Implicit Dependency Research Articles

Visualizing Co-Change Information with the Evolution Radar

Software evolution analysis provides a valuable source of information that can be used both to understand a system's design and predict its future development. While for many program comprehension purposes, it is sufficient to model a single version of a system, there are types of information that can only be recovered when the history of a system is taken into account. Logical coupling, the implicit dependency between software artifacts that have been changed together, is an example of such information. Previous research has dealt with low-level couplings between files, leading to an explosion of the data to be analyzed, or has abstracted the logical couplings to the level of modules, leading to a loss of detailed information. In this paper, we present a visualization-based approach that integrates logical coupling information at different levels of abstraction. This facilitates an in-depth analysis of the logical couplings, and at the same time, leads to a characterization of a system's modules in terms of their logical coupling. The presented approach supports the retrospective analysis of a software system and maintenance activities such as restructuring and redocumentation. We illustrate retrospective analysis on two large open-source software systems.

Away from generalized gradient approximation: Orbital-dependent exchange-correlation functionals

The local-density approximation of density functional theory (DFT) is remarkably accurate, for instance, for geometries and frequencies, and the generalized gradient approximations have also made bond energies quite reliable. Sometimes, however, one meets with failure in individual cases. One of the possible routes towards better functionals would be the incorporation of orbital dependence (which is an implicit density dependency) in the functionals. We discuss this approach both for energies and for response properties. One possibility is the use of the Hartree-Fock-type exchange energy expression as orbital-dependent functional. We will argue that in spite of the increasing popularity of this approach, it does not offer any advantage over Hartree-Fock for energies. We will advocate not to apply the separation of exchange and correlation, which is so ingrained in quantum chemistry, but to model both simultaneously. For response properties the energies and shapes of the virtual orbitals are crucial. We will discuss the benefits that Kohn-Sham potentials can offer which are derived from either an orbital-dependent energy functional, including the exact-exchange functional, or which can be obtained directly as orbital-dependent functional. We highlight the similarity of the Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham occupied orbitals and orbital energies, and the essentially different meanings the virtual orbitals and orbital energies have in these two models. We will show that these differences are beneficial for DFT in the case of localized excitations (in a small molecule or in a fragment), but are detrimental for charge-transfer excitations. Again, orbital dependency, in this case in the exchange-correlation kernel, offers a solution.

Fuzzy Estimation of Feed-Cutting Force From Current Measurement—A Case Study on Intelligent Tool Wear Condition Monitoring

It is very important to use a reliable and inexpensive sensor to obtain useful information about manufacturing processing, such as cutting force for monitoring automated machining. In this paper, the feed-cutting force is estimated using inexpensive current sensors installed on the ac servomotor of a computerized numerical control (CNC) turning center, with the results applied to the intelligent tool wear monitoring system. The mathematical model is used to disclose the implicit dependency of feed-cutting force on feed-motor current and feed speed. Afterwards, a neuro-fuzzy network is used to identify the cutting force with current measurement only. This hybrid math-fuzzy approach will reduce the modeling uncertainty and measurement cost. Finally, the estimated cutting force is applied in the tool-wear monitoring process. Successful experiments demonstrate robustness and effectiveness of the suggested method in the wide range of tool-wear monitoring applications.

Implicit Dependency Regulation: Self-esteem, Relationship Closeness, and Implicit Evaluations of Close Others

Abstract We argue that people possess implicit evaluations of close others and that dependency regulation processes moderate these implicit evaluations. Study 1 revealed that implicit evaluations of romantic partners for people with high explicit self-esteem were not contingent on how things were currently going in their relationships. In contrast, the implicit evaluations of romantic partners for people with low explicit self-esteem were contingent on how things were currently going in their relationships. That is, people with low self-esteem liked their partners' name letters only if the relationship was currently going well. Study 2 revealed a conceptually similar pattern of results for implicit evaluations of people's best friends. We suggest that these findings reflect an unconscious form of dependency regulation.

Implicit and Self-Attributed Dependency Needs in Homeless Men and Women

Recent metaanalyses indicate that women consistently obtain higher scores than men do on self-report dependency measures, but not on projective dependency tests (R. F. Bornstein, 1995, 1996). To explore this issue in a heretofore unexamined population, we analyzed archival data from 85 homeless participants (40 women and 45 men) enrolled in a vocational rehabilitation program, using the MMPI Dependency (Dy) Scale (L. Navran, 1954) and the Rorschach Oral Dependency (ROD) Scale (J. M. Masling, L. Rabie, & S. H. Blondheim, 1967). Consistent with earlier results, there were no gender differences in projective dependency scores, but contrary to earlier results, there were also no gender differences in self-reports of dependency. These findings suggest that stressful conditions like homelessness may mitigate the impact of gender on self-reported dependency.

Unconscious motivation and phenomenal knowledge: Toward a comprehensive theory of implicit mental states

A comprehensive theory of implicit and explicit knowledge must explain phenomenal knowledge (e.g., knowledge regarding one's affective and motivational states), as well as propositional (i.e., “fact”-based) knowledge. Findings from several research areas (i.e., the subliminal mere exposure effect, artificial grammar learning, implicit and self-attributed dependency needs) are used to illustrate the importance of both phenomenal and propositional knowledge for a unified theory of implicit and explicit mental states.

Implicit and Self-Attributed Dependency Needs in Dependent and Histrionic Personality Disorders

Theorists speculate that dependent personality disorder (DPD) and histrionic personality disorder (HPD) are both associated with high levels of implicit (i.e., unconscious) dependency needs but speculate that only DPD is associated with high levels of self-attributed (i.e., conscious) dependency needs. To test this hypothesis, 444 undergraduates (236 women and 208 men) completed the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised (PDQ-R), along with widely used measures of implicit dependency needs (the Rorschach Oral Dependency Scale; ROD), and self-attributed dependency needs (the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory; IDI). Correlational analyses and comparisons of IDI and ROD scores in participants scoring above and below the PDQ-R DPD and HPD thresholds supported theorists' speculations regarding implicit and self-attributed dependency needs in DPD and HPD. Implications of these results are discussed, and suggestions for future studies are offered.

Implicit and self-attributed dependency strivings: differential relationships to laboratory and field measures of help seeking.

D. C. McClelland, R. Koestner, and J. Weinberger (1989) argued that self-report tests assess self-attributed needs (i.e., motives that are openly acknowledged by the actor), whereas projective tests assess implicit needs (i.e., motives that affect behavior without conscious awareness on the actor's part). The present studies examined the effects of implicit and self-attributed dependency strivings on laboratory and field measures of help seeking. In Study 1, college students were prescreened with widely used objective and projective dependency tests, then underwent an information manipulation designed to influence their attention to dependency-related issues. As expected, dependency status and information condition interacted to predict help-seeking behavior. Study 2 used experience-sampling procedures to demonstrate that implicit and self-attributed dependency needs differentially predict direct and indirect help seeking in vivo.

Implicit and self-attributed dependency strivings: Differential relationships to laboratory and field measures of help seeking.

Implicit and self-attributed dependency strivings: Differential relationships to laboratory and field measures of help seeking.

Differential Relationships of Objective and Projective Dependency Scores to Self-Reports of Interpersonal Life Events in College Student Subjects

Eighty-three undergraduate subjects (58 women and 25 men) participated in a prospective study in which they (a) completed widely used objective and projective measures of dependency, and then (b) provided monthly reports of the frequency and impact of various types of life events during a 1-semester (3-month) period. As expected, subjects' projective dependency scores predicted their frequency estimates and impact ratings of interpersonal life events but were unrelated to frequency estimates and impact ratings of other types of life events (e.g., achievement-related, legal). Objective dependency scores were unrelated to all life event frequency estimates and impact ratings. Findings are discussed in the context of recent theoretical frameworks that distinguish implicit dependency needs (which are assessed via projective measures) from self-attributed dependency needs (which are assessed via self-report tests). The importance of the type of dependency measure used in studies of the dependency-life events relationship is emphasized.

Interpersonal Dependency and Health Service Utilization in a College Student Sample

Interpersonal Dependency and Health Service Utilization in a College Student SampleRobert F. Bornstein, Amy B. Krukonis, Kathleen A. Manning, Carla C. Mastrosimone and Stephanie C. RossnerRobert F. BornsteinSearch for more papers by this author, Amy B. KrukonisSearch for more papers by this author, Kathleen A. ManningSearch for more papers by this author, Carla C. MastrosimoneSearch for more papers by this author and Stephanie C. RossnerGettysburg CollegeSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:January 2011https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1993.12.3.262PDFPDF PLUS ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations About Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Cited byCited by1. Dependent Personality and Interpersonal Dependency: At the Intersection of Developmental, Identity and Interpersonal AspectsOnline publication date: 1 December 2022. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar2. A Multimethod Investigation of Sex, Romantic Relationships, and Interpersonal DependencyOnline publication date: 19 July 2021. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar3. The effectiveness of sources of support in career decision-making: A two-year follow-upOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar4. Healthy and Maladaptive Dependency and Its Relationship to Pain Management and Perceptions in Physical Therapy PatientsOnline publication date: 6 July 2013. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar5. Illuminating a Neglected Clinical Issue: Societal Costs of Interpersonal Dependency and Dependent Personality DisorderOnline publication date: 23 May 2012. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar6. The adaptive and maladaptive faces of dependency in later life: Links to physical and psychological health outcomesOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar7. Do interpersonal features of social anxiety influence the development of depressive symptoms?Online publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar8. Development of the interpersonal dependency scale for older adultsOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar9. Validez de criterio del inventario de Dependencia Interpersonal: un estudio preliminar en 621 sujetos con adicciónOnline publication date: 12 May 2020. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar10. Criterion validity of the interpersonal dependency inventory: a preliminary study on 621 addictive subjectsOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar11. The dependent patient in a psychiatric inpatient setting: Relationship of interpersonal dependency to consultation and medication frequenciesOnline publication date: 1 January 2001. Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarJoseph Masling12. Empirical Evidence and the Health of PsychoanalysisOnline publication date: 13 July 2017. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar13. Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help.Online publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar14. STUDENTS' SELF-REPORTS OF HELP-SEEKING: THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, STRESS, AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ON UTILIZATION OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL SUPPORTOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar15. Interpersonal Dependency and Physical Illness: A Meta-Analytic Review of Retrospective and Prospective StudiesOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar16. Reconceptualizing Personality Disorder Diagnosis in the DSM-V : The Discriminant Validity ChallengeOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar17. Implicit and Self-Attributed Dependency Needs in Dependent and Histrionic Personality DisordersOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar18. Depathologizing DependencyOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar19. Long-Term Retest Reliability of Interpersonal Dependency Inventory Scores in College StudentsOnline publication date: 26 July 2016. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar20. Effects of Individual Versus Group Test Administration on Rorschach Oral Dependency ScoresOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar21. Personality and Help SeekingOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar22. Activity, Passivity, Self-Denigration, and Self-Promotion: Toward an Interactionist Model of Interpersonal DependencyOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar23. Internal Reliability of Rorschach Oral Dependency Scale ScoresOnline publication date: 2 July 2016. Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarRobert F. Bornstein24. Interpersonal Dependency and Physical Illness: The Mediating Roles of Stress and Social SupportOnline publication date: 26 January 2011. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar25. Online publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar26. Face Validity and Fakability of Objective and Projective Measures of DependencyOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarRobert F. Bornstein27. Construct Validity of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory: 1977-1992Online publication date: 8 February 2011. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar Volume 12Issue 3Sep 1993 Information© 1993 Guilford Publications Inc.PDF download

LOMARK: A Bidding Strategy

Current competitive bidding strategies and their deficiencies are reviewed. A new bidding strategy method (LOMARK) is presented for use by small to medium-sized contractors working in the local market environment. The method estimates an optimal markup by predicting the chances of winning future bids by treating the local market structure as a single system. Some advantages of the LOMARK method are that it: (1) Assumes implicit dependency between bids; (2) expands the data base for beating a given set of major competitors; (3) varies the percentage markup based on the probable known competitors; (4) is easy to understand; (5) does not require operation by digital computer; and (6) assumes a business strategy. Since LOMARK is not a sequential bidding model, it can not be used in deciding which jobs to bid in the future.