Implementation Of Women Research Articles

World population - development, transition

The accelerated population growth is a very important problem of the present civilisation. The humankind started to realise the importance of the problem already at the beginning of 60s when the demographic development begun to show the unprecedented scope. The notion “population problem” became the topic of many discussions. Gradually, all states of the developing countries started to apply the natality regulation strategy. The forcible methods applied in China and India cannot be accepted as they do not fulfil the human approach demands. The most important prerequisite of the gradual population stabilisation is the attitude of the families themselves. To decrease the population considerably, it is necessary to abolish the family as the base of the patriarchal structures in developing countries, to give women completely equal rights. It is important that both man and woman participated equally in the upbringing and nutrition of children. Woman should have the possibility to decide on the number of her children. They should be able to make their own decisions regarding marriage, job, as well as the way of spending money. However, many women lack this possibility; they are slaves of their fathers and husbands. The implementation of women rights into the population policy is the most important issue.

Leveraging women's networks for strategic value

PurposeCorporate women's networks have existed for more than 25 years, with varying results. Understanding how networks can be more effectively focused is important to talent management and professional development, particularly as women comprise an increasingly significant portion of the leadership pipeline. This study aims to provide new ways to assess and enhance the strategic value of women's networks in terms of both talent and business development.Design/methodology/approachThe authors bring more than 40 years combined experience to their survey of women's networks in 32 multinational corporations. A structured interview protocol was followed to gain an in‐depth understanding of current women's network practice.FindingsThis paper describes the range of current practice in the implementation of women's networks and suggests new tools for understanding how a women's network is currently positioned and might be focused for greater strategic impact, both for network participants and for the firm.Practical implicationsThree tools are provided for assessing and potentially repositioning the focus and strategic objectives of women's networks in corporations. This paper should spur valuable discussion among network leaders as well as executive sponsors, diversity officers and CEOs about how to maximize network value; the tools are potentially transferable to other internal networks or affinity groups.Originality/valueMany firms use well‐known turnkey tools to establish their women's network. This paper provides new tools targeted particularly to those networks and companies that are beyond the start‐up phase.

Gender(ed) Politics in Central and Eastern Europe1

This article examines the role of mainstream political participation in the quest for gender equitable citizenship as a measure of the attainment of democracy. Citizenship stands here as the appropriate measure for the implementation of women's rights as human rights. The article examines citizenship status through the prism of representation in mainstream politics in the context of democratisation in Central and Eastern Europe. Prior to European Union accession negotiations, gender was marginal on the political agenda in most countries in the region. Indeed, what counts as ‘political’ had been narrowed to denote formal party and legislative politics alone. The contradiction between this definition and the discursive validation of civil society involvement is explored, both within the region and by international donor agencies and supranational governments such as the European Union. Some empirical evidence of the barriers hindering women's access to the public sphere of the polity is presented. Finally, strategies such as the introduction of quotas that are designed to overcome the factors curtailing women's capacity to become active citizens in the public sphere of politics are discussed.

Health services for women in outpatient substance abuse treatment.

To evaluate how a sample of outpatient substance abuse treatment units respond to organizational and environmental influences by adopting and implementing treatment services for women. The National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey from 1995 and 2000, a national survey of outpatient substance abuse treatment units. Health services for women are the dependent variables. The predictors include organizational and environmental factors that represent resource dependence and institutional pressures for the treatment unit. Logistic regression and Heckman selection models were used to test hypotheses. Program directors and clinical supervisors at each treatment unit were interviewed by telephone in 1995 and 2000. Units that depended on specific funding for women's programs and that depended on government funds were more likely to adopt, but not necessarily implement, women's services. Methadone units and units that train more staff to work with women were more likely to adopt as well as implement women's services. Private not-for-profit units were more likely to adopt some services, while for-profit units were less so. However, in general, neither for-profit nor not-for-profit units significantly implemented services. There was evidence that the odds of adopting services were greater in 2000 than 1995 for two services, but were otherwise stable. There is considerable variation in the adoption and implementation of women's services. In addition, not all adopted services were significantly implemented, which could reflect limited organizational resources and/or conflicting expectations. This also suggests that referral mechanisms to these services, and therefore access, may not be adequate. Government funds and specific funds for women's programs are important resources for the provision of these services. Women's services appear more available in methadone units, suggesting that regulation has been influential and that the recent methadone accreditation system should be evaluated. Staff training may be one strategy to encourage implementation of these services. For the most part, the adoption of services for women did not change between 1995 and 2000.

Women and Property Rights in Al-Andalus and the Maghrib: Social Patterns and Legal Discourse

AbstractThis essay focuses on the implementation of women's property rights in al-Andalus and the Maghrib in the period between the tenth and fifteenth centuries, as reflected in legal sources. An examination of Islamic property and family law, judicial practice, and the attitude of jurists toward women indicates that the majority of Muslim women owned property independently at some point in their lives, that women acquired property at every stage of the life-cycle, and that women played an important role in the intergenerational transmission of property and in keeping familial property intact. At the same time, the legal institutions of guardianship (wilāya) and interdiction (ḥajr) placed constrains on the ability of women to exercise effective control of their property during adulthood. The implementation of women's sharʿī property rights by qādīs and muftīs had important consequences for women's relationships with their families, especially their husbands. That male domination was never complete in propertied families calls into question the characterization of the Muslim family as “patriarchal” and points to the need for a new social, cultural, and economic explanation of the nature of the Muslim family.

NP Services Key to Implementation of Women??s Health Equity Act

NP Services Key to Implementation of Women??s Health Equity Act

UN decade and women's studies in Latin America

Women's Studies programs developed rapidly in the 70s especially in the United States, which did not happen in other countries. The Simone de Beauvoir Institute, at Concordia University, in Canada, is an exception. Even in Europe, very few universities have been including such programs for more than ten years, at the beginning of the 80s. By that time, in Central and South America, Women's Studies were still in their early stages and few regular programs had been really implemented. One of these was the Center for Women's Studies created at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, in early 1981, with an offer of special courses and seminars and conducting research projects. A Regional Seminar on Women's Studies in South America and the Caribbean was held at that University in November 1981 with the financial support of UNESCO, to evaluate the situation of teaching and research in 11 countries: Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, México, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica and Chile and concluded that much still needed to be done in that field. Nonetheless, the feminist movement, in its struggle for equal rights, against sex discrimination, for better opportunities for all women and their effective integration into national development and political participation, has been supported by thousands of women and gained a great momentum in the 70s. The Women's International Year (1975), The World Plan of Action (1976–1985) and the Copenhagen Conference (1980) have been concrete expressions of the effort initiated by the UN to call the attention of all nations and governments to the need of definitively eliminating all forms of discrimination against women and to adopt measures to ensure that the capacities of women will be utilized in a more fruitful way, aimed to national development. The Decade played an important role in the implementation of Women's Studies programs in Latin American.

Obstetric and gynecological care for Third World women

The particular characteristics which women's health care in the Third World should have as compared with the situation in developed countries is discussed. Women in the Third World present a different prevalence of specific pathologies, give less attention to symptoms and to preventive measures, and the health system is usually not well adapted to respond to those characteristics. Examples of the difference between the needs of health care of Third World women compared to developed countries are taken from pre-natal care, prevention of cancer of the cervix and family planning. A critical analysis of the prevalent characteristics of present women's care in the Third World was done. Accordingly, some basic points to be considered in the implementation of women's health care for the Third World were proposed: avoid the uncritical replication of developed country's models to solve developing countries' health problems; application of a larger proportion of the resources to primary health care: a more aggressive attitude to increase preventive behavior, trying to maintain a continuous and not sporadic contact between the health system and the target population; great attention to reference and contra-reference to improve the integration of the various levels of the health system; delegation of functions from physicians to paramedical personnel; emphasis on health education, both formal and in the day-to-day contact between health agents and target population.