Implementation Of Technological Operations Research Articles

Modernization of skidding and primary removal of wood in the Vologda Region through the use of relevant domestic solutions

In the paper on the basis of the analysis of technical indicators and the aggregates used of the applied and introduced forest machinery (multi-operational forest machines) a study was carried out on the efficiency of variants in the sorting of logs during the implementation of technological operations in skidding and primary timber transportation under typical natural and production conditions Totemsky Forestry - a branch of the company SAU Forestry of the Vologda region “Vologda Forestry Association” (Vologda region, Russian Federation). As a result of analyzing the ratio of torque and other given dimensional and qualitative indicators, recommendations are given on the use of wheeled picker “Trom 20” for more efficient work in conditions of insufficient bearing capacity of the forest harvesting area soil.

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF VEGETABLE PROTEIN-VITAMIN PASTE

The problem of providing the population of Ukraine with products of animal origin is currently very urgent, because barely two-thirds of the population is supplied with meat products, and a little more than half with dairy products. Traditional harvesting technologies cannot provide a sufficient amount of highly nutritious fodder, mainly due to significant losses during the implementation of technological operations. One of the ways to increase the intensity of fodder production is the fractional harvesting of high-protein green plants with the allocation of protein-vitamin concentrate as the main type of fodder. The analysis of the latest research and publications showed that currently there are no single, scientifically based recommendations regarding the rational set of machines and mode parameters of their operation when implementing this technology. Based on the results of previous studies, an experimental set of machines was formed to implement the technology of wet fractionation of alfalfa. The technological scheme includes such lines as dosing, disintegration (shredding) and wet fractionation of green plants, a line for coagulation of green juice, a line for separating the suspension obtained as a result of coagulation, a line for drying vegetable protein-vitamin concentrate and making pellets from it. Modeling the operation of the specified complex of machines allowed to determine the rational parameters of the operation of most of them, to outline the ways of further improvement of the nomenclature of machines, their location in technological lines, etc. For example, to increase the productivity of the filtration operation of the suspension obtained after coagulation of the green juice of alfalfa, it is advisable to direct it to special tanks for settling before sending it to the filter press, which will allow to increase the output of the protein-vitamin concentrate after filtering. The conducted modeling of the experimental complex of machines for the implementation of the fractional technology of harvesting alfalfa with the production of protein-vitamin concentrate showed the prospects of this technology for the development of the fodder industry.

THE USE OF DIGITAL TWINS MODELS WHILE A RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE FORMATION IN A VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENT

In modern conditions, the use of digital industrial technologies for maximum automation of various production processes and the creation of unmanned technologies is the main direction of technological development of production in the key of the Industry 4.0 and NDE 4.0 paradigms with the widespread use of information and communication technologies, including virtual reality and digital twins. To implement digital non-destructive testing, service-oriented approach is proposed as an effective solution for obtaining, processing and storing data of the results of various types of testing, the basic architecture of this solution is given. The simulator’s model of the industrial radiography laboratory is considered, discrete models of objects’ digital twins are constructed while obtaining an image, for which the basic provisions and tools of set theory are used. Examples are given illustrating the correspondence of mathematical models of digital twins to their graphical counterparts, as well as the image formed on the detector as a result of modeling and performing a radiation type of non-destructive testing. It is noted that the virtualization of such a complex technical facility as an industrial radiography laboratory allows for a short period of time and at minimal cost to verify the feasibility of technical solutions and engineering hypotheses taking into account real production conditions and needs, while providing, on the one hand, variability in the implementation of technological operations, and on the other – the number increase of trained qualified specialists according to the radiation type of non-destructive testing.

Mathematical model of agricultural aggregate movement based on the Autotractor

The paper presents theoretical studies of the movement of the agricultural unit on the basis of the MEZ-330 «Autotractor». An equivalent dynamic model of an agricultural unit on the basis of MEZ-330 «Autotractor» is presented. A system of differential equations has been compiled, which makes it possible to describe the interrelation of the main structural parameters of the unit and its operating modes. The results of modeling the motion of the MEZ-330 «Autotractor» on the implementation of technological operations are given. According to the simulation results, the dependences describing the influence of the mass of the MEZ-330 «Autotractor» on the coefficient of slipping of its wheels were established. It is established that the obtained theoretical dependences are adequate and correlate with experimental data with a 95% confidence probability.

Специфика реализации лазерных технологий упрочнения и наплавки на оборудовании с ЧПУ

The issues of implementation of technological operations using laser radiation on equipment with numerical control (CNC) are described. The features of the implementation of laser building-up using wire and the influence of the main technological parameters on it are discussed.

THE PRACTICE AND APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICAL MODELLING IN FLOW DYNAMICS RESEARCH IN CONTINUOUS CASTING

The importance of physical modeling as one of the effective methods of scientific research is noted. The practical features of modeling the hydrodynamics of flows in continuous casting of steel are considered, concerning the scale, design and material of equipment models that are part of continuous casting machines. Attention is paid to the choice of modeling fluids, methods of visualization and control of their flow rates. Methods and results of modeling studies are presented, devoted to the development of technical means for shielding a steel jet from the surrounding atmosphere in order to provide protection against secondary oxidation of the metal supplied to the tundish; regulation of the direction of movement of the layers of the melt from the place of entry into the receiving part and to the outlet channels of the tundish to increase the duration of the steel casting in it and remove the non-metallic inclusions; decrease in the degree of dynamic impact of metal flows on the lining of the tundish bottom; reducing the duration of the destabilization of the velocity field of metal flows in the upper part of the mold, which occurs during the replacement of submersible nozzles. The obtained data of modeling studies served as the basis for creation of new types of equipment that allow the implementation of technological operations, the implementation of which will increase the technical and economic efficiency of modern high-speed continuous casting machines.

THE POTENTIAL OF URONIDE HYDROCOLLOIDS FOR THE FORMATION OF SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH PRODUCTS FROM HYDROBIONTS

The article presents the theoretical basis and practical aspects of the using of binary compositions of uronid polysaccharides in the technology of culinary products from aquatic organisms in jelly fillings. The relevance of the composition of natural high molecular weight polysaccharides, such as sodium alginate and low-esterified pectin, to promote the improvement of sensory characteristics of culinary products from aquatic organisms in the menu of fish restaurants is shown. The objectives of the study were to obtain a jelly filling of viscous consistency, followed by the formation of a stable, elastic gel for using in the technology of aquatic products. Obtaining a jelly filling involves det-ermining the parameters of the preliminary preparation of hydrocolloids; study of the influence of technological par-ameters on the sensory characteristics of the gel. Creating a dry mixture of sodium alginate and low-esterified pectin with salt and sugar was necessary to ensure the dispersion of particles of dry hydrocolloid powders to prevent sticking when swelling in water at a temperature of 18-20 ° C for 15 minutes. Intense swelling of the mixture occurs in the first 10 minutes of hydration.The degree of swelling reaches 5.8%; further increase in time has almost no effect on the swe-lling process. The swelling kinetics of the hydrocolloid mixture was evaluated by determining the tangent of the angle of inclination tangent to the curve describing the degree of swelling. The rational mass fraction of calcium ions for the formation of a transparent gel of stable, homogeneous, elastic consistency, which is 0.3-0.4% of the 10% solution of calcium chloride, was experimentally established. It was studied that dispersions with a mass fraction of a mixture of alginate: low-esterified pectin substances - 1.8% have a viscous consistency with a dynamic viscosity of less than 0.94 Pa • s, which is important for the implementation of technological operations of transportation and packaging of jelly fillings. The conditions and speed of gelation, which provide the finished culinary products with high sensory cha-racteristics and elastic consistency due to the regulated melting temperature, which is provided by the composition of uronide hydrocolloids, have been studied. It was found that the strength of the gel more than 140 g forms a mixture of hydrocolloids with a mass fraction of from 1.6 to 1.8%.

Методичні підходи щодо використання знімків бпла для оцінки технологічних стресових станів посівів

The article is devoted to the applied aspects of UAV use, namely the monitoring of winter wheat crops in relation to the stresses caused by technological stresses. First of all, this applies to the prolonged action of herbicides left over from the predecessor crop and which cause stress in new crops. The issue has local specifics related to the inconsistency of plant cultivation technologies and to the insufficient study of the impact of the latest plant protection products in domestic soil conditions. Restoration of crop yields is possible with timely identification of the causes of stress, but decision-making time is limited, which requires the introduction of the latest monitoring technologies suitable for industrial scale. In laboratory studies using phytochambers, the presence of both spectral indicators of healthy and affected plants and the difference in their dimensions were recorded. However, such differences can be explained by other stressors, so it was not possible to establish clear criteria for spectral or spectral-spatial monitoring methods that clearly indicated the stress caused by the after-effects of herbicides. In field studies using the Slantrange complex mounted on a DJI Matrice 600 UAV as an object of study, the distribution of stress areas in the field was analyzed. It was found that, in purely spectral and spectral-spatial monitoring of winter wheat, it was not possible to reliably identify the stressful nature caused by the aftereffects of herbicides, ie ground platforms for spectral sensor equipment are ineffective. It is proved that the maps of stress indices obtained on the basis of high-resolution data from UAVs can be considered as a separate object of research on the interpretation of the causes of stress of complex biotechnical objects such as crops. Improving the reliability and reliability of monitoring data can be achieved by implementing systems of machine data processing and computer training to find correlations between the distribution of stress in plants in the field and the implementation of technological operations, terrain. Key words: UAV, stress, prolonged action of herbicides, Slantrange

The losses from evaporations is the way for quality losses

Purpose. Nowadays constant expansion of transport sector is observed. As a result, the level of environment pollution with harmful hydrocarbon transport emissions is constantly increased. This has caused the increasing of European requirements both to used fuel quality and the standards of fuel emissions into the atmosphere. The basic sources of hazardous emissions are: emissions of hydrocarbon vapors fuels during transportation, storage, implementation of different technological operations, as well as products of fuel combustion. The level of vehicle environmental safety depends on quality of used fuel. Taking into account given circumstances the purpose of the article is the study of correlation between losses of motor gasoline from evaporation and possible negative changes of their physical and chemical, operating and environmental properties. Methodology. Standard methods of control of gasoline quality and monographic method. Findings. The interaction between losses from evaporation and standard of fuel is considered in the article. The results of research of physical and chemical and operating properties changes of motor benzine conditioned by evaporation are presented. The analysis has showed the dependence of motor benzine standard on quantitative losses from evaporation. Originality. Solving of important ecologic and energetic problem by preventing the losses of gasoline from evaporation. Practical value. The petroleum sector plants should be equipped with modern facilities for prevention of motor gasoline evaporation losses in order to minimize negative influence on the environment, as a result of both harmful hydrocarbon vapors emissions of gasoline (during storage, transportation and implementation of technological operations) and fuel use, which have undergone the negative changes of quality in consequence of evaporation.

Peculiarities of making decisions on the choice of the composition of the main hardware equipment of aviation multifunctional simulators

The current stage of training aircraft crews (AC) is characterized by the predominance of training tasks solved with the help of aviation multifunctional simulators (AMT). AMT covers a wide range of aviation simulators designed to solve problems of planning and managing the use of hardware and software resources in solving various training tasks in the interests of training aircraft crews. Based on this, AMT are characterized by a variety of hardware that ensure the implementation of technological operations and processes for analyzing and processing information when performing educational tasks, which determined the relevance of the task of choosing their optimal composition. Purpose of the work is to develop a model for choosing the composition of hardware equipment (HSS) in the AMT structure for solving training tasks in the interests of training aircraft crews. The solution to the optimization problem of substantiating the CAO is based on the analysis of the features of the application and development of AMT based on the modernization of obsolete and new hardware equipment. The complexity of the task is due to significant computational difficulties arising from the need to provide various technological operations and cycles of information flows in the form of a certain set of elementary operations and the presence of “individual” quality criteria for each educational task. To solve it, the technological process of solving educational AMT is represented by an oriented graph, the vertices of which are the tasks to be solved, and the arcs connecting them are elementary technological operations implemented by hardware. The fulfillment of each educational task is based on the fulfillment of a certain set of elementary streams based on the implementation of the compared CAO options in the AMT structure. The search for a solution is carried out on the graph using a three-level model based on finding optimal solutions to cover the educational tasks to be solved with the available means of obsolete hardware equipment, justifying the required number of new (developed) tools and choosing their optimal composition in the AMT structure as a whole, taking into account the preferences of the persons taking decision (decision maker). The proposed methodological approach and the model for choosing the CAO that implements it provide a sequential and level-bylevel solution of optimization problems with extreme variables for a reasonable choice of the decision maker of the optimal composition of hardware in the AMT structure in the interests of solving a variety of diverse training tasks for training aircraft crews.

On the Use of UAVs with a Slantrange Sensor System for Estimation of Crop Safety

The article addresses applied aspects of using UAVs for monitoring winter wheat crops to assess the aftereffects of herbicides remaining on the culture of the predecessor. The issue has a local specificity related to inconsistencies of plant cultivation technologies and the inadequate study of the impact of modern plant protection products in domestic soil conditions. Restoring the crop yields is possible by timely identification of the causes of stress, but the time for decision-making is limited. This time can be reduced by state-of-the-art monitoring technologies applied at industrial scale. Laboratory studies using phyto cameras and spectral and spectral-spatial monitoring methods unambiguously testified to the stress caused by the aftereffect of herbicides, but did not allow to establish clear criteria. Therefore, we conducted field studies using UAV-mounted Slantrange complex and analyzing the DJI Matrice 200 to define the distribution of stress areas on the field. It was found that the reliability of monitoring data can increased computer data processing and computer training in the search for correlation links between the distribution of stress plants in the field and the implementation of technological operations, terrain topography, etc.

Гигроскопические исследования джекфрута как объекта сушки

Statics of drying is based on the laws of interaction between the gas medium and the dehydration facility, which seek a thermodynamically equilibrium state. Jackfruit is a wet thermolabile material. With a static equilibrium between the product and the environment, the water content in a hygroscopic state depends on the type of the product, its energy, humidity, and a number of parameters, e.g. temperature and partial pressure of the vapor on the surface. The paper introduces graphical dependences of the activity of water of jackfruit slices on humidity at various ambient temperatures. The authors also give its analogy in semilogarithmic coordinates. It helped to define a range of humidity that determined the type of connection between the moisture of the object and the dry residue. The laws of the mechanism of heat and mass transfer are relevant in determining the dynamics of the dehydration process. Their study can help to intensify the process of moisture removal with rational operating parameters. The present study featured the equilibrium states in the system, which made it possible to find the driving force of moisture transfer and to evaluate the heat carrier potential, as well as to substantiate the values of the parameters and the environment during storage and transportation of the finished dry product. The value of relative moisture content in equilibrium was determined by isothermal sorption curves. The value depends on the pre-treatment of the drying object, the conditions of its contact with the external environment, as well as by the energy and type of relationship between the dry residue and the moisture. The empirical results were arranged in the form of graphical dependences, which made it possible to theoretically obtain their mathematical approximation. The equations of dependence between the equilibrium moisture content of the material and the relative humidity of the vapor-air medium included a lot of constants, which also needed to be determined empirically. The mathematical dependences approximate the isothermal sorption curves, i.e. the relationship between the product’s moisture and water activity indices. The dependences can be used to conduct a thermodynamic analysis of the sorption process and determine the free, bound, and internal energies of the process of moisture absorption by the capillary-porous object of study. The hygroscopic examination of jackfruit is also necessary when making design decisions for the rational implementation of technological operations, including the storage and transportation of dry jackfruit slices.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА УБОРКИ И ПОСЛЕУБОРОЧНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ КАРТОФЕЛЯ

When harvesting potatoes, regardless of the means of mechanization used, digging up potatoes from the soil, separating tubers from the ground are mandatory operations. At the same time, a number of factors affect the quality performance of these operations - the humidity and soil contamination, the design and operation of the working parts of the potato digger and the separator. To substantiate the latter, it is necessary to study the technological process on the basis of mathematical modeling. Modeling and researching the process of harvesting and post-harvest processing of potatoes and the interaction of tubers with each other and the working bodies can justify the conditions for reducing damage and reducing overall costs, since the costs of harvesting and post-harvest processing are also closely related to losses in harvested crops. Research has shown that the efficiency of harvesting and post-harvest processing of potatoes is more influenced by the price of product sales. Analysis of the dependence of the cost of harvesting and post-harvest processing of potatoes per unit of area, yield in monetary terms and process efficiency on a probabilistic indicator of the quality of technological operations performed shows that production, in addition to the cost of implementation, is also affected by the implementation of technological operations, machine complex and technology, selected by its working bodies.

Digital agricultural technologies in the “Smart garden” system

The article presents the key parameters of modern systems of technological processes design, control and management of plant life parameters and robotic machines for the implementation of environmentally friendly technologies in the “Smart garden” system. The software and hardware, ensuring the formation and management of machine technologies of the perennial garden plantings maintenance that allow for economically managed, environmentally safe and sustainable production, taking into account the interests of producers in specific production conditions were analyzed. The article describes the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles and robotic machines in horticulture in the management of production processes, technical means of navigation, control over the implementation of technological operations, digital monitoring of crop yields, analysis of diseases and pests on plants. The classification of the means of remote information acquisition installed on the ground robotic means and aircraft was given. The priority tasks for increasing the efficiency of the “Smart Garden” system application, connected with the creation of a unified information network for the collection, storage and processing of data on the parameters of plant life, development of universal modules of technical vision and algorithms for pattern recognition of biological objects in horticulture and fundamentally new mechatronic robotic means for the implementation of technological processes in horticulture (harvesting manipulators, robotic weeders, platforms for monitoring plantations) were determined.

Operational Control of the Feed of the Harvester

Comparison of normative and actual indicators on mining testifies to inefficient work of the excavating equipment. The results of the correlation analysis of the speed of movement of the harvester relative to the section of the support with the readings of methane sensors revealed a significant dependence. When conducting mining operations in complex geological conditions at great depths, a joint step-by-step carrying out of various technological processes is required to ensure the preparation, opening and excavation of reserves and the creation of safe conditions for mining coal seams. At the same time, efforts should be made to minimize time, human and energy resources. In this regard, of particular importance is the right choice of the program of operational management of technological processes of mining, monitoring the implementation of technological operations for the timely detection of deviations from the selected mode, adjustment of the established current modes of operation of technological processes and the development, if necessary, measures aimed at reducing the risks of accidents. A promising direction of solving this problem is the use of modeling methods. The developed models of technological processes of the mining enterprise will allow planning production and supporting decision-making in the implementation of operational management.

Automated Unit for Magnetic-Pulse Processing of Plants in Horticulture

Introduction. The current level of agricultural production, including horticulture, is determined by intelligent machine technologies and new generation technical means with modern information and instrument support. The implementation of digital intelligent agricultural technologies in industrial gardening requires a fundamental change in the paradigm of technical support, based on the development and application of new automatic and unmanned machines, equipment and software for managing work processes of machines, navigating technical means, controlling the implementation of technological operations, monitoring the yield of agricultural crops, analyzing diseases and pests on plants and other technological functions. Materials and Methods. 3D model is visualized in the computer-aided design “KOMPAS-3D” through using the methods of mathematical modeling, theoretical mechanics and optimal design. A prototype of an automated unit for magnetic pulse processing of plants is made. The program code for calculating the required movement of the actuator rod is developed in the Sublime Text editor. C++programming language was used. The functionality of the computer program is related to the capabilities of controllers STM32, Arduino Mega/ Uno/Nano. Nextion 2.4 (the TFT screen 320x240) for the graphical output and interaction was used. Results. An automated unit with the algorithm of the drive control system of working bodies were developed during the technological operation of magnetic pulse processing of plants, taking into account the agro-technological parameters of garden plantations. A computer program with both automat and remote control was designed for driving the working bodies. Conclusions. The unit allows introducing a new environmentally safe technological method of stimulating vital and growth processes of fruit crops. This device provides the most efficient operation through automatic adjustment to various agro-technological parameters of plantings, providing the required value of magnetic induction in the working area on plant objects in the field. Keywords: magnetic pulse processing, control system, automated unit, irradiation of plants, gardening, low-frequency magnetic field For citation: Smirnov I. G., Khort D. O., Filippov R. A., Kutyrev A. I., Artiushin A. A. Automated Unit for Magnetic-Pulse Processing of Plants in Horticulture. Vestnik Mordovskogo universiteta = Mordovia University Bulletin. 2018; 28(4):624–642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15507/0236-2910.028.201804.624-642

Running gear of machine-tractor units and their influence on the quality of performed operations

The machine-tractor unit is a key element in an implementation of technological operations in the cropping. Running gears with wheeled and caterpillar propulsion device are used in the modern tractors. During an interaction of the ground with tractor propulsion devices, the ground is pulverized on one side and it is compacted on the other side during the slipping. Besides, the wheeled movers have the slipping several times higher than caterpillar movers. The aim of the research is an analysis of running gears of machine-tractor units and their influence on the quality of performed technological operations. The paper discusses an analysis of parameters of wheeled and replaceable caterpillar movers to the tractor K-701, which have the same dimensions. One of the main external influences on the unit is the surface profile of the field. The main source of tractor oscillations are the unevennesses of the way. At the same time, characteristic areas for the operation of machine-tractor units are very various, the most characteristic of them are a stubble field, a plowed field, a prepared field, a field road and others. The analysis of spectral densities of the surface profile of the field on which the tractor operates shows that with increasing speed, the spectral density decreases rapidly, and the maximum of the spectral density shifts toward higher values of the frequencies. It has been established that the frequency range, which has the greatest effect on the machine-tractor unit on the basis of the tractor K-701 on the replacement caterpillar mover 1...4 sec-1, on the wheel mover - 1...7 sec-1. The replaceable caterpillar mover for a 5 сlass tractor has significant advantages over a wheeled mover, since it filters (smoothes) 2,1...2,8 times more irregularities, which improves working conditions, smooth of running and other indicators of the machine-tractor unit.

ENSURING WORK SAFETY DURING PREPARATION OF RAW GAS USING LOW TEMPERATURE SEPARATION UNIT

A host of complex gas, which is composed of an apparatus for implementing the process of low-temperature separation, is characterized by high pressures. So, gas coming from gas fields may reach values of pressure 12 MPa, which in the event of an accident, creates a risk of harm to the staff servicing this node. Thus, the necessary calculation of wall thickness of pipelines and gas equipment. Besides, the condensation of the heavy components of the gas stream is accompanied by a significant release of cold, which can cause adverse effects on personnel working with this equipment. Supersonic separation involves the expansion of pre-cleaned from mechanical impurities downhole products in a supersonic nozzle profile, which is accompanied by temperature decrease. When passing the critical section of the nozzle the gas flow reaches the speed of sound and later in the diffuser is cooled to the desired temperature. From the point of view of ensuring safety of the working personnel, the implementation method of low-temperature separation allows to avoid unwanted negative effects. This is because this technology does not involve the participation of employees, during the implementation of technological operations, as required, for example, the expander technology. The paper discusses promising from the point of view of modernization of existing installations of complex preparation of gas of low-temperature separation of a supersonic technology based on the use of isentropic expansion, followed by isentropic compression of the gas stream instead of the classic isoenthalpic cooling. For analysis of the nozzle was realized a mathematical model of the supersonic nozzle. Numerical simulation plays an important role in accelerating the development of the method necessary to optimize and improve the separation efficiency and reduce the cost of this method. To ensure trouble-free operation of the technology in question was used to calculate the thickness of the wall based on the loads acting on the profile, caused by the pressure of the medium inside the nozzle, and stresses in the metal from temperature changes.

The Use of PLC for the Implementation of Technological Operations

Programmable Logic Controllers are important part of automation, performed in computer technology. They are applied in many areas of technology. The aim of this study is to present the drilling process of discs on the test rig prepared for the use in industrial conditions. S7-200 controller with operator panel TD200 has been applied to conduct the technological process, and programme STEP was used to support particular commands. It has been shown that the correct operation of the drilling process is dependent on the optimal design of the technological process. The algorithm depends on the programming language dedicated to the controller. The optimal operation of the controller is dependent on the number of input circuits gathering information on the object status and on the appropriate number and type of output devices connected to the actuators, and to the signalling or data transmission elements.