Implementation Of Vaccination Research Articles

Burden of HPV-induced diseases and cost effectiveness of catch-up vaccination in Czech Republic: a model-based study

ObjectivesHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infections are highly prevalent sexually transmitted infections, notably associated with various cancers. This study analyses the health and economic impacts of HPV-associated diseases in the Czech Republic and evaluates the cost-effectiveness of a catch-up vaccination program.MethodsUtilizing a Markov multistate model, the study assesses the lifetime impacts and costs related to HPV infections. Cohorts of ages 15–21 were simulated to assess the impact of catch-up vaccination outside the 11-year-old age group.ResultsThe total quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for the female and male cohorts (together 119,362 individuals) were higher in the vaccination scenario compared to the non-vaccination scenario. The increase in QALYs was 122,246 and 200,852 respectively, when considering the actual vaccination rates. Across both cohorts, 329 cancer-related deaths were prevented. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis for the female population, vaccination was the dominant strategy in 99.3% of iterations. In the male population, vaccination was the dominant strategy in 80.3% of iterations. The implementation of catch-up vaccination for the 15–21 age group significantly increased QALY gains and reduced life-years-lost (LYLs). In the female cohort, all analysed rates of catch-up vaccination were the dominant strategy, while in the male cohort, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) remained consistently below 42,000 CZK/QALY.ConclusionsThe catch-up vaccination program for 15-21-year-olds is cost-effective and can prevent a significant number of HPV-related cancers in both men and women.

Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance and its Influencing Factors Through a Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The rise in Covid-19 related deaths has led to the implementation of vaccination. Despite this effort, some of the population remains reluctant to get vaccinated, citing various reasons for their hesitation. The objective of this research was to examine the various factors affecting covid-19 vaccination acceptance. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional design and was conducted between October and December 2022. This study looked at various independent variables such as sex, education, occupation, family income, health insurance, social assistance, history of Covid-19 infection, and information from the health worker. The main variable of interest was vaccination acceptance. The research involved a group of 133 people. Research data is collected by sending surveys to participants while adhering to Covid-19 health guidelines. The research data was examined using chi square test and logistic regression. This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee at Palu Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health in Indonesia number: 0089/KEPK-KPK/VI/2022. Results: Most of the individuals were involved in favor of accepting the Covid-19 vaccine, with a percentage of 83.5%, whereas only 16.5% declined it. Among the different factors considered, age was found to be the most significant in determining vaccine acceptance compared to having social assistance and information from health workers. Conclusion: Vaccine acceptance varied by age, prioritizing older individuals due to their heightened vulnerability to the Covid-19 virus. It is crucial to further investigate how different factors such as socio-demographic characteristics, vaccine’ knowledge, and trust in the healthcare system interact with each other.

Trends in cancer mortality in the elderly and oldest old in South America.

Little is known about trends in cancer among the older segments of the population, even less for South America. To describe time trends in mortality of the most frequent causes of cancer death among the population aged 70 and over. Using the World Health Organization´s Cancer Mortality Database, we studied trends in mortality from lung, colorectal, stomach, liver, prostate, breast, and cervical cancer from 1985 onwards. Joinpoint analyses allow discerning changes in average annual percent change (i.e., slope AAPC) of these trends over time. The region has a 2-3-fold variation in absolute age-specific cancer mortality rates, with the lowest rates in Argentina and Paraguay and the highest in Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In most countries except for Brazil and Paraguay (both sexes), Peru (females and males 80 +), and Venezuela (males), overall cancer mortality rates were declining in the studied age range, with some fluctuations during the period. The most common causes by sex vary throughout the continent and by age group, but overall, increasing trends were observed for colorectal and breast cancer. In all countries, time trends show reductions in mortality from stomach cancer (AAPC up to -4.77 %) and in some countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador AAPC between -0.04 % and -4.37 %) for cervical cancer. In the other countries, cervical cancer mortality remained stable. Lung cancer declined in all countries in males (AAPC between -0.39 % and -2.24 %) except Brazil, Paraguay and the eldest males in Venezuela but among females, increases were observed in most countries (AAPC between +0.47 % and +4.05 %). Cancer-specific mortality rates vary considerably between countries in South America and the high cancer mortality rates in the oldest segments of the population. Effective primary prevention strategies, vaccination implementation, early detection, effective treatment programs, and better access to healthcare overall can positively impact the trends.

A label-free gold nanoparticles functionalized peptide dendrimer biosensor for visual detection of breakthrough infections in COVID-19 vaccinated patients

Given the global implementation of effective COVID-19 vaccines, which do not confer complete immunity, it is crucial to monitor the occurrence of breakthrough infections, particularly against newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Hence, we developed a label-free colorimetric assay using gold nanoparticles (GNPs) functionalized with a peptide dendrimer incorporating highly reactive epitopes of the nucleocapsid (N) protein. This assay relies on the tween-20 induced colorimetric changes caused by the aggregation of peptide dendrimer-coated GNPs in the absence of anti- SARS-CoV-2 N antibodies, and vice versa. Transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and circular dichroism spectroscopy analyses all showed the formation of a uniform and highly stable coating of the peptide dendrimer over GNPs. Surface plasmon resonance experiments have demonstrated a strong binding affinity for the peptide dendrimer and anti- SARS-CoV-2 N antibodies, with a KD value of 525 nM. To validate the proof-of-concept, we have tested this assay on seventy human serum samples, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity (88.89 %) and specificity (100 %). This approach opens up new avenues for the development of simple and rapid diagnostic assays for identifying antibodies against viral infections and other pathogens.

Meeting summary: Global vaccine and immunization research forum, 2023.

At the 2023 Global Vaccine and Immunization Research Forum (GVIRF), researchers from around the world gathered in the Republic of Korea to discuss advances and opportunities in vaccines and immunization. Many stakeholders are applying the lessons of Covid-19 to future emergencies, by advancing early-stage development of prototype vaccines to accelerate response to the next emerging infectious disease, and by building regional vaccine research, development, and manufacturing capacity to speed equitable access to vaccines in the next emergency. Recent vaccine licensures include: respiratory syncytial virus vaccines, both for the elderly and to protect infants through maternal immunization; a new dengue virus vaccine; and licensure of Covid-19 vaccines previously marketed under emergency use authorizations. Malaria vaccine implementation is expanding and a second malaria vaccine has been recommended by the World Health Organization. In a setback for human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development, the only remaining Phase 3 trial has been discontinued. In immunization, greater clarity is emerging on the challenges of achieving access and equity, along with strategies to address those challenges. A better understanding of behavioral and social determinants of vaccine uptake and a validated toolkit for measuring and modifying the drivers of vaccination is informing program design and service delivery, contributing to improved uptake. Implementation research, which has been essential for human papillomavirus and malaria vaccine delivery, will be critical for delivering the new respiratory syncytial virus vaccines and for many other vaccines currently in development. The growing diversity of vaccines and complexity of immunization programs are leading to greater interest in simplified regimens, combination vaccines, and other innovations to facilitate delivery. Collaboration emerged as the unifying theme of GVIRF 2023, underscoring that the combined efforts of many contributors have enabled progress thus far, and going forward will continue to be essential to ensure equitable access to vaccines for all.

Vaccination against Respiratory Infections in the Immunosenescent Older Adult Population: Challenges and Opportunities.

Respiratory infections are associated with a huge burden of disease every year and disproportionately affect older adults, namely those aged 65 years and older. Older adults are at increased risk of infections compared with their younger counterparts, and once infected, have a higher risk of experiencing severe disease course, complications, and long-term sequelae. Therefore, vaccination is clearly a key strategy to prevent infection and its attendant negative consequences. We review here the burden of common respiratory diseases in older adults, namely influenza, pneumococcal disease, and respiratory syncytial virus. We then review some of the challenges facing immunization of older adults, namely immunosenescence, inflammaging, and low vaccine uptake. Next, potential opportunities for overcoming these challenges are reviewed, including the use of higher antigen doses and/or adjuvants in vaccine formulations for older adults, and the potential of multiomics analyses to improve development, performance, and implementation of vaccines.

420. Immunization Impact on Serotype Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease - Playing the Serotype Whack-A-Mole!

Abstract Background Implementation of 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) resulted in significant reduction of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) followed by a subsequent increase in IPD by non-vaccine (n-Vac) serotypes (ser) (19A, 7F, 3) with increased severity and antimicrobial resistance. Approved following immunogenicity data, 13-valent PCV (PCV13) adoption reduced IPD again. Surveillance was strongly recommended by the CDC. We present 13 years of countywide (Orange County, CA) surveillance of IPD and serotypes. Serotype distribution of IPD by Year Methods Prospective (1/2010 - 12/2023) countywide study of patients < 18 years old with culture proven IPD. Demographic, clinical course and immunization data were collected. Serotyping was by Quelung method. Antibiotic susceptibilities were obtained. Results During the study period 261 patients were identified; 42% female, median age 3.7 years, 52% < 5 years old. IPD rate per 10,000 decreased by 70% (0.408 – > 0.123) from 2010 - 2014 and increased steadily from 2015 to 2019 (peaking at 0.403). As COVID19 pandemic social distancing measures were adopted, IPD rate decreased by 86% (0.057 in 2021); it has since rapidly increased again (0.285) after lifting social distancing measures. Ser was known for 86%; 15B and 22F were the most common nVac ser seen (8% and10% respectively). Ser distributions by year are seen in Figure 1. Table 1 shows the distribution of IPD with immunization status and where the pneumonias and meningitis occurred. Pneumonia (102 [39%]) remains the most common IPD (30% with empyema); we saw a rise of meningitis cases after 2018, 1 was ser3, 13 were n-Vac ser and 3 unknown. IPD attributed mortality occurred in 8 (3%) patients; 4 were due to PCV13 ser. Penicillin resistance (meningitis) increased from 21% to 31%; penicillin non-susceptible (MIC >1) remained unchanged. New 15 and 20 valent ser include 12% and 19% of emerging n-Vac serotypes. Conclusion Similar to PCV-7, PCV-13 implementation resulted in an initial significant decrease in IPD, mainly due to 5 of the 6 additional ser included in PCV-13, ser 3 was not significantly affected. This was followed by resurgence of IPD, mainly to n-VAC serotypes. Of our IPD since 2010, 65% are from ser now included in 20-valent PCV. IPD attributable mortality remains high. Active surveillance following higher valent PCVs remains important. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

P-2194. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis A in People with Chronic Active Hepatitis C in New Jersey

Abstract Background Most current guidelines recommend hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination for people living with hepatitis C (HCV) and lacking immunity to those viruses. We were interested in studying the prevalence of immunity to those 2 viruses in patients with chronic active HCV infection (CAH C) in NJ, to evaluate the resources needed to vaccinate those who are not immune. Methods We reviewed prospectively collected data in people with CAH C living in NJ, and retrieved their age, sex, race, ethnicity, HAV IgG, HBV surface antigen, HBV surface antibody, and HBV total core antibody. We calculated the prevalence of immunity to each virus, and specifically targeted the difference for HBV immunity in those born after 1991, when implementation of universal HBV vaccination of newborns started in the US. Results Between 09/01/2020 and 12/31/2023 we collected data on 1586 people living with HCV. The overall prevalence of HAV immunity was 46% (726/1586); for HBV, 36% (578/1586) were immune through vaccination (only HBV surface antibody positive), when divided by age group those born in 1991 and earlier had 34 % immunity compared to 52.5% for those born after 1991 (p< .0001). The prevalence of exposure to HBV was 24% (380/1586) with 7 having Hep B s Ag positive, and 126 only Hep B core antibody positive; when divided by the same age group categories, only 7 % of those < 32 years old had HBV exposure, as compared to 26% of those 33 years and older at a p value < .0001. Prevalence of people with all 3 markers negative for HBV (requiring vaccination) is 40% (628/1586); with no statistical difference between the two-age group, 40.5% for < 32 years old, and 39.5% for those 33 years and older. Conclusion Our study shows an urgent need to implement hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccinations in people living with HCV in NJ, almost half of them are not immune to either virus. On the other hand, it also highlights the success of universal vaccination of newborn for HBV, since we found a statistically significant number of those born after 1991 to be immune and have less HBV exposure. Disclosures Jihad Slim, MD, FACP, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|AbbVie: Honoraria|AbbVie: Speaker Bureau|Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Grant/Research Support|Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Honoraria|Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Speaker Bureau|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Honoraria|Merck: Speaker Bureau|Theratechnologies: Advisor/Consultant|Theratechnologies: Honoraria|ViiV Healthcare: Advisor/Consultant|ViiV Healthcare: Grant/Research Support|ViiV Healthcare: Speaker Bureau

Mpox Cases in Serbia, 2022

Background: On 23 July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the mpox multi-country outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. This study aimed to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of confirmed mpox cases reported in Serbia in 2022. Methods: The mpox WHO case definition was used. Incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by age groups and nomenclature of territorial units for statistics level 3 (NUTS-3) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Between June and October 2022, 43 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported. All were unvaccinated males, with the mean age of 34 (±7.4) years. Out of the total, 72.1% cases were men who have sex with men (MSM), who reported sexual intercourse either with multiple or unknown partners (p < 0.01). Fifteen cases (34.9%) lived with HIV, mostly in the 30–39 age group (p = 0.023). People living in Belgrade City NUTS-3 were six times more likely to become infected compared to South Backa citizens (IRR: 6.03, 95% CI: 1.47–25.53). Conclusions: In Serbia, mpox mainly affected MSM aged 30–39 and living in urban areas. Health promotion and vaccine implementation should be prioritized in populations with a higher risk.

Canine distemper outbreak and laryngeal paralysis in captive tigers (Panthera tigris)

The canine distemper virus (CDV) could infect various wildlife species worldwide. The viral infection in large felids directly impacts wildlife conservation. This study aimed to understand better the burden of CDV outbreaks in captive tiger populations in Thailand and a novel discovery of their clinical signs with a history of CDV exposure. We followed up on their infection from May 2016 to October 2020 with laboratory testing and veterinary medical records. The cumulative morbidity and mortality rates were relatively high. Moreover, 50% of the tigers survived at 2 years after infection. All suspected and confirmed cases of CDV infections were significantly associated with laryngeal inflammation, which developed into paralysis in almost 50% of cases. Altogether, 50% of all tiger cases with chronic infection developed stridor at 314 days after virus infection [95% CI: 302–320]. Therefore, laryngeal paralysis may result from CDV infection and degeneration, potentially affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems. This condition could pose a life-threatening risk to tigers. The virus could spread quickly by contact with bodily excretion among tigers and fomite contamination once it affects a specific population. Implementation of biosecurity measures and vaccination is essential to mitigate the risk of disease spread and infection rates in tiger populations.

Cervical cancer screening by cotesting method for Vietnamese women 25–55 years old: a cost-effectiveness analysis

BackgroundCervical cancer (CC) is preventable through regular screening and vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV). However, CC remains a significant public health issue in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Vietnam,...

Epidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023

BackgroundSince its resurgence in 2017, Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks have continued to occur in Nigeria despite routine immunization and the implementation of several reactive mass vaccinations. Nigeria, Africa’s most populous endemic country, is considered a high-priority country for implementing the End Yellow fever Epidemics strategy.MethodsThis retrospective analysis described the epidemiological profile, trends, and factors associated with Yellow fever viral positivity in Nigeria. We conducted a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with YF viral positivity.ResultsOf 16,777 suspected cases, 8532(50.9%) had laboratory confirmation with an overall positivity rate of 6.9%(585). Predictors of YFV positivity were the Jos Plateau, Derived/Guinea Savanah, and the Freshwater/Lowland rainforest compared to the Sahel/Sudan Savannah; dry season compared to rainy season; the hot dry or humid compared to the temperate, dry cool/humid climatic zone; 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 epidemic years compared to compared to 2017; first, third, and fourth quarters compared to the second; male sex compared to female; age group > = 15 years compared to < 15 years; working in outdoor compared to indoor settings; having traveled within the last two weeks; being of unknown vaccination status compared to being vaccinated; and vomiting.ConclusionEcological, climatic, and socio-demographic characteristics are drivers of YF outbreaks in Nigeria, and public health interventions need to target these factors to halt local epidemics and reduce the risk of international spread. Inadequate vaccination coverage alone may not account for the recurrent outbreaks of YF in Nigeria.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is an increased prevalence of mental health problems in various population groups as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences, especially regarding anxiety, stress, depression, fear, and sleep disturbances, require to be investigated longitudinally. This study aimed to determine the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the mental health of Nursing students, as well as to examine other associated factors such as anxiety, fear, sleep disturbances, and coping strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis were designed following the PRISMA guidelines and were registered in PROSPERO with code CRD42024541904. PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus electronic databases were utilized. Keywords indexed in the MeSH thesaurus were used (COVID-19, nurs* student and mental health), following the Condition Context Population (CoCoPop) strategy. A total of 3866 studies were obtained of which 36 were selected for inclusion in the review. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies, all of which were cross-sectional, finally including those with a cutoff point equal to or greater than 4 out of 8. The prevalence of total anxiety was found to be 33.6% in the meta-analysis. For depression, the prevalence was 37.92%, and for stress, it was 52.46%. The results of this study show increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression, fear, and sleep disturbances among Nursing students that coincide with the different waves of the pandemic, changes in the study methodology, and the increase or decrease in reports of cases of infection. A relationship is observed between variations in these variables and the implementation of protective measures and vaccinations in different countries. As the pandemic progressed, hygiene and prevention measures became more effective, and the lethality of the virus decreased. The prevalence of the negative psychological effects also decreased from the onset in 2020 until the end of 2022. Due to the impact of the pandemic on global health, preventive measures should include personal, family, emotional, economic, educational, professional, and mental health approaches.

Decreasing hepatitis B seroprevalence in pregnant women in Taiwan between 2016 and 2021: a claim-based cohort study

BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) seroprevalence was high before the national vaccine policy was introduced in Taiwan, indicating significant HBV infection rates. The success of the HBV immunization program and other preventive measures likely led to decreased HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women. This study reports on the HBV seroprevalence among pregnant women in Taiwan from 2016 to 2021, including those potentially affected by the universal hepatitis B vaccination at birth.MethodsThis claim-based cohort study included pregnant women with hospital-based prenatal HBV screening data: 162,662 for HBsAg and 161,729 for HBeAg, from 2016 to 2021. Patient medical records were reviewed to collect information on demographic characteristics and other health conditions. Logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors associated with HBsAg and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) positivity.ResultsThe seroprevalence for HBsAg and HBeAg during the study period was 4.0% and 0.6%, respectively. HBsAg positivity was highest among women born before July 1984 (pre-vaccination period; 8.6%), decreasing to 2.2% among those born between July 1986 and 1988 (national vaccination implementation) and further declining to 1.1% for those born after 1997. These data underscore the crucial role of large-scale immunization strategies in controlling HBV infections. Similarly, HBeAg positivity was highest among pregnant women born before the vaccination program (~ 1.0%), decreasing significantly to 0.4% for those born after 1989. The results showed geographic variations, potentially reflecting factors such as the mother’s age and foreign nationality. However, the birth year was the most crucial factor associated with HBV marker positivity.ConclusionsThe implementation of national vaccination programs has demonstrated significant success in reducing HBV seroprevalence among pregnant women, which is particularly evident in the substantial decrease in HBsAg seroprevalence in Taiwan post-July 1986. These findings emphasize the importance of continued and consistent vaccination efforts, supporting the need for ongoing public health strategies to combat HBV infections effectively.

Serbuan Vaksinasi Covid-19 untuk Masyarakat Guna Membantu Mempercepat Penyebaran Vaksin Covid-19

The rush of vaccinations for the community is very important because it can help accelerate the spread of the Covid-19 vaccine, thereby minimizing the number of people infected with Covid-19. The purpose of this Community Service is to help the community be calmer in carrying out a new life in the Covid-19 pandemic called the new normal, by always implementing health protocols, namely wearing masks, washing hands, and maintaining distance. This activity was supported by a team of lecturers, a team of cadets, volunteers of the Jalapati team, and health workers of the AAL Health unit. Vaccination is carried out for several periods from October 5, 2020, to April 27, 2022, and in several places, namely at the Al Muttaqiin Kenjeran Mosque, AL-Rodlotul Jannah Gedangan Mosque, AL Ukhuwah Candi Mosque and AL Karomah Kramat Jegu Banyuwangi Mosque; Masjid At Taqwa Dewaruci Pesapen AAL; Gresik District Health Office, Slempit Gresik Health Center and Kedamean Gresik Health Center; Satkes Lanal Malang, Malang City Health Office, Malang Regency Health Office, Batu City Health Office, Pasuruan PKK Chairman, Blitar Health Office, Srengat Blitar Hospital and Kademangan Blitar Health Center; Lamongan Health Office; Bhinor Paiton Probolinggo Village; Probolinggo Health Office; Mandangin Sampang Madura; Halong Pier and Morokrembangan Kalianak Fishing Village; ICC Propan Raya Paint Factory Sidoarjo Branch; Surabaya Shipping Science Polytechnic; Educity Apartment Perum Pakuwon City Complex; Pasar Turi Station Surabaya. The implementation of vaccination is guided by: Decree of the Director General of Disease Prevention and Control Number HK.02.02/4/ 1/2021 concerning Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of Vaccination in the Context of Overcoming the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid -19) Pandemic, Circular Letter HK.02.01/I/2007/2021 concerning Covid-19 Vaccination for Pregnant Women and Screening Adjustments in the Implementation of Covid-19 Vaccination, as well as Circular Number: HK.02.02/II/252/2022 concerning Vaccination Covid-19 Advanced Dose (Booster).

Serbuan Vaksinasi Covid-19 untuk Anak 6 – 11 Tahun di SD Krian III Guna Membantu Mempercepat Penyebaran Vaksin

Vaccination attacks for children 6-11 years old is very important in community service activities because they can help speed up the spread of the covid-19 vaccine, thereby minimizing elementary school children contracting Covid-19. The purpose of this community service is to help elementary schools feel calmer in carrying out offline learning, as an effort to avoid learning loss when learning online. This activity was supported by the principal and teachers of SD Krian III and the AAL Health unit Health workers. Vaccination is carried out 2 times, namely the 1st vaccination on January 11, 2022 and the second vaccination on February 16, 2022. The vaccination implementation is guided by the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number HK.01.07/MENKES/6688/2021 concerning the Implementation of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 Vaccination (Covid- 19) for children aged 6 (six) to 11 (eleven) years, with a vaccination service screening format. The results of the 1st vaccination activity of 610 registrants who vaccinated 609 children, of which 1 was postponed. Vaccination 2 of 452 children, 1 child for vaccine 1 and 451 children for vaccine 2. It is recommended to develop a vaccine attack to elementary school students in areas that have not been vaccinated.

Expert recommendations on mass population vaccination

Mass vaccination represents a highly effective strategy for accelerating disease control while simultaneously reducing incidence and mortality rates. By developing comprehensive plans and standards for mass vaccination, it is feasible to optimize resource allocation and swiftly enhance vaccination coverage, thereby preventing, controlling, or interrupting outbreaks or epidemics of specific infectious diseases. To standardize the mass vaccination process and establish a population immunity barrier in an orderly, efficient, and safe manner, a panel of experts was convened to develop the Recommendations on Mass Vaccination. These recommendations are grounded in the requirements of relevant policies and regulations in China, as well as the insights gained from the mass vaccination campaign for COVID-19 vaccines conducted in the country. The recommendations outline the system requirements pertaining to initiation conditions, departmental coordination, responsibilities, mobilization, operational specifications, and responses to vaccine reactions, among other aspects of mass vaccination implementation, so as to serve as a reference for future mass vaccination initiatives and the formulation of related policies.

Protective efficacy of classical vaccines and vaccination protocols against an exotic Newcastle disease virus genotype VII.2 in Belgian layer and broiler chickens

Vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) has been routinely implemented in the Belgian professional poultry sector since 1993, using genotype I and II vaccines. Despite this, an outbreak of genotype VII.2 avian paramyx-ovirus 1 (APMV-1) occurred in 2018, with 20 reported cases over the course of 3 months. Although the economic impact on the professional poultry sector was limited, this epizootic raised questions regarding the efficacy of implemented classical genotype I and II vaccines against phylogenetically distant exotic velogenic strains. The present study provides insights into the protective efficacy of standard vaccination programs applied in layer and broiler flocks against the introduction and transmission of this velogenic APMV-1 VII.2 strain. For fully field-vaccinated 26-week-old layer chickens, high levels of specific antibodies were measured at the time of the velogenic APMV-1 challenge, resulting in good clinical protection. However, despite the observed humoral immunity, viral excretion was not prevented, leading to transmission of the virus to non-infected sentinel birds. In fully field-vaccinated 4-week-old broiler chickens, assessment of vaccine uptake and coverage revealed low levels of ND specific antibodies despite double vaccination at day 1 and day 14. Consequently, poor protection against velogenic APMV-1 infection was observed, with both clinical signs and viral excretion occurring in both infected and sentinel birds. This study demonstrates that the introduction of velogenic APMV-1 VII.2 can lead to its dissemination among the Belgian avian poultry population despite the implementation of standard vaccination.

Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among adolescent boys and girls in the United States: A birth year cohort analysis of the National Immunization Survey-Teen, 2016–2022.

ObjectiveTo evaluate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage among adolescents in the U.S. using birth cohort analysis. MethodsWe conducted a birth cohort analysis among adolescents born during 1999–2009 using National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen), a random-digit dialed household telephone survey that also includes vaccination data from providers. We analyzed 131,553 records from 2016 to 2022 NIS-Teen data to determine: trends in coverage with ≥1 HPV vaccine dose before age 13 years and cumulative coverage from age 13–17 years; sociodemographic factors associated with HPV vaccination before age 13 years; missed HPV vaccination opportunities and the potential achievable coverage if opportunities were not missed; and trends in completion of HPV vaccination series. Regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier method provided the average percentage increase in coverage, and cumulative coverage from age 13–17 years stratified by birth cohorts, respectively. ResultsHPV vaccination initiation before age 13 years increased from 27.0 % among adolescents born in 1999 to 69.8 % among those born in 2009. Overall, cumulative percent with ≥1 HPV vaccine dose increased from 51.3 % before age 13 years to 74.9 % through age 17 years. Having a preventive visit at ages 11–12 years and being insured were associated with higher ≥1 HPV vaccine dose coverage. Among the 38,568 (29.3 %) adolescents unvaccinated for HPV, 31,513 (82.5 %) missed ≥1 HPV vaccination opportunity. The potential achievable coverage if opportunities were not missed was 94.8 %. Completion of HPV vaccination series before age 13 years increased from 10.3 % among adolescents born in 1999 to 42.2 % among those born in 2009. ConclusionsCoverage with ≥1 HPV vaccine dose increased by birth cohort among adolescents born 1999–2009 but remained suboptimal, especially among uninsured adolescents. Missed opportunities may be reduced by effective HPV vaccination implementation and uptake strategies and by administering all recommended vaccines during the same visit.

The Significance of Vaccines in Mitigating Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Background: The global rise in emerging infectious diseases presents significant challenges to public health, exacerbated by issues such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Vaccination remains a pivotal strategy in preventing the spread of these diseases, yet its role is often underappreciated in the context of rising drug resistance. Methods: This review synthesizes current literature on the effectiveness of vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches in controlling emerging infectious diseases. It analyzes data from clinical studies, epidemiological reports, and the impact of vaccination on AMR trends, particularly in regions severely affected by infectious diseases. Results: Findings indicate that vaccines significantly reduce the incidence and severity of diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, and COVID-19. Furthermore, immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, demonstrates potential in enhancing host immunity against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Despite advancements, the ongoing rise of AMR, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, poses a considerable threat to the efficacy of existing vaccines and treatments. Conclusion: Vaccination and immunotherapeutic strategies are essential components in the fight against emerging infectious diseases and AMR. Continued investment in vaccine development and implementation is critical to mitigate the impact of these evolving health threats. Future research should focus on innovative vaccine technologies and strategies to enhance public health responses in vulnerable populations.