Implications For Trade Research Articles

The Crucial Role of Agricultural Production in Facilitating International Commerce and Trade

This comprehensive article delves into the pivotal role played by agricultural production in shaping and driving global commerce and trade across nations. The intricate interplay between agricultural activities and international trade is examined, highlighting the indispensable nature of agricultural products as key commodities in cross-border transactions. The article delves into the economic, social, and political implications of agricultural trade, addressing both challenges and opportunities that this dynamic presents for countries worldwide. By tracing historical roots, analyzing present trends, and projecting potential future trajectories, the article underscores the fundamental significance of agriculture in fostering and sustaining global economic interconnectedness.

Econometric Analysis of Dutch Disease Implication of China-Africa Trade

This study revisits the analysis of the Dutch disease implication of China-Africa trade for Africa’s non-mineral resources sectors; specifically, manufacturing and agricultural sectors, while focusing on the trade relationship between China and 27 African countries for the period of 19years, 2001 to 2019. This prompted an econometric analysis with the use of two-step dynamic (difference and system) panel Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) models, which was also complemented with dynamic least squares panel econometric regression. The preliminary analysis revealed that Ethiopia is the largest African trading partner with China, with an average of about 21percent China-Ethiopia trade ratio, while Botswana has the least trade relation with China, with 1.5percent Botswana-China trade ratio. The result of our econometric analyses suggests that higher China-Africa trade has the potential to reduce Africa’s manufacturing value-added. In other words, China-Africa trade is not causing Dutch disease in Africa but has the potential to cause Dutch disease in the future. Furthermore, the result suggests that higher China-Africa trade has the potential to increase Africa’s agricultural sector productivity. This implies that China-Africa trade has no tendency of causing Dutch disease in the agricultural sector. Our results are robust to different data structures for the dynamic GMM model.

The dangers of misrepresenting wildlife trade: response to Natusch etal. 2021.

Conservation BiologyVolume 35, Issue 5 p. 1692-1694 COMMENT The dangers of misrepresenting wildlife trade: response to Natusch et al. 2021 David P. Edwards, David P. Edwards orcid.org/0000-0001-8562-3853 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UKSearch for more papers by this authorNeil D'Cruze, Neil D'Cruze The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK World Animal Protection, London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorSandra Altherr, Sandra Altherr Pro Wildlife, Munich, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorAlice Hughes, Alice Hughes orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-3158 Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJordi Janssen, Jordi Janssen Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorVincent Nijman, Vincent Nijman Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UKSearch for more papers by this authorStesha A. Pasachnik, Stesha A. Pasachnik International Iguana Foundation, Fort Worth, Texas, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrett R. Scheffers, Brett R. Scheffers Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this authorChris R. Shepherd, Chris R. Shepherd Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorEmerson Sy, Emerson Sy Philippine Center for Terrestrial & Aquatic Research, Manila, PhilippinesSearch for more papers by this authorMark Auliya, Corresponding Author Mark Auliya m.auliya@leibniz-zfmk.de orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-4474 Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany Correspondence Mark Auliya, Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, Permoserstreet 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. Email: m.auliya@leibniz-zfmk.deSearch for more papers by this author David P. Edwards, David P. Edwards orcid.org/0000-0001-8562-3853 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UKSearch for more papers by this authorNeil D'Cruze, Neil D'Cruze The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK World Animal Protection, London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorSandra Altherr, Sandra Altherr Pro Wildlife, Munich, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorAlice Hughes, Alice Hughes orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-3158 Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJordi Janssen, Jordi Janssen Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorVincent Nijman, Vincent Nijman Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UKSearch for more papers by this authorStesha A. Pasachnik, Stesha A. Pasachnik International Iguana Foundation, Fort Worth, Texas, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrett R. Scheffers, Brett R. Scheffers Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this authorChris R. Shepherd, Chris R. Shepherd Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorEmerson Sy, Emerson Sy Philippine Center for Terrestrial & Aquatic Research, Manila, PhilippinesSearch for more papers by this authorMark Auliya, Corresponding Author Mark Auliya m.auliya@leibniz-zfmk.de orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-4474 Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany Correspondence Mark Auliya, Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ, Permoserstreet 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. Email: m.auliya@leibniz-zfmk.deSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 September 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13829Citations: 1 Article Impact Statement: : Adequately understanding the implications of wildlife trade requires rigorous scientific study and scrutiny. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume35, Issue5October 2021Pages 1692-1694 RelatedInformation

VIEWS AND GAINS OF WOMEN ON BUSH MEAT TRADE IN BUFFER ZONE RANGES OF OLD OYO NATIONAL PARK, NIGERIA

The study examined the views and gains of women on bush meat trade in Buffer Zone Ranges of Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 270 women living in the study area. Data were collected through a well-structured interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics and linear regression. Results showed that majority of the respondents were within the age bracket of more than 40 years (57.78%), married (72.96%), had formal education (61.85%) and earned an average of less than 40000 Naira monthly (51.48%). The respondents indicated a high view that unregulated hunting and business of wild animal species as a factor that can destroy the environment (x ̅= 6.54) and on hunting and business of bush meat as not being a good livelihood activity (x ̅= 5.14). The gains of women on bush meat trade in the study area are that it guarantees them cheap access to animal protein (x ̅= 6.86) and the business in bush meat gives them a high return (x ̅= 6.17). The linear regression results showed that age (β1 = +0.467), household size (β2 = +0.621), education (β3 = +0.652) and average monthly income (β4 = +0.803) of the respondents significantly influenced their view on bush meat trade in the study area. Based on the findings, the study recommended that massive enlightenment campaigns need to be embarked upon by both governmental and non-governmental organizations to change their mind-set of women on the implication of bush meat trade in the study area.

Drivers of Global Trade: A Sector-Level Investigation

This paper investigates the drivers of global trade at the six-digit product level. The identification is achieved first by estimating the log-linear product-level bilateral trade implications of a model and second by aggregating the fitted estimation results across bilateral countries using Taylor series to obtain global measures in levels for each product. The empirical results suggest that supply-side effects (capturing production or exporting costs in source countries) contribute to changes in global trade more than six times the demand-side effects (capturing economic activity or preferences in destination countries) and more than ten times the effects of bilateral trade costs (capturing bilateral protectionism measures). Several product-level implications follow.

The Importance of English Trade and Capital for Understanding Historical Processes in the Work of Philosopher Stefan Zeletin

The interwar philosopher, economist and sociologist Stefan Zeletin1, professor at the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, has special contributions in various domains related to the social sciences. The merit of the interwar thinker consists in giving meaning and significance to some economic phenomena and events. Subsequently, the valences of events of economic importance were analysed, up to the implications they have on historical processes. More precisely, Zeletin shows us that we can understand the historical purpose of some peoples, namely of the Romanian nation, based on treaties or economic decisions in the international system. The Treaty of Adrianople (1829) is analysed by the Romanian intellectual in terms of the implications of English trade and capital on the Romanian Principalities.

Environmental Impacts and Public Opinion About International Trade: Experimental Evidence from Six OECD Countries

Abstract Do environmental implications of international trade influence public support for economic globalization? And under what conditions do environmental considerations shape individuals’ trade attitudes and policy preferences? In this study, we examine the microfoundations of the trade–environment nexus based on survey-embedded experiments in six OECD countries. Our empirical findings demonstrate that environmental implications have a substantial causal effect on public opinion about international trade. Furthermore, our results indicate that citizens are similarly sensitive to both domestic and international environmental implications of trade. These findings suggest that there is probably sufficient public support for green economy policies that take into account the global rather than only national environmental impacts from trade when designing trade policies.

COVID-19’s Impact on the Shipping Industry: Case Study of the Sanur-Nusa Penida Route, Bali-Indonesia Shipping

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has triggerred a global health and economic crisis with far-reaching implications for maritime transport and trade. Restrictions imposed in response to the pandemic have caused disruptions affecting ports, shipping, and supply chains. The island of Bali, one of the provinces of Indonesia, is used as a case study of the impact of the pandemic on the local economy in a region that relies on shipping and tourism. The Indonesian government has employed large-scale social restrictions or Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) to regulate and allow people to return to their ‘normal’ activities. The first objective of this paper is to determine the impact of the PSBB on the shipping industry on the Sanur – Nusa Penida route. The second objective is to find out the level of service during the implementation of the PSBB which presents a new normal in continuing the shipping industry and its challenges. The results revealed there was a decrease in the number of passenger motorboats (PM) operating per day by 84.62%, a decrease in PM trips by 86.54%, and a decrease in the number of passengers by 96.05%. Following the satisfaction index, the overall satisfaction index for PM mode users (57.29%) can be defined as quite satisfactory (51%-65%).

Trade openness channels and labour market performance: evidence from Nigeria

PurposeThe implications of trade on developing economies have generated substantial debates with most studies focussed on “openness in the policy”. Hence, the purpose of this study is to focus on “openness in practice”.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses two models and employed the vector error correction model and structural vector autoregression, first, to examine the sectoral effects; second, to investigate the efficacy of neoclassical and new trade theories; and third, to analyse the effect of trade openness shock on Nigerian labour market performance.FindingsThe results of the first model showed that trade openness has an adverse effect on employment and wages in both the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Likewise, the study concludes that the new trade theory explains trade's behaviour on employment and wages in Nigeria. The second model showed that the effect of error shock from trade openness affected wages more than employment.Research limitations/implicationsThe study ignores the distributional effects due to unavailability of data.Practical implicationsThe study suggested, amongst others, the need for policies mix on the labour market via a coherent set of initiatives in other to increase the competitiveness of Nigeria in the international market.Originality/valueMost studies focussed on openness in policy through the channels identified in the literature. However, this study investigates these channels in “openness in practice” and investigates trade theories' efficacy on manufacturing and agricultural sectors in Nigeria, which has been neglected in the literature.

Prophylactic health products use in Penaeus vannamei farming in Andhra Pradesh: Perception of shrimp farmers of north, central and south coastal regions

Antibiotic residues in shrimp meat pose food safety threats and trade implications. Shrimp farmers employ prophylactic health products, commonly known as probiotics (gut, water and soil probiotics), to prevent disease occurrence thereby negating the need for the use of antibiotics in shrimp health management. Information on the use of probiotics, decision on probiotic selection and farming practices was elicited from 182 Penaeus vannamei shrimp farmers of Andhra Pradesh from four districts representing the north coastal (Srikakulam District), central coastal (East Godavari and West Godavari districts) and south coastal (Nellore District) districts, by questionnaire based survey. Majority of the farmers (50%) used only one probiotic during the rearing of P. vannamei but 15% farmers used up to three probiotics. P. vannamei farmers used 45 different probiotics brands and the probiotic brand was mostly co-selected with the feed brand. Feed technician (employee of the feed manufacturer involved in marketing and promotion of feed) alone was responsible for the selection of the probiotic brand to be used by 52% of shrimp farmers in Srikakulam, 50% of shrimp farmers in East Godavari, 40% of shrimp farmers in West Godavari and 32% of shrimp farmers in Nellore districts. More than 30% of the shrimp famers of West Godavari, Nellore and East Godavari took a neutral stance on the performance of the probiotic but were still using probiotics as a safety measure. The baseline data on prophylactic health products usage is the first step in understanding the dynamics of probiotic use and underlines the need for concerted research to assess the quality of these products (in terms of label claims) that are used by shrimp famers in significant quantities that profoundly influence the production cost. Keywords: Penaeus vannamei, Probiotics, Prophylactic health products, Shrimp farmers

Climate-driven desertification and its implications for the ancient Silk Road trade

Abstract. The ancient Silk Road played a crucial role in cultural exchange and commercial trade between western and eastern Eurasia during the historical period. However, the exchanges were interrupted in the early 16th century CE, during the Ming dynasty. Various causes for the decline of the ancient Silk Road have been suggested. Unlike social factors, natural factors have not been adequately addressed. In this study, we use evidence from a sedimentary site (Xishawo, XSW) in Dunhuang oasis, together with analysis of historical archives, to demonstrate the occurrence of extreme droughts and desertification events in the Dunhuang area post ∼ 1450 CE, which persisted at least for decades. The desertification may be closely associated with the accessibility of the ancient Silk Road in the area, which was responsible for a steep fall in the volume of trade, as well as political chaos and mass migrations. Therefore, besides socio-economic factors, climate change may have played an important role in trade exchange between the Ming government and the West and may have even influenced the rise and decline of the ancient Silk Road.

Geographical indications and trade: Firm-level evidence from the French cheese industry

The protection of geographical indications is now an important feature of trade agreements. In this paper, we examine whether geographical indications are valued by foreign consumers and whether they have implications for trade at firm level. We use firm-product level data from French Customs and a unique dataset of firms and products concerned by Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) in the cheese and butter sector. Our estimations show that PDO varieties are perceived by consumers as varieties of higher quality than non-PDO varieties and that the prices of PDO varieties are 11.5% higher than those of non-PDO. Firms producing PDO varieties do not export higher volumes, but benefit from a better access to European markets and to countries with a similar policy about geographical indications. The inclusion of some GI varieties in trade agreements may thus constitute an opportunity for PDO producers to increase their market access.

Bat E-Commerce: Insights Into the Extent and Potential Implications of This Dark Trade.

Little is known about the global bat souvenir trade despite previous research efforts into bat harvest for bushmeat. We screened eBay listings of bats in Australia, Canada, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom and USA to assess the nature and extent of the online offers. A total of 237 listings were retrieved in between the 11th and 25th of May 2020 with a median price per item of US$38.50 (range: US$8.50–2,500.00). Items on offer were mostly taxidermy (61.2%) or skull (21.1%) specimens. Overall, 32 different species of bat were advertised, most of which (n = 28) are listed as “Least Concern” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. One species (Nycteris javanica) is classified as “Vulnerable” and one (Eidolon helvum) as “Near Threatened.” Pteropus spp. specimens were the most expensive specimens on offer and the conservations status of these species may range from “Critically Endangered” to “Data Deficient” by IUCN and the entire genus is listed in the Appendix II by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). However, the exact species concerned, and their respective conservation status, could not be confirmed based on the listings' photos. The sourcing of bat was restricted to mostly South-East Asian countries (a third of items sourced from Indonesia) and to two African countries. Our survey revealed that the online offer of bat products is diverse, abundant, and facilitated by worldwide sellers although most offered bats species are from South-East Asia. With a few exceptions, the species on offer were of little present conservation concern, however, many unknowns remain on the potential animal welfare, biosecurity, legal implications, and most importantly public health risks associated with this dark trade.

Who’s afraid of Virginia Wu? US employment footprints and self-sufficiency

Globalization has brought about concerns of domestic job losses due to outsourcing to countries like China. The ‘employment footprint’ concept provides new insights into the implications of trade for employment. Using this approach for the period of 1995–2008, we analyze the relation of US jobs with international trade, particularly with China. Furthermore, we compare the US employment footprint with its labor endowment to assess if the country could be self-sufficient in terms of labor. We find that the US’s consumption increasingly depends on foreign workers. The country ‘consumes’ more labor than is nationally available; thus, self-sufficiency is not possible under realistic assumptions. Moreover, the US has benefited from jobs – especially in services – generated by the world economy. Referring to Albee’s famous play about living in illusions, we use ‘Virginia Wu’ as a Chinese version of ‘Virginia Woolf’ to argue that the perceived threat of China (Virginia Wu) is only an illusion.

Populism as a ‘corrective’ to trade agreements? ‘America First’ and the readjustment of NAFTA

AbstractThe past few years have seen an upsurge in populist politics around the globe. Yet, its potential impact on the liberal international order has been analyzed mainly from a discursive perspective, and much less is known about actual policy implications. Adopting an ideational approach to populism and taking the case of the NAFTA renegotiation process as a building block in the liberal economic order, this article studies the populist imprints of the revised agreement. First, we demonstrate how the populist division of society between ‘the corrupt elite’ and ‘the honest people’ and the emphasis on popular sovereignty were used as narrative frames in criticizing NAFTA. In a second step, through selected provisions, we show how alterations to NAFTA are considered as ‘populist corrections’ to guarantee greater representation for ‘the people’ and better safeguards for popular sovereignty under the USMCA. The article concludes with a discussion of potential implications for global trade.

The global magnitude and implications of legal and illegal wildlife trade in China

AbstractChina is one of the largest consumer markets in the international legal and illegal wildlife trade. An increasing demand for wildlife and wildlife products is threatening biodiversity, both within China and in other countries where wildlife destined for the Chinese market is being sourced. We analysed official data on legal imports of CITES-listed species in five vertebrate classes (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds and fish), and on enforcement seizures of illegally traded wildlife, during 1997–2016. This is the first study that collates and analyses publicly available data on China's legal and illegal wildlife trade and considers a broad range of species. Specifically, we estimated the scale and scope of the legal and illegal wildlife trade, quantified the diversity of species involved, and identified the major trading partners, hotspots and routes associated with illegal trade. Our findings show that substantial quantities of wildlife have been extracted globally for the Chinese market: during 1997–2016 over 11.5 million whole-organism equivalents and 5 million kg of derivatives of legally traded wildlife, plus over 130,000 illegally traded animals (alive and dead) and a substantial amount of animal body parts and products, were imported into China. Although measures to reduce demand and alleviate poverty are crucial to curb unsustainable and illegal wildlife trade in the longer term, China's wildlife regulators and enforcers must take urgent measures to disrupt the supply chains from source to market.

Did imports of sweetened beverages to Pacific Island countries increase between 2000 and 2015?

BackgroundNutrition-related chronic diseases are the major cause of illness and death in Pacific Island countries. Imports of sweetened beverages (SBs) are likely to be contributing but there is limited analysis of the quantities imported or the source countries of such beverages. The purpose of this study was to describe trends in the amount and types of SBs imported to Pacific Island countries and the impact of SB taxes on imports in Fiji and Tonga.MethodsA repository of official international trade statistics was used to collect data on the volume, dollar value and source countries of SBs exported to Pacific Island countries from 2000 to 2015. Corresponding population data was sourced from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community for per capita analyses. We also explored which countries earned the most from exporting SBs to the Pacific. Descriptive and regression analyses were used to describe trends over time for each country and for the region as a whole.ResultsImports of SBs to Pacific Island Countries from 2000 to 2015 increased by an average of 0.30 kg per person per year (p < 0.001). New Zealand and the USA were the largest income earners from SB exports to the Pacific over this period. The introduction of a tax did not impact the volume of SBs imported to Fiji. More data is needed to assess the impact of SBs tax on imports in Tonga.ConclusionsExports of SBs to Pacific Island countries are increasing. Both importing and exporting countries should consider the health implications of trade in these products.

International trade and employment: Theory and evidence from Korean firms

AbstractWe extend the small country trade model with firm heterogeneity (Demidova and Rodriguez‐Clare, Journal of International Economics, 90, 2013 and 266) to incorporate offshoring (along with final goods trade). We derive the firm‐level employment implications of output and input trade and trade costs and test them using Korean firm‐level data for the period 2006–2016. A key theoretical result is that the impact of a change in offshoring cost on employment depends crucially on the net substitutability between inputs where net substitutability is the difference between the elasticities of input substitution and output substitution. Empirically, we find that a decrease in the input trade cost reduces employment and the impact is stronger, the greater the net substitutability between inputs. Our 2SLS results with firm‐level imports (in place of trade costs) are consistent with our results with trade costs.

Implications of international trade and investment agreements on policy space for restricting marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to children: lessons from inter-disciplinary expert interviews.

To determine the implications of international trade and investment agreements (TIA) for national governments' policy space to restrict the marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to children. In-depth interviews based on a series of policy scenario 'vignettes,' guided by an adapted scenario analysis methodology. Global. Nine key informants from relevant sectors, with expertise regarding the intersection of public health nutrition policy, international trade law and international investment law. Participants consistently identified the relevance of several principles, common to many TIA: non-discrimination, necessity and justification, market access requirements and quantitative restrictions, intellectual property rights and trademark protections and fair and equitable treatment of investors. Two main policy design factors that interact heavily with TIA-related policy space were the framing of objectives and regulatory distinctions drawn. Contextual factors may shape the analysis of TIA-related policy space on a case-by-case basis, while the relative power of the actors and institutions involved in both domestic and international policy spheres may influence whether and how such legal constraints to policy space are activated. Regulatory marketing restrictions run the risk of incurring challenges under World Trade Organization agreements and other free TIA. However, concerned policymakers should be aware of the difference between theoretical risk, threat of a challenge and realistic initiation and/or loss of a formal dispute. Our findings indicate that there is policy space to adopt significant marketing restrictions, though an understanding of these legal risks and strategic policy design are important.

A Study on the Tax System of China’s Hainan Free Trade Port and Implications for Korea

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to introduce the background, development plan, and status of China’s Hainan Free Trade Port. It also focuses on the details and characteristics of the latest implemented detailed regulations related to the tax system of the Hainan Free Trade Port. Design/Methodology/Approach -The latest documents and data in China, as well as the content of the latest plans and detailed regulations related to the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port, were collected and analyzed. The study was conducted in parallel with literature research and jurisprudence research. Findings - In this study, the content and characteristics of the tax system of the Hainan Free Trade Port in China were analyzed in three aspects: the no-tariff system, the corporate income tax system, and the personal income tax system. In addition, several implications for the Korean government and industry were presented in terms of the tax system, the construction of free trade ports, and the competitive strategy of the duty-free market. Moreover, it suggested alternatives such as reviewing Korea’s tax system, examining companies entering Hainan, fostering human resources and cooperation in education, and cooperation with Korean-Chinese industry and the government. Research Implications - In the future, it is necessary to continuously monitor the systems and policies of Hainan’s development plan and discover pioneer areas where mutual cooperation can be achieved through exchange with the Hainan Free Trade Port.