Implementation Of Tourism Policy Research Articles

The Politics of Implementing Philippine Tourism Policy: A Policy Network and Advocacy Coalition Framework Approach

To examine the complexity of tourism policy implementation, this paper considers the case of Pamilacan Island, the Philippines. It uses the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) and network analysis. Consistent with policy process theories, findings show that individual policy beliefs might lead to implementation networks, but the degree of network integration determines progress in policy execution. The study reinforces the importance of key factors pertinent in policy implementation such as knowledge and resources of actors, as well as contextual conditions including ties of solidarity. Mediating them are micro-implementation processes and informal codes of conduct. This paper not only increases the number of in-depth case studies on tourism policy and clarifies issues in the policy process, but also stresses that there are multiple policy executions when a particular policy decision is implemented. Finally, it adds a layer of complexity to the ACF and calls for its re-examination when applied to a developing country.

Factors affecting tourism policy implementation: A conceptual framework and a case study in China

The understanding of tourism policy-making and implementation is important due to the multi-faceted nature of tourism and the complexity in inter-organizational relations and collaborative policy-making. This paper aims at contributing to the frameworks and theories regarding the implementation of tourism policy by considering the factors identified in both the top-down and bottom-up approaches of policy implementation. The main purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual framework describing the factors affecting the implementation of tourism policy and illustrate the framework with the experience of tourism policy implementation at the local level in China. It was found that four factors including: economic and social macro-environment; institutional arrangements; inter-organizational relations (IOR) and inter-organizational co-ordination structures (IOC); and interest groups were influential in the implementation of tourism policy. Furthermore, the case study in China identified the roles of each factor in terms of constraints and facilitators in the real-world context and enriched the conceptual framework by illustrating the relationships among factors. This study sheds light on concepts and theories regarding tourism policy implementation. It also addresses some solutions which may enrich the tourism policy literature in an Asian and developing country context.

Significance and challenges of the tourism policy in the modern world

Raising awareness in expert circles and the general public about the heterogeneity of effects caused by tourism (economic, social, cultural, ecological), imposed the need for organized guidance of development of this activity and its placement under the framework of public (government) policy. Accordingly, today in almost all developed tourist countries are being used different instruments to control the development of this complex phenomenon of the modern age. In this paper, special attention is paid to the analysis of the role, importance, models, processes of development and implementation of tourism policy, in the context of the general policy and other sectoral policies brought by governments in developed tourist countries and countries trying to become such. Tourism policy today is the starting point of the thinking process in the tourism industry. It is focused on directing the development of tourism at all levels (international, national, regional, local), that is, it must create a long-term and integral development perspective.

The role of local policy knowledge in the implementation of Namibian tourism policy

The paper introduces a concept of local policy knowledge which is argued to complement the conventional policy knowledge in the Namibian tourism policy process. Local policy knowledge refers to the qualitative material gathered from 16 Namibian tourism enterprises. The perceptions and experiences of the representatives of these enterprises regarding two policy goals, namely poverty reduction and black economic empowerment, are analysed in order to illustrate the challenges involved in policy implementation. The paper concludes that local policy knowledge can be applied beyond the Namibian context and even in other policy related research.

Single worthwhile policy, seeking legitimacy and implementation: sustainable tourism at the regional destination level, New Zealand

Despite sustainability becoming a key discourse throughout the tourism industry, the practical implementation of sustainable tourism policies has been limited (Hall, 2011). New Zealand is not immune to criticism in this regard and our ‘100% Pure’ tourism brand has been brought into question. As long ago as 1997 the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment reported that the environmental qualities underpinning tourism were at risk and that visitor pressure on iconic attractions could not be sustained. Importantly, the commissioner identified ‘systematic problems that hinder the achievement of sustainable tourism’, noting that ‘the government system for managing tourism and its environmental effects is fragmented’.

Improving tourism policy implementation – The use of hybrid MCDM models

Few studies have presented a holistic approach to evaluating complex national tourism policies, successfully quantified the dynamics at play, or proposed an improvement model. The corresponding purpose of this study is to address this problem, using the method of hybrid MCDM (multiple criteria decision-making) to examine the dependent relationships among various dimensions and criteria of tourism policies and, ultimately, to suggest an optimal improvement plan for Taiwan tourism policy. A decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is employed to construct a network relationship map (NRM), which then is used to illustrate the influential network of the tourism policy improvement model. The DEMATEL-based analytic network process (DANP) and VIKOR are adopted to evaluate the weights and the gaps to the aspired level of implementation. The model is useful in identifying both an influential network and a priority sequence of dimensions/criteria related to tourism policies and, thus, is helpful to tourism policy management.

Komodifikasi Upacara Religi Dalam Pemasaran Pariwisata

Development of tourism program is basically done as an effort to support income sources. Policy of tourism is a key factor in its. Facts showed that the policy has not been fully align ed to the local societies. Commodification of religious ceremony is a form of marketing process undertaken to attract tourists. Critical theory approach is used which the implications can be explored through the political economy perspective in the case studies. The results showed that policies of tourism lead to economic political activities in the form of commodification of religious ceremony. Hindu’s communities as an “object” of tourism policy implementation.

A historical analysis of tourism policy implementation by local government

Local government is critical to tourism policy delivery. This paper examines the failure of the public and private tourism sectors to educate local government policy-makers in understanding tourism and related policy issues, leading to poor tourism policy implementation at the local level. The paper presents a historical and descriptive analysis of policy development and documents how local government tourism policy and its associated processes came into being in New Zealand. There is little academic historical research examining institutional and political frameworks of local government and how they impact on tourism policy implementation. Both primary and secondary data sources such as interviews and administrative and archived documents have been used. This finding illustrates a lack of understanding of tourism by central and local government bureaucrats and local government. Due to the lack of historical policy knowledge there is an inability to measure whether progress is being made.

Tourism policy implementation and society

Tourism policy implementation is examined in this paper using a society-centred, relational approach. It considers policy within its societal context, including the economy, governance, politics and culture, and it focuses on exploring the reciprocal interactions affecting tourism policy implementation in Phuket, Thailand. Difficulties in the application of three tourism-related policies are assessed for this island. It is shown how their implementation involved relations and bargaining power between actors pursuing their interests. There were tensions around the state’s various structural roles, the impacts of policies on business performance, local compared with national priorities, local government legitimacy and support, hierarchical policy processes, and patron-client relations. Wider implications for future research on policy implementation are identified in the final discussion.

Politics and sustainable tourism development – Can they co-exist? Voices from North Cyprus

This paper investigates ways in which political obstacles inhibit the formulation and implementation of sustainable tourism development in small-island developing states through the example of North Cyprus. The methodology draws on in-depth interviews and participant observation of significant actors in the tourism sector. The research findings suggest that understanding the intricate political system and power structure in a society is the key to understanding sustainable tourism policy development, planning and implementation. In the case of North Cyprus, policy development was found to be a product of political influence (referred to as ego-driven politics in the text), specifically the use of public resources as an instrument for political power, retention and that the politicisation of the public sector is the underlying cause of the weakened progress in sustainable tourism development. It is therefore essential to have a clear understanding of political issues, key political actors’ interests and how to mitigate personal interests to facilitate and maintain sustainable tourism development in such small states.

The Political Economy of Tourism Development in the Greater Mekong Sub-region

Examining and assessing tourism policy formulation, tourism planning and implementation of tourism development in the countries of the Greater Mekong Sub-region highlights the interface between theory and praxis with attendant tensions that often produce dissonance rather than harmony. There are two over-arching fields with which a practitioner of tourism development must be familiar: the political/governance arena and the socio-cultural system and structure of the country concerned. The first provides political parameters within which policy formulation and development planning will be accepted or rejected, and the second provides a value system which will often determine whether a proposal is acceptable or undesirable (even offensive); and together both shape the directions that need to be taken for successful implementation. This paper focuses on the first field, politics/governance; and by analyzing the political economy of tourism development through the concepts of economies in transition, ‘politique du ventre’ (‘politics of the belly’), shadow states and implementation gap theory, the need for practitioners of tourism development to focus as much on understanding the internal politics and structures of governance as on technical issues and to work through political acumen and diplomacy, is foregrounded. Transition states present many challenges by virtue of the dynamics of change which see the goal posts moving and being moved rather than remaining fixed and static, and tourism development interventions designed to achieve greater economic benefits, poverty alleviation and improved infrastructure that can serve both residents and visitors, must be flexibly delivered.

Sustainable Tourism Policy—Rejuvenation or a Critical Strategic Initiative

ABSTRACT Many tourism destinations have historically been mass tourism destinations, focusing on sun, sea and sand package holidays. Destinations, particularly islands such as Malta and the Balearic islands in the Mediterranean have often been heavily developed on an ad-hoc basis during the 1960's and 1970s which has resulted in unplanned tourism resorts leading to much environmental and social degradation. Due to this degradation, these islands have been losing competitive advantage over other destinations and realise that both their tourism product and market is deteriorating. In response, they have developed sustainable tourism policies to counter this deterioration. This paper examines two island destinations which have attempted to implement a sustainable tourism policy: Malta and Calviá (on the island of Mallorca in the Spanish Balearics). Although different in terms of governance structure, many economic, social, environmental and political issues are compared which are similar in how they have affected successful movement towards more sustainable forms of tourism through policy development. The paper concludes with recommendations provided by stakeholders within the industry for moving towards more sustainable behaviour and provides insight into sustainable tourism policy implementation issues for other destinations.

Sustainable Tourism and Policy Implementation: Lessons from the Case of Calviá, Spain

To date there is much literature identifying the need for sustainable tourism and for policy to address this need, however, there are few studies addressing sustainable tourism at a practical level or the effectiveness of policy implementation. This research focuses on the operational level of policy in order to gain a greater understanding of the barriers and possible solutions to implementation of sustainable tourism policy. This research focused on one of the Mediterranean's most popular sun, sea and sand tourist resorts – Calviá, located in Mallorca in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Calviá is an example of a mass tourism destination which, from a result of tourism pressure in the late 1980s, faced significant economic, social and environmental decline. By taking an integrated and collaborative approach to implement a sustainable tourism policy [using the participatory process of Local Agenda 21 (LA21)] Calviá received much international acclaim. This descriptive case study outlines the motivations behind establishing a sustainable tourism policy, the process, successes and barriers of implementation and lessons learned. By outlining sustainable tourism policy from development to evaluation, this case study hopes to provide recommendations for other destinations who aim to work towards sustainable tourism goals.

Malta’s Tourism Policy: Standing Still or Advancing towards Sustainability?

As with most warm water islands, Malta’s tourism has been historically focused on ‘sun, sea and sand’ package holidays. As a result, the ratio of visitors to locals has expanded very quickly and the strain on infrastructure from too many tourists is evident. As do other small islands, Malta also suffers from an absence of pluralism amongst the politicaleconomic elite and a familiarity between voters and politicians, thereby creating barriers to implementing successful policies. Through an examination of how successful tourism policy implementation has been to date, this paper examines Malta’s tourism development as it relates to sustainable tourism. The paper addresses the economic, social and political implications of tourism development as well as discusses barriers to implementing a tourism policy specifically geared to sustainability. The paper concludes by providing insights into sustainable tourism policy implementation issues for other island destinations.

Tourism policy implementation in mainland China: an enterprise perspective

Examines tourism policy implementation in Chinese tourism enterprises. In general, all tourism enterprises indicated that economic‐oriented tourism policies implemented promoted the development of tourism in China since the adoption of economic reform and open‐door policy in 1978. Chinese tourism policies have established a legal framework for the administration, management and operation of tourism enterprises. This framework has covered almost all aspects of tourism industry. However, Chinese tourism enterprises also found difficulties in implementing some policies and regulations. Some regulations are too strict and do not allow the tourism enterprises to implement in accordance with their real circumstance. The study also suggests that tourism policy implementation in China has two different patterns in two different kinds of tourism enterprises. Further argues that tourism policy implementation in China is a “top‐down” and “trial and error‐correcting” model. These findings provide the important implications in studying the political dimensions of tourism, including tourism politics and tourism policy‐making process, particularly in the context of socialist countries.

The Culture of Guanxi in a North China Village

The Culture of Guanxi in a North China Village

The development and implementation of national tourism policies

This paper reviews a variety of approaches to tourism policy development and reports a research study into the issues which influence the development and implementation of national tourism policies, with particular reference to the position of human resource concerns within this process. The study also considered the specific role of national tourism organizations in policy development. The research, based on a postal survey of NTOs, identifies the primarily economic determinants of tourism policy but notes a number of important variations between policy development in developed and developing countries. Human resource concerns feature consistently as factors in policy development but are seen as relatively peripheral to the process.

Successful tourism policies in the European Union

This paper outlines some of the findings of a recent survey of national tourism policies in each of the Member States of the European Union (EU) undertaken between 1991 and 1993 for the British Department of Employment. This is the first and most comprehensive study of tourism policies ever undertaken within the European Union. The study has found that policy objectives tend to concentrate on attracting more higher-spending tourists, improvements in product quality and a reduction in seasonality. The most important instrument in the implementation of tourism policy is the national tourist organisation (NTO). Successful tourism policies (measured in terms of visitor arrivals, receipts and trade balance) appear to be linked to there being a clear, coherent central government strategy for developing tourism, where government helps to finance directly or indirectly tourism investment; the central tourism budget is concentrated on a few key areas and tourism policy is clearly co-ordinated with other policies (especially those of transport, environment, culture and regional action).

Tourism policy in rural New South Wales ? policy and research priorities

This paper examines tourism policies and actions in rural New South Wales. It explaines the roles of the New South Wales Tourism Commission, the New England Tourism Development Authority, and New South Wales State and Local Government planning legislation. In response to what is clearly a complex and neglected public policy sector, several suggestions are made as to rural tourism policy and research priorities. Particular attention is given to aspects of co-ordination and power in rural tourism policy formulation and implementation.

Tourism policies in the European community member states

This paper outlines the major findings of a recent survey of national tourism policies in each of the member states of the European Community. It was found that policy objectives tend to concentrate on attracting more higher-spending tourists, improvements in product quality and a reduction in seasonality. The most important instrument in the implementation of tourism policy is the National Tourist Organization (NTO). The paper summarizes the activities of the NTOs, distinguishing ‘dirigiste’ from ‘laissez faire’ approaches. NTOs are heavily dependent on government grants while the largest single element of NTO budgets is marketing and promotion. There is a trend towards making tourism programmes at least partly self-financing or financed separately from mainstream government activities. The securing of private sector finance to assist tourist development appears to be largely carried out at regional or local levels. Finally, successful tourism policies (measured in terms of visitor arrivals, receipts and trade balance) appear to be linked to there being a clear, coherent central government strategy for developing tourism, where government helps to finance directly or indirectly tourism investment; the central tourism budget is concentrated on a few key areas and tourism policy is clearly co-ordinated with other policies (especially those of transport, environment, culture and regional action).