Implementation Of Tax Research Articles

Overall tax avoidance and overall tax burden stickiness: the suppressing effect of R&D investment in China

ABSTRACT It is important of tax burden stickiness to reveal the special phenomena that the operating conditions of enterprises are not synchronised with the changes of tax burden, but research on overall tax burden stickiness in emerging markets is relatively scarce. This study aims to investigate the suppressing effect of R&D investment on overall tax avoidance and overall tax burden stickiness of Chinese listed companies. We obtain the following conclusions: (1) Overall tax burden stickiness exists among listed Chinese companies. (2) Chinese listed companies have generally significant overall tax avoidance. (3) Overall tax avoidance has a significant positive direct effect, alleviating overall tax burden stickiness, but R&D investment partially offsets the positive influence of overall tax avoidance on overall tax burden stickiness, and the suppressing effect reaches 0.007. Our results illustrate that the implementation of tax planning for R&D projects can reduce R&D investment, so overall tax avoidance will deteriorate overall tax burden stickiness through R&D investment. Therefore, to improve resource utilisation efficiency and tax burden sensitivity to changes in revenue, tax planning should strike a balance between an effective reduction of R&D investment and alleviating tax burden stickiness as operating conditions fluctuate to achieve maximum tax benefits.

The Revised Case of IP Regimes Under the GloBE Rules: A Canadian Perspective

After action 5 of the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project identified intellectual property (IP) regimes as harmful, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) proceeded to recommend that favourable tax treatment be available only under a nexus approach. More than 25 countries now offer a form of IP regime. The introduction of the global minimum tax may limit the effectiveness of IP regimes. The impact of this tax will vary with the circumstances, however. A comprehensive examination of the optimal alignment of innovation tax incentives for multinational enterprises (MNEs) must be undertaken under the GloBE rules. In this paper, the authors begin by providing an overview of the global context of IP regime adoption, and they summarize some research findings with respect to the effectiveness of this type of preferential tax regime in achieving the objectives set by governments. Next, they present examples to illustrate, in simple terms, some of the interactions that must be considered when these regimes are being designed in a Canadian context. From the MNEs' perspective, the impact of the interaction between the GloBE rules and research and development (R & D) incentives will depend on, among other things, (1) the location of the IP income, tangible assets, and R & D activities; (2) the proportion of IP income; and (3) the possibility of leveraging the corporate structure. From a tax policy perspective, the introduction of the GloBE rules will in some cases not alter the suitability of an IP-preferential regime when the effective tax rate remains above 15 percent. When the GloBE rules apply, however, the characteristics of the tax regime—for example, IP regime tax rates, R & D incentive mechanisms, and (most of all) the additive effect of the measures (federal plus provincial measures, and R & D credits plus IP deductions)—will alter the results. From the perspective of tax competition, the opportunity to adopt an IP regime also depends on the perceived risks of losing or deterring R & D activities now that IP regimes are related to local R & D activities and are widespread. Finally, the federal-provincial context complicates the design and the deployment of a tax policy that is aimed at stimulating innovation and that will require some form of negotiation, if not cooperation, with the implementation of a global minimum tax.

Implementation of Good Corporate Governance and Tax Planning On Company Value

The objective of this study to identify Good Corporate Governance and Tax Planning on Firm Value using secondary data taken from the annual financial statements of companies listed on IDX during the 2017-2020 period. The method in this study is purposive sampling, which consists of 11 companies that have been selected for sample. Independent variables in this study are managerial ownership, institutional ownership, independent board of commissioners, audit committee, tax planning. Dependent variable use in this study is firm value. The data analysis method used multiple linear regression using SPPS 25 software with a significant level of 0.05. The results of this study indicate that managerial ownership and institutional ownership have a positive effect on firm value, the board of commissioners has a negative effect on firm value, audit committees and tax planning have no effect on firm value.

Strengthening Zakat Rules in Indonesia: A Legal Study of the Law on the Government of Aceh

Aceh is a province with special authority under the Law Number 11 of 2006 on the Government of Aceh (Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Aceh/UUPA). The special authority is mentioned, among other regulations, in Article 180, which makes zakat the source of original income of the Aceh Region and the district or city. This study is a normative juridical research, that is, a study that analyses the regulations of laws that set law as a system of norms.The data collection technique used in this research is a literature studies of laws and regulations. This study concludes that zakat management in Aceh is regulated based on the UUPA of 2006. Baitul Mal Aceh and Baitul Mal districts or cities manage the institutions that regulate it. In addition, this legal regulation also explains that the amount of zakat paid is a deductible expense from the taxpayer's income tax liability. However, the existence of zakat, as stipulated in a number of UUPA articles, has not been implemented as expected. The absence of government regulations governing the implementation of taxes as a deductible factor for the amount of income tax payable is one of the reasons for not implementing Article 192. This government regulation is an essential factor towards strengthening the law on the Government of Aceh as part of the Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding mandate. The principle of lex specialis derogate lex generalis must be used as a legal argument in order to encourage the implementation of these regulations. Since Aceh is a region with special autonomy, the application of its law must also be handled specifically.

The Legal Framework for Carbon Tax: A Case of Cameroon

This article builds a case in favour of using carbon tax as a cost-effective tool for regulating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as part of the climate change mitigation solution in terms of discouraging further GHG emission. Drawing on existing primary and secondary data, the article makes an assessment of the Cameroon’s legal environment for the design and implementation of carbon tax and articulates on the prospects and challenges of designing and implementing it. The article postulates that in spite of the promising opportunities that carbon tax offers for regulating GHG emissions, the potentials of this climate-smart fiscal policy tool has not yet been explored within the framework of climate governance in Cameroon. The article finds that while the spirit of carbon tax is underpinned by relevant environmental law principles, there is a timid legal framework both at the international and national levels for using carbon to regulate GHG emissions in Cameroon. The article concludes with a recommendation of the strong need for Cameroon to introduce a carbon-tax system as one of the cost-effective measures to reduce the country’s GHG emissions by adopting a carbon tax legal instrument designed specifically to target major GHG emitters across dozens of economic sectors. The model of carbon tax proposed for Cameroon could be useful and replicable elsewhere.

ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN BIMA TAHUN ANGGARAN 2017- 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the regional financial management performance of the Bima Regency Government. This type of research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The data analysis technique used is to calculate the ratio of effectiveness, the ratio of regional financial independence, the ratio of the degree of decentralization and the ratio of activity (Direct and Indirect Expenditures). The Effectiveness Ratio of Regional Original Income (PAD) for Bima Regency shows that the implementation of dominant regional taxes and fees is at a low level (below 100%) or ineffective. Based on the calculation of the Regional Financial Independence Ratio for Bima Regency from 2017 to 2021, the relationship pattern from 2017 to 2021 is entirely instructive with very low finances. The Activity Ratio shows that the ratio of indirect spending to total spending is still greater than the ratio of direct spending to total spending. The conclusion from the financial performance analysis of the Bima Regency Government for 2017-2021 has not run optimally as expected.

SUGAR SWEETENED BEVERAGE TAX AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

Introduction: Sugar Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) consumption has increased to higher levels across all corners of the world. High sugar diets in the form of SSBs lead to increased calorie intake with almost no nutritive value when compared to solid food and contributes to the increased energy intake resulting in an unhealthy weight gain, often associated with health issues such as obesity, diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases, early tooth decay and formation of cavities. It is also observed that consumption of SSBs is linked to unhealthy habits like smoking, decreased physical activity, increased intake of fast food and increased screen time. Method: The required information on SSB tax implementation at the global level was retrieved from the literature reviews. Result: Taking such detrimental effects of SSBs into consideration, many countries are putting efforts to tackle the problem of higher consumption of SSBs by adopting measures such as taxations on SSBs. However, it is also extremely important to understand how these taxes help in generating higher revenues to the government which, in turn, can be used for various community needs in the respective countries. Conclusion: The same revenue can also be utilised for implementation of comprehensive healthcare programmes especially in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), by providing preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative services as a way to progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC).

Can the water resources tax policy effectively stimulate the water saving behavior of social water users? A DSGE model embedded in water resources tax.

Whether the implementation of the water resources tax policy can stimulate the water-saving behavior of social water users is one of the important criteria for evaluating the implementation effect of the tax reform policy. Taking Hebei Province, the first tax reform pilot in China, as an example. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE) with embedded water resources tax is constructed to simulate the persistent impact of water resources tax on water-saving objectives. The research shows that: (1) Water resources tax can effectively achieve the goal of water-saving and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources. (2) Levying water resources tax helps to improve the water-saving awareness of enterprises and residents. It can also encourage enterprises to optimize production structures. (3) Rational and efficient use of special water resources protection funds is the basis for ensuring the effective implementation of water resources tax. It can also improve the recycling capacity of water resources. The results show that the government should speed up formulating a reasonable water resources tax rate and accelerate the construction of water resources tax protection measures. To ensure the relatively steady state of water resources utilization and protection, and achieve the dual goals of sustainable economic development and sustainable use of water resources. The research results of this paper reveal the internal logic of the comprehensive impact of water resources tax on the economy and society and provide an important basis for the national promotion of tax reform policy.

Indonesia's Economic Impact of the Carbon Tax

What is the impact of the adoption of the carbon tax on climate change, carbon dioxide emissions, and other impacts on the Indonesian economy? is the research question raised in this paper. This study is crucial because although the Indonesian economy hasn't fully recovered, the government has announced plans to impose additional taxes that will burden businesses and industries and may lead to an increase in unemployment as a result of layoffs. This study was inspired by a number of studies on climate change and carbon dioxide emissions that show that, by 2050, the world will become hotter and more people would die from breathing poor air as a result of rising carbon dioxide emissions. The author tries to determine what effect a carbon price might have on Indonesia's economy. Data on the adoption of carbon taxes in 15 countries that have already done so was gathered by the authors between 1990 and 2019. This study adopted a descriptive qualitative methodology. The implementation of carbon taxes in several countries such as Finland and Sweden has proven successful in reducing carbon emissions and does not have a negative impact on their country's economy.

Changes in Dental Outcomes After Implementation of the Philadelphia Beverage Tax

Beverage taxes are associated with declines in sugar-sweetened beverage sales and consumption, but few studies have evaluated the associations of these taxes with health outcomes. This study analyzed changes in dental decay after the implementation of the Philadelphia sweetened beverage tax. Electronic dental record data were obtained on 83,260 patients living in Philadelphia and control areas from 2014 to 2019. Difference-in-differences analyses compared the number of new Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth with that of new Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces before (January 2014-December 2016) and after (January 2019-December 2019) tax implementation in Philadelphia and control patients. Analyses were conducted in older children/adults (aged ≥15 years) and younger children (aged <15 years). Subgroup analyses stratified by Medicaid status. Analyses were conducted in 2022. The number of new Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth did not change after tax implementation in Philadelphia in panel analyses of older children/adults (difference-in-differences= -0.02, 95% CI= -0.08, 0.03) or younger children (difference-in-differences=0.07, 95% CI= -0.08, 0.23). There were similarly no post-tax changes in the number of new Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces. However, in cross-sectional samples of patients on Medicaid, the number of new Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth was lower after tax implementation in older children/adults (difference-in-differences= -0.18, 95% CI= -0.34, -0.03; -22% decline) and younger children (difference-in-differences= -0.22, 95% CI= -0.46, 0.01; -30% decline), with similar results for number of new Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces. The Philadelphia beverage tax was not associated with reduced tooth decay in the general population, but it was associated with reduced tooth decay in adults and children on Medicaid, suggesting potential health benefits for low-income populations.

Abstract P510: Increase in Obesity Reduction Initiatives in San Francisco After Sugary Beverages Tax Implementation

A diet high in sugar sweetened beverages (SSB, has been shown to be associated with adverse health outcomes. Several cities across the US have implemented SSB taxes to decrease consumption and distribution of sugary drinks. Revenues generated from taxes were often allocated to fund public health programs and enhancements to reduce obesity. We examined efforts in San Francisco where the Sugary Drinks Distributor Tax (SDDT or “soda tax”) was implemented in 2018. SDDT legislation mandated the establishment of the Sugary Drinks Distributor Tax Advisory Committee (SDDTAC), responsible for making annual recommendations for the allocation of tax-generated revenues. We reviewed SDDTAC recommendations and funding for new and existing services that support public health through reduction and prevention of diet related diseases. We assessed if there was a significant increase in funding and number of health promotion programs implemented in San Francisco after the implementation of the SDDT. We documented obesity prevention initiatives resulting from increased tax revenue. We reviewed city government budget documents and press releases at least 1 year before tax implementation (2017) and 4 years post (2018-2022). We cataloged initiatives for adults and children including health education, nutrition and lifestyle, and community projects. The first full year of SDDT implementation (2018-19) saw the highest revenue generated at $16,097,908. Total revenue for the implementation period (2018-2021) was reported as $42,415,548. The revenue generated in the first six months of fiscal year (FY) 2018 was spent in FY2019-2020. During that period, the San Francisco Public Health Foundation awarded 26 one-year SDDT community grants - aligning with priority expenditure categories for SDDTAC - totaling $1,702,211. SDDTAC priority categories include decreasing consumption of sugary drinks, increasing water consumption, oral health, healthy food access, physical activity, and other (e.g. research/Community-Based Participatory Research, new innovations, etc.). [ACV1] In FY2019-2020 78% of SDDT revenues were spent on Healthy Communities, oral health, Healthy Food Purchasing Supplement grants and SF City Funded Agencies’ programming. The remaining 22% were spent on social media grants, infrastructure, and administrative costs. To address COVID-19, $1.65 million of unused funds from FY2019-20 supported food security and food distribution for vulnerable populations. Tax generated funding for 65 new or existing programs since implementation. New programs are funded each year: five new Policy Systems and Environmental Change programs were funded in FY2019-2020 and one new school-based program funded in FY2021-22. We observed a significant increase in number of health programs in San Francisco since SDDT implementation.

The Impact of Water Resources Tax Policy on Water Saving Behavior

The Chinese water administration department has continuously explored and formulated regulatory and market-oriented water control policies to alleviate the contradiction between water shortage and economic and social development and promote the new idea of ‘water-saving first’ water control. Among them, implementing a water resources tax policy as a price means has achieved initial success. The water-saving effect of water resources tax collection is one of the important bases for determining whether the tax reform will be promoted nationwide in the next stage. Based on this, taking Hubei Province, the first tax reform pilot in China, as an example, water resource elements are integrated into the economic system and a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE) is constructed, embedded in water resources tax to simulate the persistent impact of such a tax on water saving objectives. The research shows that: (1) A water resources tax can effectively achieve the goal of water-saving and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources. (2) Levying a water resources tax helps to improve the water-saving awareness of enterprises and residents and promotes enterprises to optimize their production structure. (3) Rational and efficient use of special water resources protection funds is the basis for ensuring the effective implementation of a water resources tax. It can also improve the recycling capacity of water resources. This means that the government should speed up the exploration of the relationship between supply and demand for comprehensive water resources, to establish a reasonable range of water resources tax rates to guarantee people’s livelihoods, and to accelerate the construction of water resources tax guarantee measures, in order to achieve a relatively steady-state of water resources utilization and protection, realizing the dual goal of sustainable economic development and sustainable use of water resources.

Changes in sugar-sweetened beverage purchases across the price distribution after the implementation of a tax in Mexico: a before-and-after analysis

BackgroundA tax of one-Mexican peso per liter of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) came into effect in January 2014 in Mexico as a national health policy to tackle the high overweight and obesity prevalence. Previous studies have shown an overall reduction in SSB purchases after the tax implementation. However, it remains unknown whether and to what extent SSB consumers switched to cheaper taxed beverages, attenuating the potential effect of the policy. Our study’s objective was to estimate changes in household purchases of taxed SSBs by tertiles of SSB prices (low, middle, and high) in urban areas after the SSB tax implementation in 2014.MethodsBased on purchase data for 2012–2015 from households living in 54 Mexican cities with a population > 50,000 inhabitants, we calculated unit-value SSB prices for the full period and sorted them on a monthly basis to create monthly price tertiles. We merged these price tertiles to household purchases and created average monthly ml/capita/day SSB purchases by price tertile at the city level. We assessed SSB purchase switching patterns before and after the tax implementation through price-tertile stratified linear models. The main variable in the models was a dummy indicator that allowed us to identify the pre-tax period (2012–13) and post-tax period (2014–15). We controlled our models for time trends and contextual economic variables.ResultsIn the regression adjusted models, we found a statistically significant purchase reduction ranging between 10.80 and 13.79 ml/capita/day (p-value < 0.001) across taxed beverages from the middle-price SSB after the tax implementation. We observed no statistically significant reductions in purchases of low-price SSBs and high-price SSBs.ConclusionsOur findings show purchase reductions in the middle-price SSBs, which represents ≈30% of the overall SSB purchases in urban Mexico. Future studies should be conducted to test if the redesign of the current the tax, by either doubling the tax amount or taxing sugar content, might reduce more effectively purchases across all SSBs.

Evaluation of solar photovoltaic carport canopy with electric vehicle charging potential

While sustainable mobility and decarbonization of transportation sector are among the most comprehensive solutions to the problem of climate change, electric vehicles (EV) are becoming increasingly popular as the future mode of transport. In this study, the integration of a solar carport canopy to a potential EV charging station is analyzed using various operating conditions. A detailed analysis has been provided for the carport located in southern Taiwan, Kaohsiung city, where electricity generation, emission impacts, and financial analysis of the solar EV charging station are discussed. The results of a case study showed a potential of 140 MWh/year of solar energy yield, which could provide solar electricity of more than 3000 vehicles per month with 1-h parking time, generating 94% lower total carbon dioxide emission than the electricity produced from traditional grid methods. Taken into account the impact of carbon tax implementation on driver economics, the results demonstrated the viability of such photovoltaic (PV)-based charging stations, particularly for possible higher carbon tax scenarios in the future. The presented results can be implemented on a larger scale, offering guidelines and tools for constructing solar-powered EV charging station infrastructure.

Changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the first two years (2018 - 2020) of San Francisco's tax: A prospective longitudinal study.

Sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are a promising strategy to decrease SSB consumption, and their inequitable health impacts, while raising revenue to meet social objectives. In 2016, San Francisco passed a one cent per ounce tax on SSBs. This study compared SSB consumption in San Francisco to that in San José, before and after tax implementation in 2018. A longitudinal panel of adults (n = 1,443) was surveyed from zip codes in San Francisco and San José, CA with higher densities of Black and Latino residents, racial/ethnic groups with higher SSB consumption in California. SSB consumption was measured at baseline (11/17-1/18), one- (11/18-1/19), and two-years (11/19-1/20) after the SSB tax was implemented in January 2018. Average daily SSB consumption (in ounces) was ascertained using the BevQ-15 instrument and modeled as both continuous and binary (high consumption: ≥6 oz (178 ml) versus low consumption: <6 oz) daily beverage intake measures. Weighted generalized linear models (GLMs) estimated difference-in-differences of SSB consumption between cities by including variables for year, city, and their interaction, adjusting for demographics and sampling source. In San Francisco, average SSB consumption in the sample declined by 34.1% (-3.68 oz, p = 0.004) from baseline to 2 years post-tax, versus San José which declined 16.5% by 2 years post-tax (-1.29 oz, p = 0.157), a non-significant difference-in-differences (-17.6%, adjusted AMR = 0.79, p = 0.224). The probability of high SSB intake in San Francisco declined significantly more than in San José from baseline to 2-years post-tax (AOR[interaction] = 0.49, p = 0.031). The difference-in-differences of odds of high consumption, examining the interaction between cities, time and poverty, was far greater (AOR[city*year 2*federal poverty level] = 0.12, p = 0.010) among those living below 200% of the federal poverty level 2-years post-tax. Average SSB intake declined significantly in San Francisco post-tax, but the difference in differences between cities over time did not vary significantly. Likelihood of high SSB intake declined significantly more in San Francisco by year 2 and more so among low-income respondents.

Corporate Innovation Incentive Policy During Business Cycles: Fiscal Subsidies or Tax Incentives?

ABSTRACT This paper empirically tests the incentive effect of fiscal policy on corporate innovation from 2007 to 2019 in China. With data from A-share-listed companies in the China Stock Market & Accounting Research (CSMAR) and Wind databases and GDP data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC), the paper uses the Hodrick – Prescott (HP) filter method and a panel fixed effects model to empirically test the incentive effect of fiscal and tax policies on corporate innovation, compares the incentive differences between tax incentives and fiscal subsidies across different business cycles, and conducts heterogeneity analysis. The study finds that although fiscal subsidies and tax incentives promote enterprise innovation, the innovation incentive effect of fiscal subsidies is greater during an economic downturn than during an upturn. In contrast, tax incentives are stronger during an economic upturn than during a downturn. The results of this research may help to develop economic policies and to guide the precise implementation of tax and fee reductions.

Tax on sugary drinks and trends in daily soda consumption by family affluence: an international repeated cross-sectional survey among European adolescents

BackgroundThe WHO recommends soda taxes to reduce sugar consumption, but the effect across socioeconomic groups is unclear. ObjectivesWe assessed 16-y trends in daily soda consumption among adolescents in 4 European countries with a soda tax and 5 comparison countries, by family affluence. MethodsFive rounds of the international “Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children” school-based survey were used (school years 2001/2002 to 2017/2018, repeated cross-sectional design). Finland, France, Belgium, and Portugal introduced or updated a soda tax during this period. For comparison, we selected 5 neighboring countries without such a tax. Nationally representative samples of adolescents aged 13 and 15 y (n = 165,521; 51.2% girls) completed a standardized questionnaire, including a question on soda consumption frequency. Using the family affluence scale (FAS), we categorized adolescents into lower-, middle- or higher-affluent groups. Changes in daily soda consumption were assessed in each country independently. ResultsBefore taxation, daily soda consumption was more likely among lower-affluent adolescents in France and Belgium (P < 0.001, socioeconomic inequalities) and was similar across FAS groups in Finland and Portugal (no inequalities). After the tax, daily soda consumption was reduced across all FAS groups in Finland, Belgium, and Portugal (Pinteractions ≥ 0.33). In France, a posttax decrease was observed only among lower-affluent adolescents (ORlower, 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96; reduced inequalities). During the same periods, socioeconomic patterns remained stable in 3 comparison countries (Pinteractions ≥ 0.38), and larger reductions in daily soda consumption were observed among middle- or higher-affluent adolescents compared with lower-affluent adolescents in the remaining 2 comparison countries (Pinteractions ≤ 0.08, increased inequalities). ConclusionsSocioeconomic patterns did not change after the tax implementation in 3 out of 4 countries, and socioeconomic inequalities were reduced in France. Taxing sodas might be an effective measure to attenuate, or at least not exacerbate, socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent daily soda consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 20XX;xx:xx–xx.

Research on the New Round of Individual Income Tax Policy Reform

In order to analyze the reform effect of individual income tax policy in 2018, the income redistribution effect of various individual income tax collection schemes is compared through the tracking survey data of China Family Panel Studies. The research shows that the personal income tax reform has reduced the tax burden of taxpayers on the whole. Among the four reform measures, only the implementation of comprehensive income tax has a positive effect on the distribution effect. As the main beneficiaries are mainly high-income people, this round of reform has weakened the redistribution effect on residents’ income. Therefore, measures such as adhering to the direction of comprehensive taxation, prudently reforming the basic reduction of fees and tax rates, subsidizing low-income people and strengthening the supervision of high-income people will help to enhance the redistribution effect of individual income tax.

Development in Implementation of Carbon Tax: A Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to map various research articles related to development trends in implementation of the carbon tax from 1994 to 2021. This study used a quantitative method with a bibliometric approach. Mapping is based on the level of publisher accreditation, quality of journals, theories used, unit of analysis, research methods, number of years of coverage, dependent &amp; independent variables, and results. The research articles used in this study are as many as 84 that are published by accredited journals and indexed by Scopus. Most of the research used a quantitative method also dependent variables and three independent variables. Most of the result shows the carbon tax is considered to have a positive impact on reducing gas emissions.

The impact of tax and fee reduction on enterprise financialization—a quasi-natural experiment based on "replacing business tax with value-added tax"

Tax reduction and fee reduction is an important measure to increase the impetus of economic and social development and support the long-term healthy development of real enterprises, which has an important impact on the business strategy of enterprises. Under the background of tax reduction and fee reduction and enterprises "shifting from real to virtual", this paper takes the implementation of replacing business tax with value-added tax as A quasi-natural experiment, and uses the data of all Chinese A-share listed companies from 2009 to 2015 to investigate the impact of tax reduction and fee reduction on enterprise financialization through the DID model. Moreover, the corresponding robustness test is carried out. The research shows that tax and fee reduction can not only directly reduce the tax burden of enterprises, but also have positive significance to restrain the level of enterprise financialization and promote the development of the real economy. It provides experience for the subsequent implementation of tax and fee reduction policies, and also provides reference for regulators to take reasonable measures to prevent and defuse financial risks.