Implications For Behavior Research Articles

Stocking density in intensive housing and the implications for beef cattle behaviour, stress physiology and liveweight.

Stocking density can potentially impact cattle welfare during livestock export voyages. The aim of this study was to assess selected measures that reflect the welfare of cattle housed at three allometric stocking densities (k = 0.027, 0.030, 0.047). Bos indicus cross Bos taurus steers were housed in 12 pens, each with 5 steers, for 10 days. Scan sampling of standing and lying behaviours were conducted on d 2, 5, 7 and 9, at hourly intervals. Continuous observations were conducted on the same days between 1030 and 1130h, to count aggressive interactions. Liveweights were recorded at the start of the study, and on d 6 and d 10. For a subset of focal steers (3 per pen), white blood cell counts, and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGCM) concentrations were assessed on days 0, 6 and 10. More pen space led to a small increase in the number of steers lying, as well as a small increase in lying synchronicity. Results also indicated that the number of cattle lying in isolation from conspecifics is higher when more space is available. More pen space also resulted in more steers lying with outstretched legs on days 2 and 5, but there was no evidence of this after day 5. Stocking density had no important effect on day 6 or 10 liveweights or FGCM concentrations. Only small decreases in total white blood cell and lymphocyte counts between days 6 and 10 were observed, as well as small increases in neutrophil counts and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, but all mean counts still fell within reference intervals for healthy cattle. The lack of important effects on stress physiology and liveweight suggests that the cost of attempting to adapt to pen space restriction was relatively low, leading to behavioural responses only. Results for lying behaviours also suggest that additional pen space may facilitate adaptation upon introduction to a new housing environment and is beneficial in facilitating the expression of some lying behaviours. While designed to emulate stocking densities applicable to Australian cattle export voyages, other environmental factors that may induce stress during these voyages were not present, and so the conclusions must be interpreted in the context of the controlled experimental conditions.

Ready, set, yellow! color preference of Indian free-ranging dogs

Most of the research on color vision related behaviors in dogs has involved training the dogs to perform visual discrimination tasks. We investigated the importance of color to untrained Indian free-ranging dogs (FRDs). Using one-time multi-option choice tests for color preference in 134 adult dogs, we found the dogs to prefer yellow objects over blue or gray ones while there was no preference between blue and gray. We next pitted a yellow object against a gray object that had food. Here, the dogs ignored the food (biscuit or chicken) to approach the yellow object first indicating the color preference to be quite strong. Color preference has previously been investigated in many other animals and has implications for behaviors like mate choice and foraging. Our study provides a new perspective into the ecology of Indian FRDs and might have implications for companion dogs as well, if they too show this preference.

Does Augmented Reality Apps Trigger Loyalty Toward the Brand? A Myth or Reality: The Case of UK and UAE Consumers

ABSTRACTWith the growing integration of digital innovations in retail, a critical challenge persists: how can augmented reality (AR) applications be utilized to entice the intended target markets to engage and remain loyal? To this end, this study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the effects of AR‐based apps on consumers' brand loyalty in the beauty goods sector with specific reference to the UK and the UAE. Using the S‐O‐R framework as the theoretical framework of the research, the study examines the influence of experiential values such as playfulness and aesthetics in brand loyalty mediated by customer satisfaction. The results from a questionnaire completed by 550 female AR Mobile App users were examined by testing nine hypotheses. Emphasizing the research findings, it can be further determined that while evaluating the experiential value, there appears to be a significant emphasis on brand loyalty. However, aesthetic value has had minimal influence on consumers within the UAE. Also, AR psychological engagement could have been higher and interacted with satisfaction and brand loyalty in the two regions. Thus, this research extends the understanding of AR research by examining the implications for consumer behavior in the region and providing practical recommendations for managers who want to use AR apps to improve brand loyalty.

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Diagnostic Code Accuracy and Implications in the Real-World Setting.

Isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) carries increased risk of neurodegenerative parkinsonian disorder or dementia (NPD) but is difficult to accurately screen for in the community. Health care data offer the opportunity to identify large numbers of iRBD cases among outpatients. We aimed to determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of an RBD International Classification of Disorders (ICD) code for actual iRBD based on manual review of the electronic health record (EHR), examine risk of NPD diagnosis, and explore whether a statistical model developed using selected EHR data can identify individuals with the RBD ICD code who have high probability for actual iRBD. In this retrospective cohort study, a search of the EHR at a single health care system was conducted to identify outpatients who received the ICD9 or ICD10 RBD code in 2011-2021. The EHR for each case was manually reviewed. Secondary RBD cases were excluded. Remaining cases were classified as no iRBD or actual iRBD (possible, probable, or definite). Incident cases of NPD were identified. PPV of presence of the RBD ICD code for actual iRBD was calculated. Cumulative incidence of NPD with death as a competing event was compared in those with vs without iRBD. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to build a prediction model for iRBD, and the model was validated in an independent data set. Among 1,130 cases with the RBD ICD code, 499 had secondary causes of RBD. For the remaining 628 cases, EHR review indicated no iRBD in 168 (26.8%). PPV of the RBD ICD code was 73.25%. Over a median follow-up of 4.7 years, compared with the no iRBD group, the iRBD group had a higher risk of NPD (subdistribution hazard ratio = 10.4 [95% CI 2.5-43.1]). The LASSO prediction model for iRBD had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.844 (95% CI 0.806-0.880). PPV of an RBD ICD code is moderate. In the real-world setting, patients with iRBD had a high risk of incident diagnosis of NPD over 4.7 years. Results indicate feasibility of using statistical models developed using EHR data to accurately predict iRBD.

Trust in veterinarians and association with vaccine information sources and vaccination status among dog and cat owners.

To assess pet owners' trust in veterinarians and the connection between pet owners' trust and sources of vaccine information, as well as the association with vaccination status. A national survey was administered to 2,853 dog and 1,977 cat owners focused on vaccine behavior. Survey data were analyzed with weighted Poisson (number of sources), logit (veterinarians as primary sources), least-squares (information seeking), and linear probability (vaccination status) models. Overall, 62.9% of dog and 61.2% of cat owners were classified as trusting their veterinarians. On average, dog owners consulted 2.50 sources about vaccine information; cat owners consulted 2.27 sources. Veterinarians were the most common primary sources of information for 85.4% of dog owners with high levels of trust, but only 62.6% of dog owners with lower levels. This was the case for 83.8% and 56.3% of cat owners. Trust in veterinarians was not associated with the number of sources consulted, but those with higher levels of trust were more likely to list veterinarians as their primary sources. Those with higher levels of trusts were also more likely to seek out information on vaccines. Trust and certain types of information sources like the internet were associated with vaccination status. Most pet owners trust their veterinarian, but a substantial minority do not. This has important implications for vaccination behavior. Efforts should be made to increase levels of trust. Trust in veterinarians can serve as an important resource to increase vaccinations.

Sleep duration, work-to-family conflicts and telecommuting: a mediation analysis among German mothers and fathers

ABSTRACT The study investigates the consequences of work-to-family conflicts in telecommuting arrangements for parents’ sleep duration. We discuss the potential relationships from the perspective of flexible resources and greedy roles. The study conducts moderated mediation analyses of telecommuting on sleep duration through work-to-family conflicts and addresses gender differences. The analyses use data from the German Family Panel (waves 10 & 12). After controlling for covariates, the results reveal an insignificant positive direct association between telecommuting and sleep duration. However, the mediation analysis shows that telecommuting is associated with shorter sleep duration through work-to-family conflicts. The moderated mediation further reveals that this negative indirect effect is slightly stronger for mothers than fathers. These findings highlight the complexity/bipolarity of flexible working arrangements in the context of the work-family interface and their implications for sleep behaviour, particularly from a gender perspective.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Versus Traditional Blood Glucose Monitoring in Reducing HbA1c Levels among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Over Six Months

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and traditional blood glucose monitoring (BGM) are pivotal tools in managing Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with significant implications for glycemic control. This review compared the effectiveness of CGM versus BGM in reducing hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels among adults with T2DM over six months. Utilizing a narrative synthesis approach based on existing literature, this article evaluated the mechanisms, impacts, behavioral implications, and challenges associated with each monitoring method. CGM, characterized by its real-time data and trend analysis capabilities, offers superior HbA1c reduction outcomes, especially for individuals with poor baseline control. By providing continuous feedback, CGM facilitates immediate adjustments in lifestyle and medication, empowering proactive diabetes management. Conversely, BGM, reliant on episodic fingerstick testing, is effective but often less impactful due to its intermittent nature and dependence on user adherence. Nevertheless, it remains a cost-effective and accessible option for many. Challenges such as high costs for CGM and adherence barriers for BGM were explored, along with the potential of emerging innovations, including integrated automated insulin delivery systems for CGM and enhanced digital tools for BGM. This review underscores the importance of aligning monitoring strategies with individual patient needs to optimize HbA1c reduction and improve quality of life for adults with T2DM. Keywords: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM), Traditional Blood Glucose Monitoring (BGM), HbA1c Reduction, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Glycemic Control Strategies.

Employee Sustainability: How Green Practices Drive Employee Well-Being and Citizenship Behavior

Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) has emerged as a critical study area, particularly because of its implications for employee well-being and citizenship behavior. This research aims to unravel the intricate relationships between GHRM practices, employee motivation, sustainability, well-being, and citizenship behavior within the hotel industry. Employing Ability–Motivation–Opportunity (AMO) theory as a foundational framework, a comprehensive model is developed and tested with data collected from four hundred ten hotel employees. Utilizing a cross-sectional methodology and employing the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique for hypothesis testing, this study reveals a substantial positive impact of GHRM on employee motivation, sustainability, well-being, and citizenship behavior. The findings of this research carry significant practical implications for the hotel industry, urging investment in GHRM practices. The investment can enhance employees’ understanding of the hotel’s green management initiatives, fostering motivation and encouraging proactive involvement in environmental protection and resource conservation. This study emphasizes the need for the hotel industry within the hospitality sector to prioritize the adoption of green HRM, highlighting its potential to elevate employee engagement and contribute to the sustainability of environmentally conscious practices. Furthermore, this paper recommends that the hotel industry reinforce sustainable practices among its workforce through training initiatives and environmental awareness seminars.

The Effect of Cooperation with Conspecifics on a Pigeon’s Behavior under the Random Ratio Schedule

Abstract Social behavior involves interactions among individuals of the same species, and the presence or behavior of other individuals plays important roles. An individual’s performance in any particular task is improved or facilitated when others are present. The phenomenon of social facilitation has been studied for over a century, and it has implications for important behaviors like substance use, gambling, or choice behavior. The present study aimed to explore how the presence of conspecifics affects the behaviors of pigeons under a random ratio schedule. Four homing pigeons were used in various conditions to analyze response rates and bout-pause patterns. Experimental conditions were set up to examine the effects of conspecifics based on the following factors: the mere presence of conspecifics, simultaneous engagement in the same task, and sharing gains. Pigeon performance in each condition was compared based on the response rate and bout-and-pause patterns of key pecking behavior. The results suggest that sharing gain would work as an abolishing operation, although it does not produce a systematic effect on bout-pause patterns.

Paleomagnetic data from volcanic rocks in the southern Central Andes of Argentina and their implications for tectonics and geomagnetic field behavior

Abstract A paleomagnetic study of basaltic lava flows exposed in the northern Neuquén Cordillera, southernmost Central Andes, along the Antiñir-Copahue fault zone (ACFZ), involved 25 sites of the Cola de Zorro Formation (Pliocene–Early Pleistocene) along two different sections. The sites show exclusive normal polarity, corresponding to the Late Pliocene Gauss chron (3.6–2.6 Ma). The angular standard deviation of virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs; ASD = 14.8°) is consistent with the expected values from recent geomagnetic models, in opposition to anomalously low dispersion found in previous studies in Pleistocene VGPs of reverse polarity from neighboring areas to our study zone. Mean paleomagnetic directions for Bella Vista (Dec = 0.0°, Inc = −50.0°, α₉₅ = 7.6°, K = 36.7, N = 11) and Río Huaraco sections (Dec = 354.9°, Inc = −57.0°, α₉₅ = 7.5°, K = 55.7, N = 8) do not show tectonic rotation around vertical axes. Combining and regrouping our and previous data by area confirmed the absence of tectonic rotations in the Huaraco-Trohunco block and a statistically significant clockwise rotation of 14.4° ± 10.3° of three adjacent tectonic blocks located south of our study locality in Pleistocene times. These results suggest that strike-slip deformation along some sections of the ACFZ was significant in the Pleistocene structural evolution of this region.

The Influence of Customer Perceived Value, Satisfaction, and Trust on Loyalty among E-Shoppers in Palestine’s E-Commerce Platforms

E-commerce has grown significantly in the past few years and has significantly affected the retail industry worldwide, including Palestine. Due to the improved Internet connectivity, high usage of smartphones, and the young population of Palestine, the e-commerce industry has rapidly developed. This research examines the relationship between customer-perceived value, satisfaction, trust, and loyalty concerning Palestinian e-shoppers in the context of local e-commerce platforms. The quantitative data were collected using a structured survey of (278) online shoppers and analyzed using SEM to test the proposed model. The results show that perceived value does not directly affect customer loyalty; the relationship is mediated by customer satisfaction and trust. In detail, a perceived value improves customer satisfaction and trust, both antecedents of loyalty. The satisfaction and trust of the customers are not just important; they are the foundation of their loyalty. These findings suggest that e-commerce platforms in Palestine need to embrace a comprehensive approach that aims to achieve a high level of customer-perceived value, satisfaction, and trust. By focusing on these aspects, online retailers can successfully build and sustain customer loyalty, thus guaranteeing continued growth and market leadership in the growing Palestinian e-commerce industry. This research provides theoretical implications for consumer behaviors in emerging markets and managerial implications for e-commerce firms that seek to enhance customer retention strategies.

Retraction Note: Navigating Criminal Responsibility in the Digital Marketplace: Implications of Network-Neutral Help Behavior and Beyond-5G Networks in E-Commerce Transactions

Retraction Note: Navigating Criminal Responsibility in the Digital Marketplace: Implications of Network-Neutral Help Behavior and Beyond-5G Networks in E-Commerce Transactions

Effect of Recycled Steel Fibers on Cemented Aggregate Mixtures: Compressive Behaviour and Pavement Design Implications

Effect of Recycled Steel Fibers on Cemented Aggregate Mixtures: Compressive Behaviour and Pavement Design Implications

Neural Variability and Cognitive Control in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder

Opioid use disorder (OUD) impacts millions of people worldwide. Prior studies investigating its underpinning neural mechanisms have not often considered how brain signals evolve over time, so it remains unclear whether brain dynamics are altered in OUD and have subsequent behavioral implications. To characterize brain dynamic alterations and their association with cognitive control in individuals with OUD. This case-control study collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from individuals with OUD and healthy control (HC) participants. The study was performed at an academic research center and an outpatient clinic from August 2019 to May 2024. Individuals with OUD were all recently stabilized on medications for OUD (<24 weeks). Recurring brain states supporting different cognitive processes were first identified in an independent sample with 390 participants. A multivariate computational framework extended these brain states to the current dataset to assess their moment-to-moment engagement within each individual. Resting-state and naturalistic fMRI investigated whether brain dynamic alterations were consistently observed in OUD. Using a drug cue paradigm in participants with OUD, the association between cognitive control and brain dynamics during exposure to opioid-related information was studied. Variations in continuous brain state engagement (ie, state engagement variability [SEV]) were extracted during resting-state, naturalistic, and drug-cue paradigms. Stroop assessed cognitive control. Overall, 99 HC participants (54 [54.5%] female; mean [SD] age, 31.71 [12.16] years) and 76 individuals with OUD (31 [40.8%] female; mean [SD] age, 39.37 [10.47] years) were included. Compared with HC participants, individuals with OUD demonstrated consistent SEV alterations during resting-state (99 HC participants; 71 individuals with OUD; F4,161 = 6.83; P < .001) and naturalistic (96 HC participants; 76 individuals with OUD; F4,163 = 9.93; P < .001) fMRI. Decreased cognitive control was associated with lower SEV during the rest period of a drug cue paradigm among 70 participants with OUD. For example, lower incongruent accuracy scores were associated with decreased transition SEV (ρ58 = 0.34; P = .008). In this case-control study of brain dynamics in OUD, individuals with OUD experienced greater difficulty in effectively engaging various brain states to meet changing demands. Decreased cognitive control during the rest period of a drug cue paradigm suggests that these individuals had an impaired ability to disengage from opioid-related information. The current study introduces novel information that may serve as groundwork to strengthen cognitive control and reduce opioid-related preoccupation in OUD.

Invited review: Social housing of dairy calves: management factors affecting calf behavior, performance, and health - A systematic review.

Given increasing adoption of social housing for pre-weaned dairy calves, we conducted a systematic review to summarize existing literature describing effects of social housing management factors on behavior, performance, and health of dairy calves. Included articles addressed interventions applied to pre-weaned, socially housed dairy calves, encompassing age at introduction to social housing, group composition (size, stocking density, within-group age range, stability), and housing environment (space allowance, enrichment provision). Outcome measures addressed behavior, including social behavior, locomotor behavior, feeding behavior, abnormal oral behavior, and behavioral responses during tests; performance, including body measurements and weight gain; and health, including clinical health scores and mortality rate. We conducted searches initially targeting any study where dairy calves were housed socially, using Web of Science and PubMed, and subsequently identified a total of 46 relevant studies. Studies investigating age at introduction to pairs or small social groups of 3 to 7 calves (8 experimental studies) suggested possible behavioral and performance benefits, with no negative effects, of earlier introduction to small groups. Earlier introduction to larger groups (assessed in 6 experimental studies and 4 cross-sectional studies) appeared to increase latency to use an automated milk feeder with short-term negative effects on milk intake, yet no evidence of growth effects and variable health effects. Studies investigating effects of group size (assessed in 8 experimental studies and 6 cross-sectional studies) suggested that small social groups may facilitate increased feeding time, with neutral or positive effects on growth and health. Other aspects of group composition, including within-group age range, group stability, and feeder stocking density, were assessed in few experimental studies (7 total), with some results suggesting behavioral benefits of reducing competition for feed and maintaining stable groups. Experimental and cross-sectional studies yielded conflicting findings with respect to health effects of group composition, but results generally suggested possible health risks associated with larger group sizes and within-group age ranges, management factors consistent with the use of dynamic groups. Increasing space allowance (assessed in 6 experimental studies and 6 cross-sectional studies) increased locomotor activity/play behavior and had neutral or positive health effects. Provision of enrichment items (e.g., brushes, combinations of items for oral manipulation; assessed in 5 studies) was found to reduce cross-sucking. Overall, this review describes varied dairy calf social housing management practices which have implications for behavior, performance, and health. Further work is needed to address gaps in knowledge, including long-term effects and variability at the individual and group level, and to establish the external validity of these findings in commercial settings.

Goal-line oracles: Exploring accuracy of wisdom of the crowd for football predictions.

Football's inherent volatility and low-scoring nature present unique challenges for predicting outcomes. This study investigates the efficacy of Wisdom of the Crowd in forecasting football match outcomes as well as expected goals (XG) across a Premier League season. Participants predicted team goal counts, which were then compared to actual expected goals (XG) and match results. Results across 760 team predictions reveal that while Wisdom of the Crowd accurately predicts XG on average, it overestimates 'big-6' teams and underestimates others, hinting at inherent biases. Notably, however, collective crowd predictions outperform individual estimates consistently, affirming the power of collective intelligence. Furthermore, when tested against betting odds, Wisdom of the Crowd demonstrates limited profitability, indicating its potential as a supplementary rather than sole prediction tool. These findings underscore the nuanced dynamics of football prediction and highlight the utility of collective wisdom in navigating its complexities. Overall, this study contributes insights into crowd prediction dynamics and underscores its potential in football analytics, shedding light on its implications for decision-making and understanding group behaviour in sports forecasting contexts.

Incised stone artefacts from the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic and human behavioural complexity

In recent years, archaeological research has demonstrated the presence of abstract non-utilitarian behaviour amongst palaeolithic hominins, fuelling discussions concerning the origin and implications of such complex behaviours. A key component in these discussions is the aesthetic and symbolic character of intentionally incised artefacts. In this study, we emphasize the geometry of the incisions as clues to intentionality. Using 3D surface analysis, we characterised incisions found on a Levallois core from Manot cave, and on a flake and retouched blade from Amud cave. In addition, we applied the same methodology to the previously published engraved Levallois core from Qafzeh and the plaquette from Quneitra. The incisions on the Manot, Qafzeh and Quneitra artefacts show similar geometric characteristics. Notably in each of these cases, the incisions form patterns that align with the artefact’s surface topography and shape. In contrast, the incisions on the Amud artefacts are shallower, with no clear orientation or patterning. The methodology applied thus creates a comparative context for MP incised items, reinforcing the interpretation of the Manot, Qafzeh and Quneitra artefacts as deliberate engravings, whereas the marks on the items from Amud are consistent with their functional use as abraders. While the Qafzeh, Quneitra and Manot items are isolated initiatives in their chronological and geographic contexts, the shared traits of the intentional engravings underscore their predetermined nature.

Maternal postpartum depression and children's emotional overeating: The mediating role of executive function.

The literature shows connections between maternal depression, children's executive function (EF), and emotional overeating (EOE). This study examined the interplay between maternal postpartum depression, EF, and EOE. We hypothesized that higher levels of postpartum depression would lead to lower inhibition and emotional control and higher levels of EOE. We also explored whether inhibition and emotional control mediate the relationship between postpartum depression and EOE. The analysis included 297 families (49% of children were female at birth; 82% of caregivers were White) from a longitudinal birth cohort study in the US Midwest (N=468). Maternal self-reports assessed postpartum depression at six weeks using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Children's EF at 24months was measured with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version, and EOE at 48months was assessed using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. While accounting for child gender, parent race, and education, there was a positive indirect effect of postpartum depression on EOE through children's inhibitory and emotional control difficulties. There was also a significant direct effect between postpartum depression and EOE. These results suggest that higher levels of postpartum depression in mothers may be associated with children's lower EF abilities (e.g., inhibition and emotional control), which may, in turn, lead to higher levels of EOE. Early maternal depressive symptoms may have important implications for children's EF and EOE behaviors. The current findings stress the need to address symptoms of postpartum depression in mothers, even though symptoms may not reach clinical levels.

Association between poor drug adherence and undernutrition among adult HIV patients in southern Ethiopia: an institution based cross sectional study

ObjectiveUndernutrition is a common issue for HIV and other immune suppressed patients. Approximately 462 million people worldwide living with HIV are experiencing undernutrition, with sub-Saharan Africa having the highest prevalence....

Biomechanical analysis and application of image processing technology based on deep learning in the indoor evaluation system of high-rise buildings

In the context of biomechanics and the built environment, understanding the relationship between the indoor space layout of high-rise buildings and human biomechanical responses is crucial. To enhance the quality of the indoor space layout of buildings with respect to human biomechanical comfort and functionality, this paper proposes a method for extracting the characteristics of the indoor space layout of high-rise buildings based on deep-learning image processing. The indoor space layout parameters are not only related to architectural aesthetics but also have implications for human movement and biomechanical behavior. For example, the dimensions and configurations of rooms and corridors can affect gait patterns, body postures, and muscle activations during walking and other activities. According to the extracted indoor space layout parameters, their edge sequences are determined. The image processing algorithm based on deep learning is then used to control the convergence of the characteristic parameters. This process is not only for architectural feature extraction but also to analyze how these features interact with human biomechanics. For instance, the angles and lengths of corridors can influence the turning radii and step frequencies of individuals, which are key biomechanical factors. By extracting the characteristics of the indoor space layout of high-rise buildings, we can evaluate how well the space accommodates human movement and biomechanical needs. The results reveal that the proposed method can effectively extract features relevant to both architecture and biomechanics, and the accuracy in assessing biomechanically relevant features is always higher than 90%. This high accuracy indicates the potential of this method to contribute to the design of indoor spaces that are more conducive to human biomechanical well-being and efficient movement.