Theory Of Implicature Research Articles

A Study on Subtitling Translation from a Multimodal Pragmatic Perspective: A Case Study of the English Subtitles of Return to Dust

Return to Dust is an outstanding mainland Chinese film that was nominated for the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. This paper, using the theories of conversational implicature and the relevance principle, explores the implicit meanings in the film's subtitles from a multimodal perspective. It also examines whether the subtitling translation of the film is reasonable and appropriate. The paper argues that the subtitling translation should pay more attention to the cultural context of the dialogues and the pragmatic ambiguities within the film. By doing so, it can better convey the plot and adopt more suitable translation techniques and methods.

Frame exploitation at its worst

Abstract Although essential to science and health communication, metaphors can backfire. At this point, any attempt on the part of the speaker to clarify his/her intentions would ultimately prove futile because the mental situation models of speakers and their recipients may not be the same. A debate over the meaning of a metaphor, the variations in its interpretation, or constant negotiation between the interactants poses a substantial challenge to intention-based theories of implicature. A corpus analysis of the “kofta” analogy used by a senior Egyptian army doctor during a February 2014 televised news conference to announce cures for AIDS and hepatitis C and the ensuing impasse over its appropriateness shows that a metaphor designed to publicly communicate science, to confront and shatter the stereotypical image of scientists as dull and stilted people, to persuade citizens to accept the claims as fact, or to hide the speaker’s own scientific ignorance may be sarcastically repeated, extended, and elaborated (“overexploited”) by the target audience (“overdone metaphors”). The doctor or his use of the metaphor of “I give [the virus] back as a kebab skewer for the patient to feed on” has been condemned as “too lower class”. Various forms of metaphor denial and resistance are examined. The article, analyzing thousands of YouTube comments on the news conference video, provides valuable insights for interpreting tropes and has important implications both for science and health communicators and socio-cognitive pragmaticists.

Unraveling Implicature in Racial Humor Stand-Up Comedy on YouTube

Humor is a form of communication with the intention to implicitly express meaning by exposing a sense of comedy. The primary focus of this thesis is to investigate implicatures in stand-up comedy, which are then categorized according to the type of humor and to observe how stereotype racial issue depicted through implicatures in stand-up comedy. This thesis examines the implicatures found in stand-up comedy with the underlying topic of racial humor on YouTube. This thesis is a qualitative research using documentation techniques and data cards as a research instrument. It utilizes Yule's implicature theory and David Hector Monro’s Theories of Humor. This thesis is limited to only 4 comedians with different backgrounds; Maz Jobrani, Hasan Minhaj, Jimmy O. Yang, and Gabriel Iglesias. The study found three categories of humor: superiority, incongruity and release. Incongruity is a major finding because it aligns with the characteristics of stand-up comedy which is to express genuinely miserable concepts while combining them with humor. This thesis discovered that the comedian's punchline indicated the existence of stereotypes regarding specific racial groups. The racial stereotype humor found is dominated by the Middle East, such as Iran, Arabia, and Indian. In addition, another finding in this thesis is the construction of Chinese identity. It can be inferred from the findings that humor belongs for particular occasions. People can use humor to express implicit meaning and to define their identity.

Pragmatic Equivalence in the Translation of Cultural References from Uzbek into English

The problem of translating cultural references has been one of the most critical aspects of translation studies in recent years. Due to the complexity and diversity of nations, several issues including cognitive dissonance, misinterpretation of customs and traditions, loss of national color, and omission of national connotations can arise during the translation process. Representation of pragmatic features in the context aids in keeping the core meaning of cultural references in translation. This article highlights possibilities of pragmatic equivalence in translating culture-specific words from Uzbek to English based on a case study of two novels. Furthermore, a new model of implementing pragmatic equivalence has been proposed to cover the cultural gap between the addresser (translator) and the addressee (reader). This model is created based on the theory of equivalence by Baker (2006) and the theory of conversational implicatures by Grice (1989). The obtained results may serve to train professional translators and to increase the quality of translations from Turkic languages into English

Linguistic Strategy in Online Digital Communication: A Pragmatic Study

This study pragmatically examines the linguistic strategies used in online digital communication. It is crucial to comprehend how humans create meaning, navigate goals, and communicate social behaviour in digital time due to the rapid expansion of online platforms and interactions. The study aims to highlight the significant role of linguistic strategies in online digital communication, and identify the different strategies in online communication with different intended meanings, and analyze the selected online digital communication according to the pragmatic theory. This study uses the theoretical framework of pragmatics to explore the pragmatic characteristics, purposes, and consequences of language tactics in online digital communication. The study utilizes a qualitative theoretical framework by collecting accurate data from real online platforms and channels and using pragmatic analysis tools to transcribe the data. The study explores how meaning is constructed and negotiated, focusing on the pragmatic elements of linguistic tactics such as implicature and politeness by adopting the practical theories of Searle's (1979) Speech Act Theory and Gricean's Theory of Implicature and Cooperative Principle (1975). As a result, the study finds that language techniques differ across various digital communication platforms and emphasizes context's influence on online conversation. The results enhance our comprehension of how people develop linguistic techniques in online digital communication and have consequences for successful communication, social engagement, and digital literacy in modern digital settings.

Violation of the Principle of Cooperation and Implicature in the Drama One Liter of Tears

The objective of this study is to provide a description of the various instances where the cooperation principle is violated and implicatures are present in the drama One Litre of Tears. The data on violation of the cooperation principle and implicatures are analyzed using Grice's theory of cooperation principle (1975) and Yule's theory of implicatures (2006). This research is a descriptive study conducted using a qualitative approach. The primary data source utilized in this study is the television drama series titled "One litre of tears." The research data consist of utterances that include breaches of the collaboration principle and encompass implicatures. Data gathering approaches employ the method of listening and recording. Data analysis techniques employ intralingual and extra-lingual correspondence methods, utilizing advanced comparison linking techniques to achieve both equalization and differentiation. The study findings indicate that there are 8 instances of violating the quantity maxim, 6 instances of violating the quality maxim, 6 instances of violating the relevance maxim, and 6 instances of violating the way maxim. These violations result in a total of 10 general conversational implicatures, 6 specialized conversational implicatures, 6 scaled implicatures, and 4 conventional implicatures.

A Pragmatic Study on English Listening Comprehension from the Perspective of Grice’s Conversational Implicature Theory in High School

For high school students, English listening is a crucial part of English examinations. Over the years, researchers all over the world have made significant contributions to the study of English listening, and they have found that conversational implicature theory can be applied to listening instruction to make students understand the implicit meaning of conversations. But previous studies have usually failed to summarize the main features of conversations that violate the principle of cooperation and lack corresponding suggestions for listening instruction. In this paper, the high school English listening texts related to travel will be studied from the perspective of conversational implicature theory. With careful analysis, the characteristics of the listening text are summarized. The text always adds new information, reject invitation euphemistically or using complex sentences by violating cooperative principle. In addition, a quantitative analysis of the text on the theme of "travel" that violates the cooperative principle is carried out, which leads to corresponding teaching suggestions: teachers should introduce relevant pragmatics knowledge in listening teaching, and students are obliged to pay attention to the accumulation of cultural knowledge when learning English.

On Realizing External Arguments: A Syntactic and Implicature Theory of the Disjointness Effect for Passives in Adult and Child Grammar

We present an account of why disjoint reference effects obtain in verbal but not in adjectival passives. Passives in child language are independently argued to always be adjectival, which allows us to use a natural experiment in child grammar that is not available in the adult grammar: predicting the lack of a disjoint reference effect in even those passives that prima facie seem verbal. We conduct our discussion against the background of the difference between adjectival and verbal passives in general. Our account is based on (grammatical) Implicature Theory. Since the initiator in the semantic representation of adjectival passives stays at a kind level, it cannot introduce a discourse referent, hence cannot trigger a disjointness implicature, unlike the initiator in verbal passives (Gehrke 2013, 2015). We show in two experiments that children’s passives do not exhibit disjoint reference, unlike adults’ verbal passives, even though children have no trouble computing disjointness implicatures elsewhere. Our contribution thus confirms with a novel kind of evidence the syntactic nature of young children’s difficulty with verbal passives. It offers a new perspective on the external argument difference between verbal and adjectival passives based on Reinhart’s (2016) Theta System, while also offering additional evidence for a grammatical, rather than general pragmatic, theory of implicatures.

Conversational Implicature in Hausa: A Study of Doctor-Patient Conversation

The paper explores the conversational implicature with the view to determine the conversational maxims that are flouted during Doctor-Patient conversations in Federal Medical Centre Gusau. The paper has analyzed the various instances where implicature could occur and the type of maxim flouted as a result of such implicature, ranging from the maxim of quantity, quality, relation and the maxim of manner. The data comes from interviews, observations and recordings while books and journals are consulted. The research uses Grice’s theory of implicature but limits its scope to particularized implicature which is evident in its analysis since the study is context-based. The study also adopts the descriptive approach in its analysis and this has helped in describing how the conversational maxims are flouted as Doctor-Patients converse. The findings of this study show that during Doctor-Patient conversations, the doctors, in about 90% of the data presented, flout the maxim of manner while the patients on their part, flout virtually all the conversational maxims; maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of manner and maxim of relation.

Приложение на теорията на Грайс в лингвистични изследвания

Two tasks are assigned to this article, related to Grice's theory of conversational implicatures. One of them is concerned with the distinction that Mark Jary proposes between behavioral and material conversational implicatures and the idea that, if this distinction is accepted, then Grice’s notion of non-natural meaning is reduced to cases of behavioral implicatures. An attempt is made to disprove this position and simultaneously maintain the distinction between the two types of implicature. The second task is related to the application of Grice’s theory in linguistic studies to further develop explanations for the processing of utterances containing metaphor or irony.

Saying (Nothing) and Conversational Implicatures

AbstractI defend an alternative theory of conversational implicatures that does without Grice's notion of making‐as‐if‐to‐say. This theory characterises conversationally implicating that p as a way to mean that p by saying that q or by saying nothing. Cases that Grice's theory cannot capture are captured, and cases that Grice's theory misdescribes are correctly described. A distinction between conversational implicatures and pragmatic inferences from what speakers express is required, as well as a non‐implicature treatment of figurative speech.

The Conversational Implicature Found while Trevor Noah Criticizes the Government in Stand-up Comedy Show

This research deals with conversational implicature and flouted maxim found in stand-up comedy. This descriptive qualitative research, analyzed 12 utterances of Trevor Noah from YouTube video entitled “Trevor Noah COMPLETE REMARKS at 2022 White House Correspondents’ Dinner (C-SPAN)” using Grice’s conversational implicature theory. The finding shows that from 12 utterances, every utterance can contain more than one type of flouted maxims, the details are as follows, 10 manner, 9 quality, 7 relevance, 6 maxims of quantity. The researcher also finds that, Noah applied Particularized Conversational Implicature more frequently than Generalized Conversational Implicature, with a ratio of 11:1. Noah has done this to make his satire is less offensive. This research also finds that flouted of maxims does not mean that a conversation has been failed, but that is intentionally done by the speaker to create an implicature effect in his utterance. As long as the speaker and the listener have the same knowledge about the context or background, the conversation will keep going well.

Rhetoric Ambiguity: A Pragmatic Study on Selected Poetic Excerpts

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the rhetoric ambiguity which results from the semantic senses that morphologically similar words have and analyzes some selected poetic excerpts rhetorically and pragmatically.
 Methods: A descriptive-analytical approach was used to achieve the aim of the study; by applying the mechanisms of pragmatic theory to uncover the implicit meanings and the deep structure of poetry. Thus, the study analyzes these excerpts in light of the speech acts theory, the implicature theory, the conversational implicature, and contextuality. The study covers two frameworks: a theoretical one in which we define rhetoric ambiguity, and a procedural one in which some poetic examples are analyzed.
 Results: The findings indicated that pragmatics is very effective for analyzing the poetic examples, and for uncovering the implicit meanings and the deep structure of poetry, especially in the case of elliptical ambiguity. Moreover, metaphor types that encompass ambiguity differ according to the context. Finally, the study also found that there are rhetorical purposes and implicatures that are determined according to the speech acts in light of the rhetoric ambiguity.
 Conclusions: The study recommended carrying out more research about the field of Arabic rhetoric according to the data of new rhetoric (the argument theory). It also recommends casting light on the old rhetoric terms and involoves convincing objectives that make it possible to study and testify according to the argument and pragmatic theories

Use of Implicatures in The Murder of Aziz Khan: A Pragmatic Analysis

Pragmatics is crucial to understanding the underlying meanings of any discourse because it helps to reflect the speaker's intentions. By using Grice's model of Cooperative Principles, the current study determines the pragmatic meanings in discourse. This model aids in understanding character mental behavior as well as conversational patterns in dramatic discourse. Murder of Aziz Khan by Zulfikar Ghose has been examined from a pragmatics perspective in order to achieve this goal. The data has been examined by using Grice's theory of Conversational Implicatures. This study's framework has a descriptive design. Discussion and statistical methods have been used to finalize the results and findings. The quantity, quality, relation, and manner maxim has been violated 36 times, according to the researcher. It has been noted that breaking conversational norms has put the meanings that set off the action and plot at risk. This study demonstrates that the discourse is suitable for conversational structure analysis and that flouting occurs for effects in the discourse.

Scalar implicatures with discourse referents: a case study on plurality inferences

This paper explores the idea that scalar implicatures are computed with respect to discourse referents. Given the general consensus that a proper account of pronominal anaphora in natural language requires discourse referents separately from the truth-conditional meaning, it is naturally expected that the anaphoric information that discourse referents carry play a role in the computation of scalar implicatures, but the literature has so far mostly exclusively focused on the truth-conditional dimension of meaning. This paper offers a formal theory of scalar implicatures with discourse referents couched in dynamic semantics, and demonstrates its usefulness through a case study on the plurality inferences of plural nouns in English.

A Pragmatic Analysis of Cultural Influence on Politeness Markers in the Yoruba Context

Culture plays a significant role in language use. It is a parameter for measuring communicative competence of a language user. Thus, the use of language is the function of the culture that owns the language. This study is predicated on Grice’s (1975) conversational implicature theory. Data was got from recorded conversations in different natural settings in Ondo West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The focus of the study is on politeness markers in “leader-follower”, “husband-wife”, “father-son”, “buyer-seller”, “friend-friend” and “elder brother-younger brother” conversations. Ten tape recordings were made out of which, seven were used for analysis. The pragmatic analysis of cultural influence on politeness has revealed the influence of culture on politeness markers in the Yoruba context. The study has also revealed the persuasive approach employed by the interlocutors to maintain and sustain conversation. It has been discovered that culture has conditioned the husband to assert while the wife is culture-bound to obey the assertion of her husband. This paper, therefore, recommends that language users should be exposed to the culture of the language being used as it will broaden their knowledge on how to sustain and maintain face saving act in a conversation. The knowledge of culture will definitely enhance the communicative competence of language users.

Conversational implicature forms of Banyumasan humorous utterances on YouTube

This study focuses on conversational implicatures in humorous utterances. In pragmatics, implicature analysis is used to reveal the additional meaning or implied meaning of the speech conveyed by the speaker. An implicature can occur because of a violation of the principle of conversation. Conversational implicature (especially) only appears in the context of certain utterances and has an implied meaning. An utterance in a conversation can imply a pragmatic function implicitly or imply some meaning indirectly through language. This study aims to describe the implicature forms of Banyumasan humorous utterances on YouTube. This study was analyzed using Searle’s (1969) speech acts theory and Grice’s (1975) theory of conversational implicature. The method in this research was descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of the analysis found in Banyumasan humorous speech, there are assertive, directive, expressive, and commissive implicature forms.

Pragmatic Awareness of Speech Acts, Politeness, and Grice Maxims of Iraqi EFL Postgraduate Students

This study examines postgraduate students’ awareness of pragmatic aspects, including Grice Maxims, Politeness, and Direct and Indirect forms of speech. According to Paul Grice’s theory of implicature, which is considered one of the most important contributions to pragmatics, this paper discusses how postgraduate students can meet the cooperative principle when communicating effectively. It also outlines how does politeness principles influence obeying or violating the maxims and how is the use of direct or indirect forms of utterances prompted by politeness. Sixteen master’s students of Linguistics and Literature were asked to take a multiple-choice test. The test will be represented along with the interpretation of each option given in each item. The initial point that the study investigates if belonging to two different groups (Linguistics and Literature) will result in various performances; this will be supplied with a clear-cut answer in the practical part. The theoretical part summarizes a literature review of the discoursal aspects understudy. In addition to clarifying maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner, the theoretical part discusses direct and indirect speech and how indirect speech is used to communicate perlocutionary effects. The conclusion will summarize the whole study by drawing upon the theoretical and practical parts simultaneously and providing further reasons for the variability and choice of one option over another.

Different Preferences for Emojis in the Aspect of Age

It is well-established that emojis play an essential part when communicating with others online. This study investigates the different preferences of emojis among different age groups. The interview is done to support the investigation. Respondents are divided by age into two groups. (respondents aged from 10-30 and respondents aged from 31-50) They are asked to answer several questions which are designed based on the theory of conversational implicature. Respondents' answers are collected and analyzed. The result showed that there are differences in emoji preferences between age groups. The result suggests that there is a distinguished difference between young people and older people in the choice of emojis. Older people tend not to use emojis that convey negative emotions, and the younger people can feel the emojis' implications hidden in it through the context.

The Analysis of Implicature and Cooperation Principles in Animation Web Drama a Day Before us: Pragmatic Study

This research aims 1) to find the types of implicature and examine the realization of the cooperative principle found in animated web drama speech, 2) to examine the realization of the cooperative principle found in animated web drama speech. The success of communication can be seen in the use of language in relation to context (pragmatics) and it is also not uncommon in films, and there are many implied meanings expressed in the form of implicatures to be conveyed. This research used Grice’s theory (1975) of cooperative principles and implicatures. The data used speech and conversational dialogues that contain forms of implicatures and cooperative principles. The research method used qualitative. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 data of conventional implicatures were found and 14 data of conversational implicatures. The form of the principle of cooperation from the observance of the maxims was found in 10 data 4 maxims of quality, 1 maxim of quantity, 2 maxims of relevance, 3 maxims of manner and the manifestation of the principle of cooperation from violation of the maxims was found in 11 data 3 maxims of quantity, 5 maxims of relevance, 3 maxim of way).