Implementation Of Vaccination Research Articles

How is the Coping Mechanism, the Function of Adolescent Role in the Implementation of Vaccination of Covid-19 Vaccine Based on Psychological Distress? : Cross-sectional Study

Background: The role of Adolescent in implementing the Covid-19 vaccine is still lacking due to their maladaptive coping mechanisms, as indicated by unstable emotions. Maladaptive coping mechanisms hinder the optimal functioning of adolescent in vaccine implementation. Therefore, improvements in coping mechanisms are needed to enhance the optimal functioning of teenagers in this regard. This shows that the role of teenagers in implementing the Covid-19 vaccine is still low. Purpose: The aim of this research is to examine, using Callista Roy's theory, the relationship between coping strategies and the role of adolescents in implementing the Covid-19 vaccine. Methods: This study's design employed a cross-sectional analytical survey method with a population of 132 and a sample of 127 families utilizing proportionate stratified random. A questionnaire on coping strategies, social roles, and psychological discomfort was employed in this study, and the Spearman Rank test was used to analyze the results. Results: Based on the Spearman's Rank results, there is a relationship between coping strategies, adolescent role function, and psychological pressure in the implementation of the Covid-19 vaccine because the p-value is smaller than 0.05. Conclusion: Coping strategies, adolescent role functions, and psychological pressure have a significant relationship with the implementation of the covid vaccine in adolescents. As a result, it is recommended to maximize the role of adolescents, one of which is by empowering adolescent Vaccine Ambassadors who can serve as a platform for the aspirations of adolescents in the implementation and socialization of vaccines while also supporting it as a government program.

Analysis of ethical considerations of COVID‑19 vaccination: lessons for future

BackgroundSince the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, different countries sought to manufacture and supply effective vaccines to control the disease and prevent and protect public health in society. The implementation of vaccination has created many ethical dilemmas for humans, which must be recognized and resolved. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyze the ethical considerations in vaccination against COVID-19 from the perspective of service providers.MethodsThe present qualitative research was conducted in 2022 in the north of Iran. The participants included 23 health workers with at least five years of work experience and members of the COVID-19 vaccination team. The data were initially collected through systematic semi-structured interviews, then snowball sampling and finally continued until data saturation. The next steps were transcription of interviews, identification of meaning units, coding, categorization based on similarity and symmetry, extraction of themes and the analysis of themes through content analysis.ResultsThe analysis of participants’ experiences led to the extraction of five main categories of themes and fifteen sub-categories of the ethical considerations of COVID-19 vaccination. Safe and standard vaccine production, vaccine supply, fairness, respect for autonomy, and accountability were the main categories. The subcategories included compliance with scientific and ethical procedures, effectiveness and profitability of vaccine, absence of severe adverse effects, allocation of resources for vaccine supply, vaccine availability, diversity and comprehensiveness of alternative vaccines, vaccination prioritization, prioritization of the vulnerable populations of society, autonomy of patient (equal rights), autonomy of community, autonomy of service providers, reporting correct information, reporting vaccine side effects, public trust and acceptance.ConclusionThe health system managers should be adequately prepared to solve the ethical problems posed by COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid haste in vaccination and pay more attention to vaccination safety standards, provide sufficient resources for a comprehensive vaccine supply, pay close attention to collective interests versus individual interests, and meet community needs.

The impact of rotavirus vaccination on acute diarrhea in Thai children under 5 years of age in the first year of universal implementation of rotavirus vaccines in the National Immunization Program (NIP) in Thailand: a 6-year analysis

BackgroundTwo types of rotavirus vaccines (RVs), Rotarix (RV1) and RotaTeq (RV5), were licensed as optional vaccines in 2012 and became part of the National Immunization Program (NIP) in the fiscal year 2020 in Thailand. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of rotavirus vaccines on the burden of acute diarrheal severity ranging from outpatient visits, diarrheal-related admission or deaths in the pre-NIP period (fiscal year 2015–2019) and in the fiscal year 2020. The minor objectives were assessed on the monthly admission rate, rotavirus vaccine coverage rate and rotavirus vaccine completed dose (RotaC).MethodsData regarding OPD, admission, and death cases under the Thailand National Health Coverage (NHC) from fiscal year 2015–2020, which were recorded as International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problem 10th (ICD-10), were analyzed.ResultsThe burden of diarrheal-related disease diminished after the rotavirus vaccine was introduced in the fiscal year 2020 when compared to the previous 5 fiscal years.The OPD visit rate decreased from 10.1 to 8.3 visits per 100 person-years (P < 0.001), or a 17.8% reduction (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81 to 0.82). The admission rate significantly declined from 31.4 to 30.5 cases per 1,000 person-years, (P < 0.001), or a 2.9% reduction (IRR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96 to 0.98). The diarrheal-related mortality rate also subsided from 10.2 to 8.1 cases per 100,000 person-years (P 0.3), or a 20.0% reduction (IRR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.50 to 1.22). The major population in both admissions and deaths was infants under 1 year of age (P < 0.001). Seasonality was seen as a constant bimodal pattern, with a significant decrease in monthly admissions after 6 months of rotavirus vaccine introduction to NIP (P < 0.001). RotaC was 37.4% in the first year of NIP.ConclusionsThe rotavirus vaccine had a potential benefit for reducing the diarrheal disease burden, especially in infants under one year of age. Seasonality outbreaks of acute diarrhea subsided after the rotavirus vaccine was introduced. The RotaC was fairly low in the first year of the NIP. The quality of the rotavirus vaccine should be warranted.Trial registrationNumber TCTR20220120003, date of registration: 20/01/2022, site: Thai Clinical Trials Registry.

Providing compensation for patients with diseases who cannot be given the COVID-19 Vaccine

This study aims to describe the procedures and barriers associated with compensating disease sufferers who are not eligible to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The research method used is normative research, which focuses on analyzing legal aspects based on legal regulations, including Presidential Regulation Number 99 of 2020, concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Overcoming the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic, as well as regulations other relevant matters. Research data was obtained through literature study and document analysis, including primary and secondary legal materials. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and qualitatively with a deductive approach, which refers to general legal principles. The research results identified various obstacles, including technical problems such as a lack of public discipline in undergoing health checks before receiving vaccination and a lack of compliance from medical personnel who manage vaccination procedures per established guidelines. As a result, some groups of people who should not receive the COVID-19 vaccine still receive vaccination, which can ultimately cause side effects. The research also highlights Presidential Regulation Number 14 of 2021 concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Overcoming the COVID-19 Pandemic, which provides compensation guarantees following applicable regulations if a Post-Vaccination Adverse Event (AEFI) occurs which has the potential to cause disability or death in sufferers of the disease who are not eligible to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The results of this research provide a deeper understanding of the challenges and obstacles in implementing COVID-19 vaccination, especially in the context of disease sufferers who do not meet the requirements to receive the vaccine, as well as the importance of guaranteeing compensation in AEFI situations that have the potential to have profound impacts.

The impact of rotavirus vaccination in Italy: an eleven-year (2009-2019) nationwide analysis

Abstract Although the positive effects of the introduction of rotavirus (RV) vaccination in Italy, a national updated analysis of its effect in still lacking to date. This study aims to analyze the implementation of rotavirus vaccination in Italy, evaluating its impact on discharges for acute pediatric gastroenteritis. A retrospective analysis including hospital discharge records and data on vaccination coverage for children aged 0-71 months from 2009 to 2019 was conducted. We examined trend in hospital discharge standardized incidence before and after vaccine introduction using a negative binomial mixture model with fixed effects to evaluate the impact of universal vaccination. The percentage of vaccination coverage increased over the years, from &amp;lt; 5% between 2009 and 2013 to 26% in 2017. After the inclusion to the National Im-munization Plan, in 2019 over 70% of children received the vaccine. In the first phase (2009-2013), the standardized incidence of discharges was 16.6/100,000 inhabitants; it decreased in the second phase (2014-2017) reaching 14.1/100,000 inhabitants. During the third phase (2018-2019) it significantly decreased to 9.9/100,000 inhabitants. In this phase, about 15% of the estimated hospital discharges were avoided compared with those estimated using the first phase data. The implementation of rotavirus vaccination reduced acute pediatric gastroenteritis incidence discharges in children aged 0-71 months. Further efforts are needed to continue monitoring the vaccination effect over time and to increase vaccination coverage. Key messages • The implementation of Rotavirus vaccination in Italy resulted in a reduction of acute pediatric gastroenteritis. • Further efforts are needed to maintain high vaccination coverages, thus reducing the negative impact of rotavirus disease.

Roll-out of a universal childhood COVID-19 vaccine programme for 12-15 year olds in Northern Ireland

Abstract On 3rd September 2021 the UK Chief Medical Officers (CMOs) jointly published a recommendation that all children aged 12-15 years be offered the COVID-19 vaccine. They concluded that, further to the minimal advantage at individual level for this age group, vaccination would likely help reduce transmission within schools, thus providing a sufficient extra advantage necessary to introduce the programme. In recommending this to Ministers, UK CMOs recognised that the overwhelming benefits of vaccination for adults were not as clear-cut for young people aged 12-15. Children, young people and their parents would need to understand potential benefits, potential side effects and the balance between them. The roll out of the programme had to be undertaken at pace. In NI it was decided that the school setting would be the optimum delivery location as it maximises uptake and reduces inequalities in uptake. A multi-agency project implementation group was formed. The vaccine programme was delivered between October-December 2021, and it brought unique challenges, including; safety concerns around a new vaccine; delays in policy announcements; creation of public and professional resources with complex evidence; anti-vax sentiment and security issues; scale and pace of rollout; and communication with multiple stakeholders. Engagement with schools and teaching unions was crucial, with bespoke support resources developed to aid this. This unique implementation process highlighted the success of the existing school-based vaccine delivery model in NI. It provided opportunities to work closely with education colleagues, and to develop innovative materials for communication of balanced public health messages to a variety of audiences. It also presented unique challenges such as anti-vax discourse and concern around vaccine side-effects. It is unclear if these challenges led to a lower uptake than seen in other school-based vaccine programmes (40.6%). Key messages • The implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine in children aged 12-15 years presented unique challenges however the school-based delivery model was deemed a success. • Further investigation into the uptake is warranted.

Chronological Changes in Emotional Status and Vaccine Implementation Rate Among Patients on the Waiting List for Deceased-Donor Kidney Transplantation During the Prolonged COVID-19 Pandemic

To investigate the emotional attributes and vaccine implementation rate of patients waiting for kidney transplants during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. We included 145 patients who were on the waiting list at our institution. Clinical information was obtained from medical charts, and emotional changes were assessed using a telephone questionnaire comprising 13 questions, including vaccine implementation. We also investigated factors affecting the decision to accept or decline deceased-donor kidney transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 145 patients, 121 (83.4%) provided informed consent and completed the questionnaire. The median age at registration on the waiting list for deceased-donor kidney transplantation and the median waiting period was 45.5 years and 103 months, respectively. This cohort comprised 84 males and 37 females. Twenty patients (16.5%) were diagnosed with COVID-19, and 15 (12.4%) were more curious about deceased-donor kidney transplantation. One hundred patients (82.6%) were vaccinated against COVID-19 more than thrice. Thirty patients (24.8%) declined, and 91 patients (75.2%) accepted an organ transplant offer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate analysis revealed that the long-term waiting period (P=.038) and anxiety about COVID-19, such as visiting the transplant facility (P < .0001) and prudence over time (P < .0001), were independent factors influencing the decline of a kidney transplant offer. Our findings suggest that some patients hesitated to undergo deceased-donor kidney transplantation during the pandemic. There is a need to develop an appropriate system to ensure safe and secure kidney transplantation during prolonged pandemics.

Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Relation to Exposure to Rotavirus Infections in Pre- and Postvaccine Birth Cohorts in Finland.

To explore the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children in relation to exposure to rotavirus infections. A nationwide register-based ecological study on the 1995-2015 birth cohorts in Finland compared those born before and after the national implementation of the rotavirus vaccine in 2009. When the prevaccine 2001-2005 birth cohorts were compared with the postvaccine birth cohorts, the number of children exposed to rotavirus infection by the age of 5 years decreased from 2,522 per 100,000 children (2.5%) to 171 per 100,000 children (0.2%), while the incidence of type 1 diabetes in those aged <5 years decreased from 71.5 to 54.4 per 100,000 person-years (incidence rate ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.86). At the population level, a decrease in exposure to rotavirus infections was associated with a decrease in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in young children.

Possíveis causas e consequências da baixa cobertura vacinal de sarampo: um estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura

Measles is a viral, infectious, preventable disease that requires high vaccination coverage in order for herd immunity to be achieved and for outbreaks to be prevented. This study aims to identify the possible causes and consequences of low measles vaccination coverage. This is an integrative literature review based on original articles published in electronic databases between 2015 and 2021. Said articles were identified through controlled descriptors, prepared for structural and methodological evaluation, and categorized using the thematic content analysis technique. After application of the inclusion, exclusion and checklist criteria, six publications remained. Two thematic categories were defined: “Possible causes of low measles vaccination coverage worldwide” and “Consequences of low measles vaccination coverage”. Evidenced causes included: absent, incomplete or late vaccination schedule, late implementation of mass vaccination, insufficient stock of vaccines, and increased hesitation on the part of parents. The consequences were an increase in measles cases,in the risk of mortality, and in the health expenses of the public sector. It was concluded that a reduction in measles vaccination coverage has the potential to impact the population’s health conditions,to raise morbimortality indicators andto cause losses to public coffers.

Effectiveness of Monovalent mRNA Vaccines Against Omicron XBB Infection in Singaporean Children Younger Than 5 Years

Literature on vaccine effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines for children younger than 5 years is limited. To report the effectiveness of monovalent mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection among Singaporean children aged 1 through 4 years during a COVID-19 pandemic wave of the Omicron XBB variant. This was a population-based cohort study, conducted over a 6-month study period from October 1, 2022, through March 31, 2023, after the implementation of community vaccination among all Singaporean children aged 1 through 4 years. The study period was dominated by the Omicron XBB subvariant. Receipt of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Vaccine effectiveness against confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The adjusted incidence rate ratio for confirmed infections using Poisson regression was reported, with the reference group being those who were unvaccinated. Analyses were stratified by prior documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 121 628 children (median [IQR] age, 3.1 [2.2-3.9] years; 61 925 male [50.9%]) were included in the study, contributing 21 015 956 person-days of observation. The majority of children (11 294 of 11 705 [96.5%]) received the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine (Moderna). Vaccine effectiveness against confirmed infection was 45.2% (95% CI, 24.7%-60.2%) in partially vaccinated, infection-naive children and 63.3% (95% CI, 40.6%-77.3%) in fully vaccinated, infection-naive children compared with the unvaccinated group. Among previously infected children, vaccine effectiveness against reinfections in those with at least 1 vaccine dose was estimated at 74.6% (95% CI, 38.7%-89.5%). Study results suggest that completion of a primary mRNA vaccine series provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in children aged 1 through 4 years. Although incidence of hospitalization and severe illness is low in this age group, there is potential benefit of vaccination in preventing infection and potential sequelae.

Sum - Up of Covid-19 Successful Vaccination Implementation in Nigeria: An Atomistic Overview of Events

Sum - Up of Covid-19 Successful Vaccination Implementation in Nigeria: An Atomistic Overview of Events

Tetravalent SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit protein vaccination elicits robust humoral and cellular immune responses in SIV-infected rhesus macaque controllers.

The study provides important insights into the immunogenicity and efficacy of a tetravalent protein subunit vaccine candidate against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The vaccine induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in nonhuman primates with controlled SIVagm infection and was able to generate Omicron variant-specific antibodies without specifically vaccinating with Omicron. These findings suggest that the tetravalent composition of the vaccine candidate could provide broad protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants while minimizing the risk of immune escape and the emergence of new variants. Additionally, the use of rhesus macaques with controlled SIVsab infection may better represent vaccine immunogenicity in humans with chronic viral diseases, highlighting the importance of preclinical animal models in vaccine development. Overall, the study provides valuable information for the development and implementation of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines, particularly for achieving global vaccine equity and addressing emerging variants.

New Paradigms in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer.

Despite effective screening strategies and the development and implementation of prophylactic high-risk human papillomavirus vaccination, cervical cancer remains a significant public health burden. This burden is most pronounced in under-resourced countries without fully developed screening and vaccination programs, although the disease remains present worldwide, including in industrialized countries. To that end, the World Health Organization (WHO) has an active focus on the elimination of cervical cancer, with objective metrics to be achieved by countries by the year 2030. Although increased vaccination and screening will be needed to approach potential eradication of cervical cancer, as recognized by the WHO initiative, treatment will need to continue to not only be effective in the near term, but to improve outcomes as well. Accordingly, assessments to improve primary treatment options, including surgery for women with early-stage disease, modification of chemoradiation for those with locally advanced cervical cancer, and systemic therapy for those with recurrent or metastatic presentations, are ongoing. Accordingly, we highlight important areas of both recent and ongoing focus as they relate to improving cervical cancer outcomes.

Immunogenicity and safety of concomitant administration of the sabin-strain-based inactivated poliovirus vaccine, the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to healthy infants aged 18 months in China

ObjectivesDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a decline in vaccine coverage, and the implementation of combined vaccines and co-administration strategies emerged as potential solutions to alleviate this predicament. Our objective is to delve into the concurrent administration of the sabin-strain-based inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV), the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP), and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), with the intention of bridging the evidentiary gap pertaining to vaccine co-administration in Chinese infants, and to ensure a safe and effective vaccination strategy, ultimately leading to an augmentation in immunization coverage. MethodsThis study was a follow-up trial of the “Immunogenicity and safety of concomitant administration of the sIPV with the DTaP vaccine in children: a multicenter, randomized, non-inferiority, controlled trial.” Blood samples were collected on day 0 and day 30, and serum antibody levels were detected to measure antibody responses to each of the antigens. Local and systemic adverse events were monitored and compared among groups. This study is the first to fill the knowledge gap in China regarding the safe and effective combined vaccination of sIPV, DTaP, and MMR vaccines. ResultsThe geometric mean titer of the poliovirus types I, II, and III neutralizing antibodies were 1060.22 (95% CI: 865.73-1298.39), 1537.06 (95% CI: 1324.27-1784.05), and 1539.10 (95% CI: 1296.37-1827.29) in group I on day 30; geometric mean titer of antibodies against DTaP and MMR in the simultaneous vaccination group was non-inferior to those in the DTaP alone and MMR alone group. Reporting rates of local and systemic adverse reactions were similar between groups and no serious adverse events were reported throughout the clinical study period. ConclusionCo-administration of the sIPV, DTaP, and MMR was safe and did not impact immunogenicity, which would help to mitigate administrative costs and enhance vaccine coverage rates.

Empowering Communities to Improve Behavior Towards Acceptance of Covid-19 Vaccination

Covid-19 has spread throughout the country, and resulted in a pandemic. This virus infects the respiratory system. The affected Indonesian people have more than 4 million people. The incidence rate in Medan City has reached 47,000 cases. Prevention efforts to strengthen the immune system is the Covid-19 vaccination. Even though the vaccine is declared safe, there are still people who don't want to be vaccinated. Rejection also comes from a group of educated people. This hinders the success of the National Covid-19 Vaccination Program. Vaccination efforts can be successful if carried out simultaneously, so as to form herd immunity. Community empowerment carried out by providing education about Covid-19; the benefits of vaccination; and about herd immunity. They are also invited to vaccinate. People want to vaccinate because they have confidence and understand the information provided. This activity increases the number of vaccination implementations in partner work areas. Until now, the total number of vaccinations has reached 30,500. The plan for the next stage is monitoring community participation in the implementation of vaccinations, as well as conveying information on the benefits of Covid-19 vaccination through videos and online media.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG among healthcare workers in Lagos, Nigeria.

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are disproportionately infected with SARS-CoV-2 when compared to members of the general public; estimating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody and SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among HCWs is therefore crucial. This study was carried out in four health facilities in Lagos Nigeria to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies (seroprevalence) and SARS-CoV-2 active infection rate via a positive rtPCR result, the cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2020 and July 2021. Nasopharyngeal and blood samples were collected from HCWs and screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection using the rtPCR technique and antibody using the Abbott anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG CMIA assay, respectively. Demographic and occupational exposures data were obtained and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, variables significant via inferential statistics were subjected to a multivariate analysis. A total of 413 participants were enrolled, with a mean age in years of 38.4±11.0. The seroprevalence was 30.9% (115/372) while 63/395 (15.9%) were actively infected with the virus. HCWs whose job role had direct contact with patients had a higher percentage of SARS-CoV-2 infection when compared with those not in direct contact, also being a health care worker was significantly associated with getting a positive COVID-19 PCR result. In conclusion the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence seen in this study was higher than national serosurvey estimates indicating HCWs are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection when compared to the general public. Vaccination and effective implementation of infection control measures are important to protect HCWs.

Lessons learned from the successful polio vaccine experience not learned or applied with the development and implementation of the COVID-19 vaccines.

The eradication of polio during the latter half of the 20th century can be considered one of the greatest medical triumphs in history. This achievement can be attributed to the development of vaccines that received the public's almost unwavering acceptance of them, especially by parents who had been waiting/hoping for a medical breakthrough that would ensure that their children would not succumb to the devastating effects of infantile paralysis. Sixty years later, the worldwide population was now confronted with an equally devastating disease - Covid-19 - which by the 2020-2021 time period had reached pandemic levels not seen since the flu outbreak of 1918. Unlike polio, however, several vaccines against Covid-19 were rapidly developed and deployed due to advances in microbiologic and immunologic technology. But also, unlike the polio vaccine experience, there wasnot universal acceptance of the Covid-19 vaccines and this has led to continuation of the pandemic into 2023 (albeit at a reduced level). In addition, acceptance of the Covid-19 vaccines has been confronted with the uncertainty that they do not apparently prevent transmission in asymptomatic people, and the mutation rate of the virus requires periodic re-evaluation and possible upgrading of the vaccines. This review will focus on the various factors that have led to these contrasting attitudes towardthese two different vaccines and how resistance and hesitancy to vaccine use can be overcome by implementing various measures, after introducing the key roles that the sciences of microbiology and immunology have played in vaccine development over the past 250+ years.

US Infant Pertussis Incidence Trends Before and After Implementation of the Maternal Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccine

ABSTRACT Many illnesses can become especially serious when contracted within the first year of life; pertussis remains quite deadly despite recent medical advances in disease prevention. Current guidance on vaccination in the United States includes 3 doses of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis) vaccine beginning at 2 months of age, but this regimen leaves infants younger than that very vulnerable to illness. Research has shown both that vaccinating mothers with tetanus toxoid reduces tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) between 27 and 36 weeks of gestation significantly reduces instances of pertussis in infants younger than 2 months, and that maternal vaccination rates have risen in the last few years. However, research is lacking in analyzing the relationship between vaccination rates in pregnant mothers and the burden of pertussis in infants in the United States. This study was designed to assess data from 2000 to 2019 and examine the association of Tdap vaccination during pregnancy with trends in infant pertussis. This analysis included data obtained from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System between 2000 and 2019. This included a total of 57,460 cases of pertussis in infants younger than 1 year and a total of 19,322 cases in infants younger than 2 months. The rate of pertussis incidence for infants younger than 2 months in the time period before the implementation of prenatal Tdap was calculated to be 165.3 per 100,000 individuals, with no significant trend observed annually (P = 0.28). After the implementation of routine maternal Tdap, incidence decreased to 80.9 per 100,000 infants between 2017 and 2019. Accounting for both time periods, the mean annual incidence was calculated as 121.8 per 100,000 infants younger than 2 months. Annual incidence also showed a significant decreasing trend in the period after implementation of maternal Tdap vaccination (slope: −14.53 per 100,000 infants per year; P = 0.001). The change in trends before and after this implementation was also significant (P = 0.01). In a slightly older age group of 6 to 12 months of age, mean annual incidence of pertussis was 19.7 per 100,000 infants. In the time period before implementation of maternal Tdap, incidence among infants aged 6 to 12 months was consistently 4 to 12 times less than infants younger than 2 months and did not significantly change after the implementation of the maternal vaccine. Comparing the 2 age groups, there was no significant change in the difference in incidence between infants younger than 2 months and those between 6 and 12 months in the period before the maternal vaccine, and after its implementation, there was a significant decrease in the incidence difference between the 2 groups (P &lt; 0.001). These results suggest an association between the maternal Tdap vaccination and trends of pertussis incidence in infants younger than 2 months. This also indicates a possible reduction in disease burden attributable to maternal Tdap vaccination before delivery. Limitations of this study include limited availability of individual maternal vaccination status, as well as an inability to identify if any infants were vaccinated before the age of 2 months. Further research should focus on clinical impact of the Tdap vaccination in context with the later DTaP vaccination and on analyzing the trends in disease associated with both vaccinations. Clinical guidelines should also be examined to ensure that public health trends and individual health trends are in alignment.

The results of rotavirus vaccine implementation in the Republic of Moldova

The Republic of Moldova was one of the first countries with different incomes in the European region of the World Health Organization to introduce the rotavirus vaccine (July 2012). Intended purpose to evaluate the impact of the rotavirus vaccination program and to estimate the effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine. Surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis was carried out in 2 hospitals of the capital Chisinau since September 2009. Monthly age-related rotavirus admissions were examined before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccination using interrupted time-series molecular biology analyses. We conducted a case-control study of vaccine efficacy by comparing patients with rotavirus case with test-negative participants. Coverage with at least 1 dose of vaccine increased from 35% in the first year to 55% in the second year for children under 1 year of age. The percentage of positive admissions for rotavirus decreased from 45% in the post-vaccination period to 25%. Rate reduction of 36% (confidence interval [CI] 95%) in the first year and 14% (rate reduction, 67%) in the second year after vaccine introduction, among children under 5 years of age. The most pronounced reductions were among children up to 1 year old. These significant reductions in gastroenteritis among vaccinated cohorts with age for vaccination suggest indirect benefits. The effectiveness of the two-dose vaccine was 79% against hospitalization with rotaviruses and 84% against cases with moderate to severe manifestations. The results obtained consistently indicate the profound impact on the direct and group immunity of the rotavirus vaccination program in children up to 5 years of age. There remains the potential for further disease reduction.

Frequency of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in Children with Diarrhea

ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this study is retrospective evaluation of the frequency of rotavirus and adenovirus in stool, and their distribution according to gender, age and seasons in children with diarrhea admitted at outpatients or hospitalized in our hospital. Material and Methods: Stool samples of patients aged between 0-18 years received at the Medical Microbiology Laboratory between 2021–2022 were evaluated for rotavirus–adenovirus. Rotavirus and adenovirus antigens were determined qualitatively by immunochromatographic cassette test method. Chi-square test was used in the statistical analysis. Results: A total of 1148 stool samples of pediatric patients were received by our laboratory during these two years for rotavirus and adenovirus antigen test. Of 1148 patients, 8.6% were positive for rotavirus, 5.1% for adenovirus, and 0.6% for both rotavirus and adenovirus antigens. Rotavirus and adenovirus was positive in 7.2% and 5.6% of males, respectively, and 10.6% and 4.5% of females, and there were no statistically significant differences. Rotavirus was most frequently found in the age group 3-5 years (11.6%) and adenovirus was most frequently found in the age group 6-9 years (8.4%), with no significant difference. Rotavirus was most frequently detected in spring (12.9%) while adenovirus was found most frequently in winter (8.1%), without significant differences. Antigen positivity was 4.1% and 4.9% in outpatients for rotavirus and adenovirus, respectively, and 15.1% and 5.5% in hospitalized patients. Rotavirus positivity was significantly higher in hospitalized patients than outpatients, and adenovirus positivity did not show a significant difference. Conclusion: We found that rotavirus and adenovirus were significant agents causing diarrhea in children, especially those younger than 5 years old, and that its frequency increased in winter and spring, and as rotavirus is a cause of hospitalization, implementation of rotavirus vaccine into routine vaccination programs seem to be beneficial for patients.