attention. We aimed to test whether transient disruption of the DLPFC would interfere with implicit learning performance and related electrical brain activity. We applied neuronavigation-guided cTBS to the DLPFC or to the vertex as a control region prior to the performance of an implicit contextual learning task. We found that cTBS applied over the DLPFC significantly improved performance during implicit contextual learning. We also noted that beta-band (13-19Hz) oscillatory power was reduced at fronto-central channels about 140 to 370ms after visual stimulus onset in cTBS DLPFC compared with cTBS vertex. Taken together, our results provide evidence that DLPFC-mediated top-down control interferes with contextual memory-guided attention and beta-band oscillatory activity.

Characteristics Performance Prediction of PV Panel Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm

This paper focuses on prediction and evaluation the correlation factors of PV panel characteristics in order to determine the implicit correlation forms for the efficiency and temperature of the system under Iraq climate conditions. Implicit correlation forms consisted on the ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and humidity. Cuckoo search algorithm was employed as an intelligent optimization method to predict the correlation factors of each variable under different evaluation method which are, mean square error (MSE), integrate absolute error (IAE) and integrate square error (ISE). The results appeared that the proposed method was succeeded to predict both of the PV panel temperature and efficiency with MSE evaluation method compared with other methods. Where, the lowest MSE was recorded lower the 1 % for each characteristic.