Implicit Components Research Articles

Event-related potentials in studies of the implicit component of cognitive biases

The review analyzes neurophysiological correlates of the implicit component of cognitive bias in the processes of perception and decision-making. The review identifies the leading methodological pipeline for analysis of the implicit component of cognitive bias, and justifies its choice in terms of the objectives of this review. The method of recording event-related potentials (ERPs) was chosen as the main approach to determining neurophysiological indicators of implicit processes. The analysis of literature allowed us to identify ERP components reproduced in the works of different authors using different variants of experimental designs for studying implicit bias, which may indicate the presence of common neurophysiological mechanisms associated with implicit processes in cognitive bias. The possibility of using other approaches to the analysis of EEG data to obtain new information about the mechanisms of implicit components in cognitive bias is also discussed.

Differential Aging Effects on Implicit and Explicit Sensorimotor Learning.

Deterioration in motor control is a hallmark of aging, significantly contributing to a decline in quality of life. More controversial is the question of whether and how aging impacts sensorimotor learning. We hypothesized that the inconsistent picture observed in the current literature can be attributed to at least two factors. First, aging studies tend to be underpowered. Second, the learning assays used in these experiments tend to reflect, to varying degrees, the operation of multiple learning processes, making it difficult to make inferences across studies. We took a two-pronged approach to address these issues. We first performed a meta-analysis of the sensorimotor adaptation literature focusing on outcome measures that provide estimates of explicit and implicit components of adaptation. We then conducted two well-powered experiments to re-examine the effect of aging on sensorimotor adaptation, using behavioral tasks designed to isolate explicit and implicit processes. Convergently, both approaches revealed a striking dissociation: Older individuals exhibited a marked impairment in their ability to discover an explicit strategy to counteract a visuomotor perturbation. However, they exhibited enhanced implicit recalibration. We hypothesize that the effect of aging on explicit learning reflects an age-related decline in reasoning and problem solving, and the effect of aging on implicit learning reflects age-related changes in multisensory integration. Taken together, these findings deepen our understanding of the impact of aging on sensorimotor learning.

CGT: A Clause Graph Transformer Structure for aspect-based sentiment analysis

In the realm of natural language processing (NLP), aspect-based sentiment analysis plays a pivotal role. Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on techniques leveraging Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCN). However, there are several challenges associated with current approaches: (1) Due to the inherent transitivity of CGN, training inevitably entails the acquisition of irrelevant semantic information. (2) Existing methodologies heavily depend on the dependency tree, neglecting to consider the contextual structure of the sentence. (3) Another limitation of the majority of methods is their failure to account for the interactions occurring between different aspects. In this study, we propose a Clause Graph Transformer Structure (CGT) to alleviate these limitations. Specifically, CGT comprises three modules. The preprocessing module extracts aspect clauses from each sentence by bi-directionally traversing the constituent tree, reducing reliance on syntax trees and extracting semantic information from the perspective of clauses. Additionally, we assert that a word’s vector direction signifies its underlying attitude in the semantic space, a feature often overlooked in recent research. Without the necessity for additional parameters, we introduce the Clause Attention encoder (CA-encoder) to the clause module to effectively capture the directed cross-correlation coefficient between the clause and the target aspect. To enhance the representation of the target component, we propose capturing the connections between various aspects. In the inter-aspect module, we intricately design a Balanced Attention encoder (BA-encoder) that forms an aspect sequence by navigating the extracted phrase tree. To effectively capture the emotion of implicit components, we introduce a Top-K Attention Graph Convolutional Network (KA-GCN). Our proposed method has showcased state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance through experiments conducted on four widely used datasets. Furthermore, our model demonstrates a significant improvement in the robustness of datasets subjected to disturbances.

The Effect of the Symbolic Meaning of Speed on Implicit Timing

Abstract It has been demonstrated that the stimulus’s features, including size, brightness, numerosity, and loudness, can affect the perception of subjective and explicit time. But, in a daily life situation, actual events presumably involve an implicit processing of time rather than an explicit processing, with some studies suggesting that the presentation of emotional stimuli before the target stimulus influences implicit timing. The present study aims to test the implicit component of temporal processing that the symbolic meaning of speed might influence. We used a time foreperiod task in which participants were first presented with a warning signal recalling the meaning of fast or slow speed, followed by the target. Our study shows significant main effects of the presented image cue and foreperiod effect. We observed faster reaction time when the target was preceded by a faster image compared to a slow image and in dependence of the factor of weight. Based on this, we conclude the symbolic meaning of speed can affect implicit timing by altering how the brain interprets temporal data.

Training-related changes in neural beta oscillations associated with implicit and explicit motor sequence learning

Many motor actions we perform have a sequential nature while learning a motor sequence involves both implicit and explicit processes. In this work, we developed a task design where participants concurrently learn an implicit and an explicit motor sequence across five training sessions, with EEG recordings at sessions 1 and 5. This intra-subject approach allowed us to study training-induced behavioral and neural changes specific to the explicit and implicit components. Based on previous reports of beta power modulations in sensorimotor networks related to sequence learning, we focused our analysis on beta oscillations at motor-cortical sites. On a behavioral level, substantial performance gains were evident early in learning in the explicit condition, plus slower performance gains across training sessions in both explicit and implicit sequence learning. Consistent with the behavioral trends, we observed a training-related increase in beta power in both sequence learning conditions, while the explicit condition displayed stronger beta power suppression during early learning. The initially stronger beta suppression and subsequent increase in beta power specific to the explicit component, correlated with enhanced behavioral performance, possibly reflecting higher cortical excitability. Our study suggests an involvement of motor-cortical beta oscillations in the explicit component of motor sequence learning.

EXPLORING THE ELEMENTS OF BRICOLAGE AS CREATIVE PRODUCT

Product, a critical component of creativity, was explored within a creative setting by concentrating on bricolage as deemed implicit components of creativity. This study's major objective is to represent elements of bricolage as product creativity in a design studio. This study's primary objective is not to increase the efficacy of product creativity, but rather to accurately make a new description of the elements of product creativity based on the notions of bricolage. An experiment was performed with 25 student works designed as the part of the assignment titled `inform/perfom` in basic design studio. Rating scales were utilized as evaluation instruments.Considering the product creativity as bricolage, it was found that there is statistically significant relation between design elements, design principles and material utilization. Moreover, compared to design principles, design elements have a higher ratio of creative level in student works.

К ВОПРОСУ О СООТНОШЕНИИ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ, РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ И МАКРОРЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ В ПОЛИКУЛЬТУРНОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

The scientific article clarifies the concepts of ethnic, regional and macro-regional identity. The article substantiates the possibility and expediency of their distinction and delimitation as independent types of social identity of a person. The question of correlation and interrelation of ethnic identity with regional and macro-regional identity, the possibility of their hierarchical consideration is discussed. Ethnic, regional and macro-regional identity is considered as socio-psychological categories within the framework of the article. Ethnic identity is interpreted as a dynamic and multidimensional formation, which characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a member of a certain ethnic group/community. Regional identity is considered as a dynamic and multidimensional formation that characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a resident of a certain region. Macro-regional identity is considered as a dynamic and multidimensional formation, which characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a representative of a certain macro-regional association of territories. The close interrelation between the concepts, their consistency and complementarity, as well as the impossibility of their unambiguous hierarchical consideration due to individual criteria of importance of each type of identity, depending on the structure of self-concept and the system of values of a person are established. Using the historical and socio-cultural context, we substantiate the possibility and expediency of studying macro-regional identity for people living in the Middle Volga region, including the Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov regions, as well as the Republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia. Prospects for research on ethnic, regional and macro-regional identity for the education of interethnic tolerance in a multicultural macro-region are outlined.

On the issue of the relationship of verbal and non-verbal components in the interpretation of audiovisual discourse

The process of interpretation is to a large extent defined by the scientific perception of an audiovisual production as an act of intracultural and intercultural communication between the collective author and the target audience. Audiovisual productions are multilayered complexes of verbal and non-verbal elements that are interrelated by the collective author in the process of their creation. The structure of these relations must be perceived, understood and interpreted correctly by the target audience. Without this the process of cultural communication by the means of these audiovisual works between these two aggregated entities is impossible. The process of interpretation has many levels that are defined by cognitive and cultural attributes of viewers. Its stages are - perception of its components by visual and sound receptors; - understanding of the meaning of minimal units of both visual and aural verbal and non-verbal streams; - culturally determined interpreting of plot units in the process of double reconstruction of the coherent AV discourse whole based both on its explicit and implicit components; - secondary semantization of content. This article differentiates between the concept of a single viewer-recipient as a subject of perception process and the collective viewer as a participant of an act of the social communication based on the transmission of AV discourses. The collective viewer is a complex subject of the social interpretation of AV discourses who establishes norms and rules of this process and performs acts of their secondary semantization. Eventfulness is the key cognitive parameter of audiovisual productions, The collective author uses visual, ambience, verbal tools in the process of the cultural communication to create for the target audience various event sequences forming the backbone of a plot that can by understood by the audience.

РОЛЬ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ В СТАНОВЛЕНИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ ЛИЧНОСТИ В ПОЛИКУЛЬТУРНОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

The article studies and compares the views of researchers on the relationship between ethnic and state civic identity. Arguments in favor of the position that assumes an important role of positive ethnic identity of a person in the process of formation of the state civil identity of a person in a multicultural space are presented. Ethnic identity is interpreted in the scientific article from socio-psychological positions as a dynamic and multidimensional formation, which characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a member of a certain ethnic group/community. State civic identity, in turn, is the result of a complex process of identifying oneself with the state, with the civil society of one's country. The formation of ethnic identity is based on ethnic self-consciousness, while the state civil identity is about national self-consciousness. The opinion about the natural nature of the process of ethnic self-identification is argued: ethnic identity is always present in self-consciousness as a more or less vague feeling of attraction to the elements of one's ethno-culture. At the same time, the process of national self-identification is to a greater extent a regulated process that presupposes the presence of more complex preconditions and a higher level of meaningfulness. The assumption of close interrelation between the considered concepts, their consistency is put forward. The process of formation of ethnic identity and state civil identity in the context of ontogenesis is considered. The opinion about the primacy (chronological) of ethnic identity in multicultural pro- space is substantiated. Different points of view are compared and conclusions are drawn about the possibility of managing the process of formation of the state civil identity, education of patriotism in a multicultural region.

«Сердце» как универсальный психический концепт (на примере китайской и русской языковой картины мира)

The article examines the concept ‘heart’ in the semantic-and-cognitive aspect, identifies nominative components with subsequent comparison of the content in Russian and Chinese. The author proposes an analysis of this concept conducted separately for the zones of correlation and cultural suggestion. The zone of language correlation was studied through an analysis of the internal form of lexemes containing the component ‘heart’ as well as a component analysis of mental vocabulary, which showed the presence of an invariant hyperseme ‘heart’. In Chinese, the correlation zone was studied in accordance with the presence of the component within a hieroglyph or as part of an indivisible combination of hieroglyphs. The suggestion zone was analyzed based on paroemias and phraseological units. The study showed a high level of universality of the conceptual field. However, there are a number of differences established in the linguistic pictures of the world (in the formal structure of the lexicosemantic system): different positions of the ‘heart’ component in some lexemes and combinations; the implicitness and explicitness of the component do not always coincide; there can be difference in the style-related use of the concept. ‘Heart’ is a concept functioning as a hyperonym of the whole set of mental vocabulary in both Chinese and Russian. The study refutes the statements that in the Russian language there is no pronounced mental component in the concept ‘heart’ and that ‘heart’ does not form metaphors associated with soil and plants, which is observed in Chinese. The article clarifies the translation of the dictionary entry ‘heart’ in Chinese. The author has identified and compared the nuclear and peripheral zones of the concept, established the central importance of ‘heart’ in the conceptualization of mental processes. The nuclear zone is polystructural, it consists of the components thoughts,feelings, desires. Each of the components is able to form a separate semantic field. The peripheral zone is represented by the components pity, anger, memory, like-mindedness, speech not out loud, and others. The frequency-value structure of the nominative field coincides in the two languages. The study was conducted based on the material of 2,000 mental lexemes, 100 phraseological units and proverbs, contexts of the Russian language with the element ‘heart’, 200 phraseological units, 200 lexemes with the implicit component ‘heart’ as well as expanded and minimum contexts of the Chinese language selected from dictionaries and Internet sources. The article contains about 60 Chinese phraseological units with the component ‘heart’ and their translation into Russian, which could also be of interest to researchers studying related topics. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using the material in explanatory and ideographic lexicography related to mental vocabulary and phraseology as well as in courses on the Russian language for foreigners and in the theory of translation.

Electrophysiological response of myopic young adults with a novel ophthalmic lens for the control of myopia progression

Aims/Purpose: To evaluate the changes in the electrophysiological response of the retina induced by a novel perifocal ophthalmic lens designed for myopia control.Methods: This experimental cross‐sectional study, evaluated eleven myopic participants (24.9 ± 4.5 years) with refractive errors lower than 6.00 D (spherical equivalent of −2.40 ± 1.32 D in the right eye and − 2.24 ± 1.56 D in the left eye). Refraction, best‐corrected visual acuity, and axial length were obtained at baseline. The global flash multifocal electroretinogram (gf‐mfERG) was assessed for the sensorial dominant eye with the RETI‐port/scan21 (Roland Consult, Wiesbaden, Germany). The gf‐mfERG recordings were performed with a stimulus array pattern of 61‐scaled hexagons displayed on a 19‐inch RGB monitor at a 33 cm distance (optically corrected). The retina was divided into three groups ‐ the fovea (that included concentric ring 1), the parafovea (rings 2 and 3) and the peripheral retina (rings 4 and 5). The peak‐time (in milliseconds, ms), the amplitude (in nano‐volts, nV) and the mean response density (nV/deg2) of the direct and implicit components (DC and IC, respectively) were analysed and compared between control (monofocal contact lenses) and test conditions (perifocal lenses). These lenses have an add power of +2.50 D on the temporal side, and + 2.00 D on the nasal side, intended to change the peripheral refraction.Results: No differences were found in the DC and IC peak time between the control and test measurements, for the fovea, parafovea and peripheral retina. The mean response density of the DC was higher with the perifocal lens for the perifovea (p‐value = 0.033) and for the peripheral retina (p‐value = 0.026). For the IC, the mean response density was also higher with the perifocal lens, only for the parafovea (p‐value = 0.003).Conclusions: Perifocal lenses for myopia control upregulate the parafoveal and peripheral retinal electrical activity.

Facilitation of motor adaptation using multiple gait rehabilitation interventions.

The rate of adjustment in a movement, driven by feedback error, is referred to as the adaptation rate, and the rate of recovery of a newly adapted movement to its unperturbed condition is called the de-adaptation rate. The rates of adaptation and de-adaptation are dependent on the training mechanism and intrinsic factors such as the participant's sensorimotor abilities. This study investigated the facilitation of the motor adaptation and de-adaptation processes for spatiotemporal features of an asymmetric gait pattern by sequentially applying split-belt treadmill (SBT) and asymmetric rhythmic auditory cueing (ARAC). Two sessions tested the individual gait characteristics of SBT and ARAC, and the remaining four sessions consisted of applying the two interventions sequentially during training. The adjustment process to the second intervention is referred to as "re-adaptation" and is driven by feedback error associated with the second intervention. Ten healthy individuals participated in the randomized six-session trial. Spatiotemporal asymmetries during the adaptation and post-adaptation (when intervention is removed) stages were fitted into a two-component exponential model that reflects the explicit and implicit adaptation processes. A double component was shown to fit better than a single-component model. The decay constants of the model were indicative of the corresponding timescales and compared between trials. Results revealed that the explicit (fast) component of adaptation to ARAC was reduced for step length and step time when applied after SBT. Contrarily, the explicit component of adaptation to SBT was increased when it was applied after ARAC for step length. Additionally, the implicit (slow) component of adaptation to SBT was inhibited when applied incongruently after ARAC for step time. These outcomes show that the role of working motor memory as a translational tool between different gait interventions is dependent on (i) the adaptation mechanisms associated with the interventions, (ii) the targeted motor outcome of the interventions; the effects of factors (i) and (ii) are specific to the explicit and implicit components of the adaptation processes; these effects are unique to spatial and temporal gait characteristics.

Существование как компонент семантики и коммуникативной парадигматики бытийных предложений

This paper examines the use of the term existence in describing semantics and communicative variation of constructions expressing spatial relations. In the first part of the paper, the semantic status of existence is examined, arguing that the senses of existence, contrary to current tradition in Russian linguistics, can be considered separately from the sense of spatial relations. In the second part of the paper, existence is shown to be an obligatory implicit component of all utterances describing specific objects, which can manifest itself as existential presupposition or part of the assertion. In the latter cases, existence can be viewed as one of the components of communicative variation of sentence as a linguistic unit, secondary to its primary meaning. In the third part of the paper, this approach to notion of existence is applied to the analysis of the syntactic structures that expresses spatial relations. A list of main communicative variants of this structure is examined to demonstrate that in every variant the existence of its subject can be represented as a given or new piece of information to the addressee. Three main senses in which existence and location are attested in describing these variants are discussed, including a purely semantic approach, an approach based on the position of rheme in functional sentence perspective, and an approach based on formal variants of the structure. All three approaches lead to different way of categorizing communicative variants while using the same terms, making their use for typological application difficult.

What networks in the brain system sustain imagination?

The brain cannot stop elaborating information. While the circuitries implied in processing sensory information, and those involved in programming and producing movements, have been extensively studied and characterized, what circuits elicit and sustain the endogenous activity (which might be referred to as imaginative activity) has not been clarified to a similar extent. The two areas which have been investigated most intensely are visual and motor imagery. Visual imagery mostly involves the same areas as visual processing and has been studied by having the subject face specific visual imagery tasks that are related to the use of the visual sketchpad as a component of the working memory system. Much less is known about spontaneous, free visual imagination, what circuits drive it, how and why. Motor imagery has been studied with several approaches: the neural circuits activated in the brain during performance of a movement have been compared with those involved in visually or kinaesthetically imagining performing the same movement, or in observing another person performing it. Some networks are similarly activated in these situations, although primary motor neurons are only activated during motor execution. Imagining the execution of an action seems unable to activate circuits involved in eliciting accompanying motor adjustments (such as postural adaptations) that are unconsciously (implicitly) associated to the execution of the movement. A more faithful neuronal activation is obtained through kinaesthetic motor imagination-imagining how it feels to perform the movement. Activation of sensory-motor and mirror systems, elicited by observing another person performing a transitive action, can also recruit circuits that sustain implicit motor responses that normally accompany the overt movement. This last aspect has originated the expanding and promising field of action observation therapy (AOT). The fact that the various kinds of motor imagery differentially involve the various brain networks may offer some hints on what neural networks sustain imagery in general, another activity that has an attentive component-recalling a memory, covertly rehearsing a speech, internally replaying a behaviour-and a vague, implicit component that arises from the freely flowing surfacing of internal images, not driven by intentional, conscious control.

Abnormal sense of agency in eating disorders

The feeling of controlling one’s own actions and, through them, impacting the external environment (i.e. Sense of Agency—SoA) can be relevant in the eating disorders (EDs) symptomatology. Yet, it has been poorly investigated. This study aims to implicitly assess SoA exploiting the Sensory Attenuation paradigm in two groups of EDs patients (Anorexia Nervosa Restrictive and Anorexia Nervosa Binge-Purging or Bulimia Nervosa) compared to a control group. We find that controls perceive self-generated stimuli as less intense than other-generated ones showing the classic pattern of sensory attenuation. By contrast, EDs patients show the opposite pattern, with self-generated perceived as more intense than other-generated stimuli. This result indicates an alteration of the implicit component of the feeling of control in EDs patients, thus suggesting a potential implication of these results for the clinical practice and the treatment of EDs symptomatology.

Cutting and pasting in adults’ descriptions of experiences of secrets in childhood

ABSTRACT Background In light of recent research and a growing understanding of the destructive repercussions of secrecy and concealment, unique interventions are required. Aims This article, part of an art-based qualitative-phenomenological study, explores the subjective experiences of adults who grew up under secrecy. Methods The research utilised art therapy, readymade art, the creation of stories and interviews. These allowed access to primal, non-verbal and unconscious aspects of the experience and to implicit and explicit memories and their impact. Results The study revealed themes of connection, disconnection and integration, reflecting recurring aspects of participants’ artworks, and prominent narratives in their stories and interviews. The intermodal transfer between art forms valuable while enriching and expanding the content of the art-based session. Conclusions Participants’ experiences revealed an inability to connect between information kept secret during childhood and information that was not. They experienced ambiguity and a sense of something missing in relation to information that was sensed but could not be conceived. Implications for practice This article offers clinical implications relating to art-based psychotherapeutic work with clients who grew up under secrecy. The process uses metaphors emerged from visual and narrative expressions. A possible application is related to the intermodal transfer between art forms enriching core themes in a way that enables clinical work using metaphors produced by the participants. A possible implication is the clinical use of arts-based intervention inviting clients to create a variety of metaphors from the ready-made artwork and from their stories, which in turn expand the outlook upon the experience, enabling access to its implicit components. Plain-language summary Research has shown that growing up in an environment of secrecy and concealment can be harmful. New knowledge in this field can contribute to the development of unique interventions designed to assist clients who are coping with psychological damage of this kind. This study explored the experiences of 11 adults who grew up in the shadow of a secret. During an individual, 90-minute session with the researcher, each participant was invited to engage in readymade art, i.e. create a visual artwork from everyday objects provided to them. Following this task, each participant observed his or her work together with the researcher and was then asked to compose a story or dramatic monologue based on the artwork. In the last phase of this 90-minute session, the participants were interviewed. Findings of the study reveal that themes of connection, disconnection and integration repeatedly appear across the artworks, narratives and interviews. The transition between the various modes – artwork, dramatic monologue and interview – enabled the emergence of rich content and images. The discussion explores the experience of participants who grew up in the shadow of a secret, and especially their feelings of ambiguity and sense of something missing, as well as their inability to connect the fragments of information they encountered and build an integrative narrative of their lives.

Implicit measures of anthropomorphism: affective priming and recognition of apparent animal emotions.

It has long been recognized that humans tend to anthropomorphize. That is, we naturally and effortlessly interpret the behaviors of nonhuman agents in the same way we interpret human behaviors. This tendency has only recently become a subject of empirical research. Most of this work uses explicit measures. Participants are asked whether they attribute some human-like trait to a nonhuman agent on some scale. These measures, however, have two limitations. First, they do not capture automatic components of anthropomorphism. Second, they generally only track one anthropomorphic result: the attribution (or non-attribution) of a particular trait. However, anthropomorphism can affect how we interpret animal behavior in other ways as well. For example, the grin of a nonhuman primate often looks to us like a smile, but it actually signals a state more like fear or anxiety. In the present work, we tested for implicit components of anthropomorphism based on an affective priming paradigm. Previous work suggests that priming with human faces displaying emotional expressions facilitated categorization of words into congruent emotion categories. In Experiments 1-3, we primed participants with images of nonhuman animals that appear to express happy or sad emotions, and asked participants to categorize words as positive or negative. Experiment 4 used human faces as control. Overall, we found consistent priming congruency effects in accuracy but not response time. These appeared to be more robust in older adults. They also appear to emerge with more processing time, and the pattern was the same with human as with primate faces. This demonstrates a role for automatic processes of emotion recognition in anthropomorphism. It also provides a potential measure for further exploration of implicit anthropomorphism.

THE USE OF MEDIA TEXTS IN THE BUSINESS KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The rationale of this study proceeds from the need to teach business language on the example of analyzing a business media text from the point of view of pragmatic-professional and linguistic orientation, considering a high level of student interest in improving business communication skills. The aim of this research is to study the scope and resources of business media texts in terms of vocabulary replenishment and formation of text analytics skills, including the author's narrative strategies through explicit and implicit meanings, hypertext links, and tone of expression. The methodological framework of this work is based on the theoretical understanding of interdisciplinary research in the field of media linguistics, comparative study of business and economic languages, structural and linguistic analysis of business media text, analysis of topics, micro topics, and key structural elements. This article proposes a methodology for analyzing text from the business field in order to form the pragma-communicative competence of students in Kazakhstani universities. It also suggests strategies for effective text analytics by structuring the stages and considering the implementation of a certain stage by the teacher on professional practice, focuses on explicit and implicit components, narratological features, the study of terminological characteristics, the lexical base for the implementation of professional activities and further implementation in the field of business communication. The materials used in this work can be applied to form new templates for media text analytics, study business language, develop technologies based on machine learning, compile terminographic sources and data corpora for teaching business language to students, introduce automatic mechanisms for the implementation of text analytics into practice, form the stages of media text analysis and develop new promising methods for the implementation of linguistic learning.

Modern Lexicographic Interpretation of Psychic Vocabulary: A Standard Explanatory Dictionary

This article describes the lexicography of psychic vocabulary in a diachronic aspect. For a long time, synonymic chains were the most common way of its interpretation, examples being a more recent lexicographic invention. However, both methods are concept-oriented. Unfortunately, neither of them solved the problems of a dictionary aimed at intercultural relations. The current globalization and informatization triggered non-traditional interpretations that describe not the concept, but a prototypical situation, which is associated with it. This study introduces several principles of interpreting the psychic vocabulary. These principles relate to the language, semantics, parameters, and structure of the semanteme. The approach is based on the connection between language and perception. For instance, the psychic vocabulary encodes the reaction of the heart as an organ ( love, rage, serenity, peace, disgust ). Therefore, the psychic vocabulary is different from the abstract vocabulary (good, evil, justice, democracy ), which does not encode bodily reactions. The author believes that the seme ‘heart’ is implicitly present in the semantic structure of the psychic vocabulary. Scientific literature features the lexeme of heart in comparative, conceptual, and metaphorical aspects, but not as an implicit component. Thus, the denotative space of the psychic vocabulary is a complex cognitive construct structured as ‘assessment / reaction of the heart / desire’, represented by the archisemes of feelings, emotions, and states. Words united by these archisemes demonstrate different valency, word-building, and pragmatic properties. In terms of the structure of the psychic polysemy, feelings and traits have the potential to develop the meaning of states, and words that denote physiological states generate figurative meanings of mental states.

Collins (and Elbourne) on free pragmatic processes

The debate between literalism and contextualism bears on the (in-)existence of ‘free' pragmatic processes, i.e. pragmatic processes of interpretation which contribute to shaping intuitive truth-conditional content without being mandated by anything in the sentence itself. In his new book John Collins defends the contextualist position. He focusses on so-called ‘unarticulated constituents' (e.g. the unmentioned location of rain in a statement like ‘It is raining’) and argues against the idea that the existence of certain bound readings for the implicit component entails the presence of a covert variable in the syntax to which the alleged unarticulated constituent is assigned as semantic value. In the absence of properly syntactic evidence, Collins says, 'judgments about semantic readings are invariably amenable to a pragmatic explanation'. In a recent paper, however, Paul Elbourne offers the sort of evidence which Collins says would be needed to support the literalist position. On Collins' behalf, I discuss, and rebut, the evidence offered by Elbourne. In the last section, I argue against Collins that optionality is a better criterion than unarticulatedness for establishing that a given meaning component results from a free pragmatic process.