Transit-oriented Development Implementation Research Articles

Analysis of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Principles to Support Sustainable Transportation in Urban Areas

Implementing Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas is an effort to overcome problems in urban areas due to rapid growth over time. These problems cause difficulties in mobility and land use, followed by traffic congestion, increased pollution, and accessibility that is not maximized. Therefore, the implementation of TOD is needed to support more sustainable movement in urban areas, especially in cities that have the potential to implement TOD. This study aims to discover the principles of TOD in a metropolitan area and the development strategies and recommendations that can be made to turn a metropolitan area into a TOD area. The method used in this research is the scoring method based on the TOD principles of ITDP standard 2017 and field observation activities. SWOT analysis was then conducted to determine the development strategy and recommendations that can be made. The research results at the study location still need to be included in the TOD area, where the study only scored 52 points. Efforts that can be made include adding recommendations for walking and cycling infrastructure at the study location so that it scores 66 points, which is included in the bronze category as a TOD area.

The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) on Retail Property Rental Value in Jakarta's Block M Area

This study aims to analyze the impact of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) development on the rental value of retail properties in the Blok M area, Jakarta. The background of this research is based on the increasing adoption of TOD as a solution to traffic congestion and increased accessibility in urban areas. This research uses a qualitative method with an approach to interviews, observations, and document analysis. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the rental value of retail properties after the implementation of TOD, especially in three main shopping centers: Blok M Square, Blok M Plaza, and Blok M Mall. The percentage increase in rental prices per year reaches an average of 15%. These findings show that TOD contributes positively to the increase in retail property value in areas with high accessibility. In conclusion, TOD has an important role in supporting the economic growth of urban areas through increasing the value of retail properties.

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF INDIA AND THE BARRIERS IN ITS IMPLEMENTATION

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has emerged as a promising urban planning approach globally, aiming to create sustainable, equitable, and livable cities by promoting compact, mixed-use development around transit nodes. In India, where rapid urbanization and burgeoning population densities pose significant challenges to urban mobility and sustainability, TOD has gained traction as a potential solution. However, the effective implementation of TOD policies in Indian cities faces numerous barriers, including deficiencies in public transportation infrastructure, outdated land use regulations, affordability and accessibility concerns, financing constraints, governance issues, and challenges related to gap in policy between state and local bye laws in its implementation. This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of these barriers and proposes a policy framework to overcome them, drawing on insights from international best practices and case studies from Indian cities. Through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates urban planning, transportation engineering, economics, and public policy perspectives, this paper offers actionable recommendations for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders to facilitate the successful implementation of TOD in Indian cities. By addressing the identified barriers and leveraging the potential of TOD, India can realize its vision of sustainable, inclusive, and transit-oriented urban development.

Policy dialogue: Key factors for the success of transit-oriented development infrastructure 3.0 in big cities in Indonesia

This research aims to determine the factors driving the success of four large cities in Indonesia in implementing Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) infrastructure policies beyond the eight TOD 3.0 Principles. Only a few studies like this have been conducted. The research uses qualitative methods and is supported by in-depth interviews with stakeholders, community leaders, community groups, and service users. The research findings reveal six themes: policy dialogue, organizational structure and coordination, changes in community habits, resources, dissemination and communication, and transportation and connectivity services. The characteristics of the community in the study area that prioritize deliberation are important determinants in policy dialogue and are involved in determining policy formulation. The city government has established a comprehensive organizational and coordination structure for the village and sub-district levels. The Government controls infrastructure development activities, establishes a chain of command and coordination, and encourages people to change their private car usage habits. The city government combines all this with the principle of deliberation and conveys important information to the public. The research highlights the differences in TOD implementation in Indonesia compared to other countries. Specifically, the existence of policy dialogue and the direct involvement of community members influence the level of program policy formulation and are crucial in controlling urban infrastructure development.

An Overview of TOD Level Assessment Around Rail Transit Stations

AbstractBy integrating land use and transportation systems, transit-oriented development (TOD) focuses on transit and land development, development potential, and the balance between transportation and land use. The TOD level assessment not only helps optimize existing TODs but also guides TOD planning. Based on previous literature, methods for assessing TOD around rail transit stations can be roughly divided into three categories: TOD index, the node-place model, and the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The TOD index aggregates indicators from different dimensions into a single value for evaluation. The node-place model emphasizes transportation, land use, and the balance between them, as well as expansion factors. And the DEA model is suitable for situations without input indicator weights or consideration of different units of measurement. TOD indicators are the basis of the evaluation, and in both the TOD index and node-place models, indicator weights are mostly determined by using subjective methods. Furthermore, a limited number of studies to date have pre-evaluated the implementation of TOD at rail stations under construction or in planning. This paper aims to assess the level of TOD areas at the rail transit station level, which can help in constructing the evaluation index system, selecting TOD stations, and optimizing them.

Avoiding Man-made Disasters using Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)-Strategy: Case of Namma Metro, Bengaluru

The use of private cars and vehicles clogs the roads and leads to accidents, congestion and road rage which are man-made disasters. One of the most important urban planning techniques to avoid disaster and to develop livable, productive and sustainable communities is Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), strong transit infrastructure, diverse land uses, higher-density development, walkable urban design, bicycle-friendly amenities, affordable housing and creative parking management which are just a few of the many components that make up TOD. These elements support the transition from car-centric urban design to more equitable and sustainable community development. Zoning and land use regulations, public-private partnerships, transit enhancements, community involvement, design principles, economic development programs, affordable housing policies, green and sustainable design techniques and the creation of TOD-specific zoning districts are some of the tactics used to implement TOD. The goal of these tactics is to develop thriving, economically sound communities that are oriented around effective public transit networks. For successful implementation of TOD projects, a detailed study at the city level, area level and nodal level has to be carried out. In this study, two metro stations at MG Road and Indiranagar, Bengaluru, India are considered and have been studied at baseline level for checking and considering TOD implementation based on the scoring method. Scoring based on primary data, spatial data and a revised master plan of Bengaluru has been carried out. Both the stations have obtained a score of 80% and 88% respectively. The score indicates that both stations are likely to consider and implement the TOD at this nodal level.

Transit-oriented development, development corridors and economic access: The Louis Botha development corridor’s impact

Apartheid’s impact on South Africa’s urban spatial patterns persists, resulting in spatial fragmentation and inequality. Unsustainable urban sprawl exacerbates challenges related to economic access. To address said challenges, the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) implemented the Corridors of Freedom (CoF) initiative, emphasising economic inclusion. Amid substantial public sector investment, the initiative prioritised the Louis Botha Development Corridor (LBDC) to create a dense, mixed-use, walkable urban environment. However, limited research investigated the LBDC’s impact from an economic access perspective. This study investigates how the LBDC has improved economic access and provides policy insights for urban areas in South Africa, within the conceptual framework of transit-oriented development (TOD) and development corridors. A quantitative research approach using Network Analyst reveals that the Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system increased economic access by 16% compared to other LBDC transport services. This study demonstrates the potential of the dual implementation of TOD and development corridors to foster economic access in the study area and concludes with policy recommendations centred on cross-departmental collaboration, feasibility studies and risk allocation, location-based criteria and transit accessibility targets, transit-oriented design guidelines, and integrated transport systems.

Community perceptions classification towards the development of transportation access at Darmo Corridor Surabaya using SVM and naive bayes methods

This research conducts Classification of Public Perceptions of Transportation Access Development in Darmo Corridor Surabaya using SVM and Naive Bayes methods. The increasing mobility demands necessitate adequate public transportation facilities, such as the Surabaya bus, which has been operational since 2018. The Darmo corridor has witnessed significant development in public transportation facilities and infrastructure, serving as a transit point between two Surabaya bus routes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate public perception towards the implementation of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concept in the corridor. In this study, a qualitative descriptive analysis was conducted on various aspects of TOD implementation, such as pedestrian paths, bicycle lanes, and green open spaces. Furthermore, public perception was analyzed using Naive Bayes Classifier and SVM methods by collecting data from Twitter accounts and giving weights based on the frequency of words in the tweets. From the analysis it could be concluded Naïve Bayes is not suitable for classification because it’s not stable enough, the SVM Methods matchs 95% proven when its repeated for 5 more time it. The results showed that the Darmo corridor successfully implemented the TOD concept well, with 90% of the community giving a positive response to the TOD implementation in the area. This finding indicates the success of TOD initiatives in improving transportation facilities and infrastructure in Darmo corridor.

Improvement of the feasibility of developing transit-oriented development for Yogyakarta commuter line stations

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) has been recognized as a sustainable approach to urban development and transportation. This study aims to improve the feasibility of developing TOD for Yogyakarta Commuter Line Stations, focusing on the Yogyakarta Railway Station as a transportation system node and catalyst for economic growth. The research method used in this study is spatial modeling with a geographic information system, specifically using a 500-meter buffer area around the Palur Station. The study highlights the potential of integrating public transport and land use to reduce the impact of urban development and attract further development around the transit nodes. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners in Yogyakarta to enhance the feasibility of developing TOD for the Yogyakarta Commuter Line Stations. The results of this study show that the implementation of TOD around the Palur Station can improve the feasibility of developing TOD for Yogyakarta Commuter Line Stations. The spatial modeling analysis indicates that the area has the potential to attract further development and increase economic growth. The study also identifies the need for optimizing the existing public transport system and its synergy with land use planning to achieve the full potential of TOD.

Transit-Oriented Development in Saudi Arabia: Riyadh as a Case Study

Transit-oriented development (TOD) in Saudi Arabia is becoming a significant priority for the government and developers to create a sustainable and quality living environment. TOD is an integrated transport and urban planning method that aims to reduce car use and urban sprawl, increase the use of public transport, and enhance sustainable mobility. To meet the global goals as per the Paris Accord, Saudi Arabia’s policymakers must prioritize the integration of TOD in urban planning. This study was carried out with the main aim of identifying the environmental, social, and economic benefits of implementing TOD in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A mixed-study research method was used, and data were collected using a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 21, and qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo software. The findings of this study show that TOD in Riyadh City would positively impact economic, environmental, and social aspects. TOD would reduce travel time, allow its people to have an active lifestyle, and reduce congestion. TOD would help reduce mental health disorders and improve physical activity. TOD would positively impact the environment of Riyadh City and assist in reducing greenhouse gases. Overall, the study results provide a reliable perspective on the benefits of TOD. Most participants assumed that the implementation of TOD in Riyadh City would increase automobile mobility, provide more employment opportunities, and reduce travel time, positively impacting the environment and economy of Riyadh City.

An analysis of the mobility hub concept in the Netherlands: Historical lessons for its implementation

The mobility hub concept has become increasingly popular within international research and policies, including in The Netherlands. However, judging by the (still) limited share of multimodality in the Netherlands, similar historical concepts seemed insufficient to prompting a fundamental shift from individual car use to multimodal transport. To enable planners to be better positioned to implement the mobility hub concept, we compared its value with that of related concepts that were previously implemented. Specifically, we examined historical Dutch policy documents and conducted expert and frontrunner interviews to evaluate the mobility hub as a policy concept. We first traced the evolution of the mobility hub, focusing on node and place-based concepts that have been implemented since the second half of the 20th century. We found that related concepts, such as Park and Ride (P + R) or transit-oriented development (TOD), have typically focused on improving transfers between collective and feeder transport, while interactions with land use have gained increased attention. We derived policy lessons from the implementation of these historical policy concepts. Our findings suggest that strategically chosen locations, integrated mobility systems, flanking policies, multi-level policy coherence and public–private cooperation are important considerations when implementing mobility hubs. Moreover, shared mobility, mobility as a service, vehicle electrification, and demand-responsive transit could advance the implementation of TOD, P + R, neighbourhood and rural hubs. In conclusion, the design of different types of mobility hubs should ideally be based on underlying policy objectives and adapted according to context.

Transit-Oriented Development: Towards Achieving Sustainable Transport and Urban Development in Jakarta Metropolitan, Indonesia

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is advocated for achieving sustainable transportation through development around transit stations. TOD’s global implementation revealed varied outcomes, with many cities failing to achieve the intended objectives. TOD implementation in the Jakarta Metropolitan area still in its infancy. Through a geospatial information system and a survey of 400 commuters who live inside the 1 km radius of planned TOD, this longitudinal study aimed to examine an eight-year lapse between 2013 and 2020 of changes in two aspects, specifically land-use and spatial distribution as well as commuters’ travel behavior and preferences in TOD implementation and travel changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Key findings are as follows: increased diversity in the residential function around planned TOD areas in the Jakarta capital and a decrease in the suburbs, reflecting the commuters’ improved readiness to reside in planned TOD areas. Furthermore, kinship relations were the commuters’ main reason when selecting house locations, with no capacity to change their workplaces. A significant increase in public facilities at the expense of green open space (GOS) indicates that TOD implementation was conducted by the government with the sole authority to manage GOS, lacking private sector involvement. The cost factor was the most dominant reason for the commuter’s use of public transportation, instead of new transport modes such as MRT and LRT. Moreover, the commuter’s travel behavior in all studied transit stations, whilst it showed evidence of changes in time and frequency, was not greatly influenced by the COVID-19 related restrictions.

Original

Transit-oriented development has emerged as an admired concept among spatial policymakers and regional planners, as it can contribute to a more feasible transportation system along with sustainable urban development practices. However, successful implementation of transit-oriented development is associated with a host of issues that are both social and economic in nature. This paper aims to throw light on the notion of rail-based transit-oriented development with a specic focus on the prospect of Varanasi city and its recently redeveloped Banaras railway station. This research is grounded on the existing literature and the information available in the public domain. The study refers to some international examples to show the implications of transit-oriented development initiatives on the fabrication of a more liveable and sustainable type of cityscape. Additionally, it takes insights from contemporary Indian initiatives that depict a well-realisation of the potential of railway stations as transit-oriented development sites, which ultimately aims to achieve the broader goal of sustainable urban and transport development throughout the entire length and width of the country.

Measuring transit-oriented development in Algerian light rail transit lines by using hybrid multi-criteria decision making and open data sources

Selecting transit-oriented development (TOD) sites along light rail transit lines (LRTLs) is difficult for city planners and decision makers. Selecting the actors and the charges involved in the prioritising process, particularly, when selecting between regions with criteria, is critical. Therefore, this study provided a measuring tool to identify TOD opportunities between regions, and outlined its defining criteria through an easy, rapid, and cost-effective method. In this measuring tool, a multi-criteria decision making approach with a hybrid weighting technique was used for ranking eight criteria representing five principles of TOD. Subsequently, simple additive weighting and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution methods were used to rank LRTLs. Furthermore, open data sources were used for data acquisition, and QGIS software was used for data analysis. The application of this method on six LRTLs of Algeria revealed that three tramlines are highly appropriate for TOD implementation, and the rest of the three LRTLs require interventions to some TOD requirements. The density criterion was confirmed as the critical parameter of TOD measurements around tramlines in Algeria followed by exchange poles and transit ridership. The station number and ticket price were the least critical criteria. The results revealed that integrated weighting is critical for investigating TOD as a new planning approach. This result promoted the assignment of accurate weights, which can be useful for decision makers when working in unexplored fields or during indecisive situations. Weighting criteria can be used as guidelines for the major requirements for locations suitable for TOD. Eventually, these results are valuable for future investments of TOD projects along LRTLs or other transit modes.

The Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Improvement Towards a Sustainable Development

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is gaining popularity as a tool to achieve sustainabledevelopment. It consists of a mixed-use development, which can cater to urban sprawl, road traffic congestion and an increase in carbon gas emission. There are efforts and incentives by the Malaysian policies related to TOD constructed under the Eleventh Malaysian Plan (RMK-11) to encourage public transportation, walking, and cycling as an alternative to the main modes. However, the efforts seem in vain as the public are not concerned regarding this issue. This study examined TOD's implementation towards sustainable community with the following objectives: to determine thecriteria and concept of TOD, investigate the issues and challenges in implementing TOD towards sustainable development, and recommend TOD improvement towards a sustainable development. The scope of this study is to identifythe TOD implementation around Subang Jaya station towards sustainable development. A mixed-methodof qualitative and quantitative research is used in a semi-structured interview, questionnaire distribution, observation, and document analysis. The quantitative data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 22, while the qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The results show that the implementation of TOD still immature and in the developing phase. The top three criteria were identified; reduce private vehicle and road traffic congestion, reduce pollution and carbon emission, and connectivity to other spaces or area. Three significant issues and challenges identified; a limited number of park-and-ride facilities, housing price around transit station and quality service of the public transportation served by related agencies. A workable recommendation for TOD improvement towards a sustainable community developed after industry practitioners tested it. Thesesuggestions and guidance can help industry players in making sound decisions when undertaking TOD projects

Evaluation of pedestrian paths feasibility in the area around Manggarai to support the transit-oriented development concept

The implementation of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept on pedestrian paths in Manggarai, Jakarta, requires well-ordered pedestrian path, as an area linkage between transit facility and various functions around it. Presently, the pedestrian paths condition around Manggarai Station is still not optimal. Meanwhile, the Transit-Oriented Development concept demands compliance with the standards in its implementation. This study aims to assess the pedestrian paths feasibility in the area around Manggarai Station, based on the criteria that should be met in supporting the concept implementation process. This research applied an evaluative method through POE (Post-Occupancy Evaluation), in measuring the standards of the existing pedestrian paths and providing recommendations for the authorities. The findings are novelties in understanding the disadvantages of safety factors, physical infrastructure, shelter for the hot and rainy season, easy access to the elderly and people with disabilities, especially in linking supporting facilities. Interestingly, the pedestrian path has an attraction that triggers people to walk a long distance with ease. Also, these findings are important in designing Transit-Oriented Development at Manggarai, such as wide sidewalks, providing zebra crossings, and trees. In addition, these result are in the form of suggestions for improving pedestrian path conditions as well as providing action plans for stakeholders.

Transit-oriented development form on traffic assignment, transit and land-use features

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is one of the most beneficial strategies that addresses both urban and transportation issues in solving urban traffic problems. To achieve more sustainable transport and resolve urban sprawl problems, this paper establishes a TOD evaluation criterion and formulates a novel TOD site-selection method, which fulfills the principle of sustainable transportation for the city of Qazvin. This paper outlines plausible TOD locations through three complementary steps: first, the saturated links of network are investigated by traffic assignment which were 12 zones; second, the cross points of high demand for public transport stations and top saturated links are considered and third, the three essential criteria of density, diversity and distance (3Ds) are calculated for each of the selected stations to rank them by the analytical hierarchy process method. The results show that the three top-ranked TOD locations with the highest potential are nominated for TOD implementation among the 43 candidates.

Need of Transit-Oriented Development for Raigarh City

Raigarh city is an expeditious growing industry as well as the populated city in Chhattisgarh (INDIA), spread over an area of 7086 Km2. Raigarh city is classified by its rising Population, Urbanization, Motorization, Pollution, and low per capita income. The rapid rate of Industrialization and Urbanization in the past few decades has led to unprecedented growth in the city population and subsequently in the city limits. A lack of proper planning and land use controls has resulted in fast extending beyond city areas. The objective of the paper is to understand the growth patterns of Raigarh City and the existing transportation networks to plan and phase out a proper TOD network by understanding the present scenario of the traffic condition of the city and identify the parameters necessary for the implementation of TOD at Raigarh City. The proposal of the state government in setting up Naya Raigarh involves the transformation of old Raigarh into a better-planned and laid-out city. Expansion and redevelopment of a city require proper research and planning in laying out the transportation network of the city to ensure equitable access of public transportation to all, bringing in the concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD).

Nonlinear and synergistic effects of TOD on urban vibrancy: Applying local explanations for gradient boosting decision tree

Urban vibrancy can facilitate human activities and social interactions, attract capital and talent, enhance competitiveness and creativity, maintain resilience, and finally achieve a sustainable urban development. Theoretically, transit-oriented development (TOD) is beneficial for vibrancy. In practice, TOD implementation does not always lead to vibrant community life. To foster vibrancy around stations, we need to understand relationships between TOD-ness (i.e., the degree to which the current (physical) conditions of station areas meet the standards of TOD) and vibrancy. Empirical studies on this topic are scarce, despite numerous studies on built environment effects on vibrancy. Moreover, these studies are likely to overestimate/underestimate the effects as most of them neglect the pervasive nonlinearity and synergism. This research contributes to the understanding of nonlinear and synergistic effects of TOD on vibrancy by constructing gradient boosting decision tree model using multi-source data from 166 metro station areas in Shenzhen, China. Local explanations for the model indicate the following: (1) Sufficient bus services, horizontal built-up coverage, and mixed-use buildings are dominant contributors to vibrancy around metro stations. (2) TOD have nonlinear influences on vibrancy. (3) Synergistic effects are evident among/within TOD dimensions. Practical implications of the findings, such as targeted policies with nuanced planning/design criteria, are further discussed.

Bypassing institutional barriers: New types of transit-oriented development in China

China is often viewed as an emerging experimental base for transit-oriented development (TOD) practices because of its rapid urban growth and development of mass transit networks. The implementation of TOD can be heavily influenced by institutional barriers to urban growth. However, some newly emerging types of TOD practice allow planners and decision-makers to bypass some of the institutional barriers and achieve a certain degree of integrated development. Current academic literature, however, has little to say on how these informal institutional solutions go around these barriers. This article aims to fill this gap by examining three different types of TOD practice as applied in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. We analysed and compared the origins and effects of abovementioned informal institutional arrangements under entrepreneurial governance. We found that land value capturing can replace the existing governance mode in which local government heavily relies on revenue from land-leasing and realise better integration of transit and land development. We conclude with several suggestions for institutional reform based on these new types of TOD experiments.