Implementation Of Tax Research Articles

The Impact of Implementing a Carbon Tax on Welfare: Case Study of Indonesia and The Other ASEAN Member Countries

Green House Gases emitted into the atmosphere over decades cause global warming now. The aim of this research is the impact of implementing the carbon tax on welfare in Indonesia. The research method used is the CGE method using GTAP-E to evaluate energy policy in the economy. GTAP-E consists of 140 countries and 57 sectors combined into forty-two regions and eight sectors. Using carbon tax scenario (simulation 1 is 1.93 USD/ton CO 2, simulation 2 is 3.72 USD/ton CO 2, and simulation 3 is 4.83 USD/ton CO 2). The results of the Indonesian equivalent variation show a negative value. The higher the carbon tax is applied, the greater the decline in welfare. This is also felt by all research countries except the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Oceania, OtherSEAsia, East Asia, Argentina, Japan, Poland, Portugal, and Ukraine. The variable of the regional demand, it can be seen that the carbon tax causes Indonesia's regional income to increase, and Singapore's income to decrease, while other countries experience no change in income. The primary factor return ratio also shows that the increase in the carbon tax caused a decline in the Land, Unsklab, Sklab, Capital, and Natural Resources sectors. Indonesia's GDP also shows a decrease if a higher carbon tax is implemented, but other countries have no impact on GDP. The Carbon emissions show that it decreases to Indonesia. So, the implementation of the carbon tax causes a decrease in welfare as seen from the equivalent variation, Primary Return Ratio, and GDP in Indonesia. The government must have an alternative policy if a carbon tax is implemented in Indonesia.

The role of ICT investment, digital financial inclusion, and environmental tax in promoting sustainable energy development in the MENA region: Evidences with Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCE) and instrumental variable-adjusted DCE.

His research investigates the interplay among investment in Information and Communication Technology [ICT], digital financial inclusion, environmental tax policies, and their impact on the progression of sustainable energy development within the Middle East and North Africa [MENA] region. Recognizing the distinctive hurdles impeding sustainable energy advancement, effective policy formulation and implementation in MENA necessitate a comprehensive understanding of these variables. Employing a Dynamic Common Correlated Effects [DCE] model alongside an instrumental variable-adjusted DCE approach, this study explores the relationship between ICT investment, digital financial inclusion, environmental tax, and sustainable energy development. The DCE model facilitates the analysis of dynamic effects and potential correlations, while the instrumental variable-adjusted DCE model addresses issues pertaining to endogeneity. The results indicate that both ICT investment and the promotion of digital financial inclusion significantly and positively impact sustainable energy development in the MENA region. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of environmental tax implementation in fostering sustainable energy advancement, highlighting the critical role of environmental policy interventions. Based on these findings, governmental prioritization of ICT investment and initiatives for digital financial service integration is recommended to bolster sustainable energy growth in MENA. Furthermore, the adoption of efficient environmental tax measures is essential to incentivize sustainable energy practices and mitigate environmental degradation. These policy recommendations aim to create a conducive environment for sustainable energy progression in the MENA region, contributing to both economic prosperity and environmental conservation.

Transparancy Level of Compliance and Implementation Government Regulation Number 55 Of 2022 For Taxpayers in The Bekasi City

The author in conducting this research conducted research related to PP No 55 of 2022 concerning improvements regarding the regulations and treatment of income tax for taxpayers.The purpose of this study is to find out more deeply about the level of measurement and implementation of PP No 55 of 2022 regarding the determination and implementation of income tax on taxpayers,especially in the city of Bekasi and its surroundings. The research method used is a symmetric qualitative descriptive method with a factor analysis content approach using data from 25 informants during the period March 2023-June 2023.Researchers used in person and online interviews in the retail sector and manufacturers who are tax exempt and corporate taxpayers in the Bekasi City Regions.The research is very useful for knowing the level of compliance of individual PPh taxpayers and corporate PPhtaxpayers,especially for regarding transparency ,compliance and implementation of PP No 55 of 2022 concerning the application of individual taxes and corporate PPh taxpayers.The limitations of this research are only limited to the level of compliance and implementation of taxpayers in the category of retail and manufacturers, especially individual taxpayers and corporate taxpayers in the Bekasi City areas.The research contribution is to increase the income of the national tax sector for the imposition of income tax on individual taxpayers and corporate taxpayers the Bekasi City areas and their surroundings.The results of the research of transparency,compliance and increase implementation in awareness of paying taxes for entrepreneurs.

Global Goods and Services Tax: A Macro-Economic Perspective

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the global implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) to understand the diverse GST models adopted and examine their impact on key economic indicators. Through a detailed analysis of GST frameworks in selected countries such as Australia, Canada, India, Maldives, New Zealand and Singapore. The study analyses common trends and differences in tax structures, registration processes and the treatment of exempted goods and services. The findings of the study reveal a consistent pattern of increased tax revenue and GDP growth post-implementation of GST. Additionally, the study explores the impact of GST on trade dynamics, employment levels, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and savings rates across these nations. While the impact on inflation varies among the countries. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of well-planned implementation of GST as it is a crucial tax reform contributing to economic growth and stability on a global scale.

Design, global energy integration, and sustainability analyses of a process coupling renewable energy water electrolysis for hydrogen production with ammonia synthesis

The conventional ammonia synthesis process typically depends on fossil energy and faces challenges such as low utilization of elements and high CO2 emissions, leading to unsatisfactory economic performance. In order to achieve green synthesis and sustainable development of ammonia, this study constructed a process for renewable energy water electrolysis hydrogen production coupled with ammonia synthesis. The process includes: PEM electrolysis water hydrogen production coupling synthesis ammonia (PEM-GHtA) and SOEC electrolysis water hydrogen production coupling synthesis ammonia (SOEC-GHtA). Compared to traditional ammonia synthesis, the new process eliminates the use of carbon conversion for hydrogen production. Instead, it utilizes green electrolysis to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, leading to enhanced energy efficiency and decreased carbon emissions. By employing modeling, simulation, global energy integration, and conducting technical and economic analysis of the new process, this study elucidates the technical advantages and economic competitiveness of the new process over the traditional ammonia synthesis process. According to the analysis results, the utilization rates of hydrogen element in the PEM-GHtA and SOEC-GHtA processes are 92.64% and 92.59%, and the utilization rate of nitrogen element is 90.56% and 90.50%, respectively, much higher than the traditional ammonia synthesis process. In addition, the SOEC-GHtA demonstrated improved energy efficiency, achieving a range of 72.19–75.08%. The CO2 emissions of the two green ammonia synthesis processes are 0.17–0.81 t CO2/t NH3, much lower than the 1.6–3.6 t CO2/t NH3 of the traditional ammonia synthesis process. Based on the current market price, the production cost of green ammonia is relatively high, which has no economic advantage over the traditional ammonia synthesis process. Considering the future implementation of carbon taxes and the decreasing prices of renewable energy electricity to 0.014 $/kWh, the production costs of PEM-GHtA and SOEC-GHtA will be reduced to 359.7 $/t NH3 and 343.5 $/t NH3 respectively. In comparison to the traditional process (403.1–514.7 $/t NH3), the new process offers substantial economic benefits and shows promising prospects for further development.

Implementation of Tax Incentives on Issuers' Financial Ratios: Reduction and Reaction

This study aims to analyze whether the implementation of reduction (deduction) of tax incentives has or does not have a reaction (influence) on the financial ratio (ROE) of shares of IDX issuers LQ45 Index during the COVID-19 outbreak in 2022. The study employs a hypothesis testing approach with classical assumption tests and simple regression analysis, focusing on secondary data from the LQ45 index during the 2022 Covid-19 outbreak. It examined a population of 45, using 36 samples that met specific criteria. A simple linear analysis model was used to investigate the impact, if any, of tax incentive reductions on the financial ratio (ROE) of the issuers' stocks. This study, which uses simple regression analysis, reveals that the implementation of tax incentive reductions made by the Indonesian government does not react (influence) on the financial ratio (ROE) of IDX-listed stocks in the LQ45 Index during the COVID-19 outbreak in 2022. The study suggests that the Indonesian government's tax incentive reductions may not impact the financial ratios (ROE) of companies listed on the IDX, particularly in the LQ45 Index during the Covid-19 outbreak in 2022. This lack of impact is attributed to companies not utilizing these incentives, possibly due to insufficient awareness of their benefits and challenging criteria set by the government for obtaining these incentives. Despite common beliefs that tax incentives can influence financial performance, this study indicates they might not significantly affect the financial ratios of these companies. The real implications is research indicates that the Indonesian government's reduction of tax incentives did not elicit a response in the financial ratio (ROE) of shares issued by LQ45 Index companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the Covid-19 outbreak in 2022. This suggests that the implementation of tax incentive cuts by the Indonesian government had no impact on the financial ratio (ROE) of LQ45 issuer shares during the Covid-19 outbreak in 2022, based on a sample size of 36.

Optimizing the Implementation of Carbon Tax in Reducing the Impact of Environmental Pollution

Carbon taxes are one of the climate control tools that help achieve sustainable economic growth. It is a market-based instrument that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by making it more expensive to emit carbon dioxide. The Indonesian government has shown its seriousness in reducing global warming by establishing carbon tax regulations, including a provision in Law No. 7 of 2021 concerning the Harmonization of Tax Regulations. Despite implementing carbon taxes in several countries, their implementation must be reconsidered to ensure the objective is achieved. Therefore, this research aims to optimize the implementation of a carbon tax to reduce the impact of environmental pollution. This paper will investigate whether or not the carbon tax has already reduced emissions or if it is not affected at all. Three factors could cause carbon emissions: Coal, vehicle, and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, conducting an expectation study encompassing these policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers can gain insights into the potential outcomes and impacts of optimizing the implementation of a carbon tax in reducing environmental pollution. It can inform decision-making processes and help guide the designing and refining adequate and equitable environmental policies.

Analisis Pajak Penghasilan Atas Transaksi Usaha E-Commerce di Kota Kupang

This research aims to analyze the application of Income Tax (PPh) on E-Commerce business transactions in Kupang City. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with qualitative research type. The type of data used in this research is qualitative data, while the data sources come from primary data and secondary data. Data analysis was conducted using data analysis techniques based on Miles and Huberman. The results of the research show that the implementation of income tax (PPh) on E-Commerce businesses in the city of Kupang has not gone well because, up to now there is no separation or grouping of E-Commerce taxes and the majority of E-Commerce business actors have not registered their businesses online

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK DALAM MEMBAYAR PAJAK KENDARAAN BERMOTOR (Studi Kasus Pada Kantor SAMSAT Serpong- Tangerang Selatan)

The purpose of thissstudy is to empirically prove the effect of taxpayerrawareness, moral obligation, implementation of e-samsat, service quality and tax sanctions on taxpayer compliance in paying motor vehicle taxes at the Samsat Serpon office, South Tangerang. This study uses a survey method. through a questionnaire instrument to 100 respondents. The data processing in this study uses the Statistical Product and Service Solution program for Windows version 25 (SPSS version 25) and Microsoft Excel 2010. The results obtained from the study show that moral obligations, implementation of e-samsat, service quality and tax sanctionsshave a significant influence. on taxpayerrcompliance in paying motorrvehicle taxes, while taxpayer awareness does not have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance in paying motor vehicle taxes.

“Director General Review” as a Viable Mechanism to Safeguard Malaysia’s Revenue Through Tax Justice

The Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC) serves as a guide for Customs procedures in the modern era, and Malaysia has signed on as a participating country. One crucial element of the RKC, outlined in Chapter 10 of the text of the convention, is the requirement for national legislation to include a right of appeal in Customs matters. Subsection 143(1) of the Customs Act 1967 empowers the Director General (DG) of Customs to review his own previous decisions, and the Royal Customs Malaysian Department (RMCD) has devised a systematic process referred to in this research as the "DG review." This provision was enacted to comply with the RKC's standards. Subsection 143(1) was amended in 2020 to allow aggrieved parties to submit their applications for “DG review” within 30 days from any DG decisions in the indirect taxes. Despite the amendment, no prior research has been conducted on its effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate the viability of the DG review mechanism in promoting fair and efficient tax implementation. The research employs both doctrinal legal analysis and qualitative methods to scrutinize the laws and regulations governing the right of appeal for indirect tax in Malaysia, as well as the fairness of the DG review process for taxpayers. The outcome of this study is pivotal in proposing legal solutions and validating the amended mechanism outlined in subsection 143(1) of the Customs Act 1967.

Article: Digital Services Tax: Analytical View of Challenges and Successes in Kenya and the United Kingdom

The rapid expansion of digital services is dramatically reshaping the panorama of global taxation. This transformation is notably impacting multinational enterprises (MNEs) that operate in countries where they lack a physical presence. In this study, the authors focus the attention on the implications of digital services offered by these non-resident MNEs operating in the Republic of Kenya and the United Kingdom and representing developing and developed economies, respectively. The article delves into how the burgeoning digital economy challenges international tax laws by scrutinizing the implementation of the digital service tax (24DST) and highlighting the weaknesses of the two-pillar plan in comprehensively addressing the digitalization of the economy. It also broadens the comprehension of the unique obstacles and potential opportunities inherent in the digital economy from an international taxation perspective. The significance of this research lies in its potential to inform tax policy in an increasingly digitalized global economy. Policymakers can develop strategies that are more effective in ensuring fair taxation practices by understanding the nuanced interactions between digital services and international tax regulations. Additionally, MNEs can use this research to better navigate the complex tax implications of their digital services in various economic contexts and thereby foster sustainable and ethical business practices. Digital economy, digital service tax (DST), Kenya, multinational enterprises (MNEs), organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD), pillar one and pillar two, taxation, tax base, unilateral tax measure, United Kingdom (UK).

Penerapan Pajak Karbon dalam Mewujudkan Sustainability Development Goals Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Penerimaan Pajak di Indonesia

Climate change is caused by the burning of fossil fuels that produce greenhouse gas emissions that can raise temperatures globally. The government is trying to control climate change, one of which is by setting targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and implementation a carbon tax. The implementation of carbon tax is change industrial behavior to switch green economy activites that are low in carbon emissions. The purpose of this research is to forecast the impact of carbon tax on potential state revenue to reduce the amount of carbon emissions in Indonesia to support the achievement of Sustanability Development Goals (SDGs). The method of the research used is qualitative method with content analysis approach using corbon emission data from Statistical Review Energy 2023 and scoping review approach from national and international literature such as working papers, scientific articles, etc obtained based on keyword for from search engine. Based on the scoping review step, 5 articles were obtained that can detail represented about the implementation of carbon tax can be reduce carbon emission to realize the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) in the Asia Pacific. The energy sector was chosen because the consumption has increased, energy sector is the largest contributed carbon dioxide consumption globally was compared to other sectors due to increased combustion activities of carbo containing compounds. Based on the result, implementation of carbon tax have applied by the government could be provide potential state revenue from the energy sector worth IDR23.280 trilion in 2025. The potential tax revenue generated from carbon tax ca be used to the impacts of climate change to support the achievement of Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). The implementation of carbon tax is expected to change industry behaviour to green economic activities that are low in carbon emission leading to the achievement of the SDGs

Efektivitas Pajak Karbon: Studi Literatur

Climate change is an issue that is being widely discussed internationally today. The aim of the research is to examine the effectiveness of carbon tax implementation and explain comprehensive results. This research method uses a systematic literature review of research conducted in the last 10 years. The search for the effectiveness of carbon tax as climate change mitigation then synthesizes the results of empirical studies that have been conducted. The researcher found that there are 3 things that should be of concern to the government; economic performance, industrial sector performance and social welfare. Carbon tax certainly has an effect on a country's economy, as carbon tax is basically imposed directly on products or services that cause emissions. many companies are burdened by the carbon tax because it will change the management of the company to use renewable energy. the price of products from the industry will also increase because the carbon tax is imposed directly on products that cause emissions. Welfare should be considered in the implementation of carbon tax by the government, as the policy will certainly have a negative effect on social welfare. The researcher found 3 things that should be the main consideration in planning and implementing the carbon tax policy itself, first is the macroeconomy, the industrial sector that contributes to social and macroeconomic and social welfare.

Efektivitas Pajak Karbon sebagai Strategi Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim Perspektif Hakim Pajak di Indonesia

This research analyzes the passing of regulations imposing a tax on carbon, discusses the effectiveness of implementing a carbon tax as well as the knowledge and opinions of tax judges regarding these regulations. Carbon emissions have a big influence on climate change, the more carbon emissions increase, the worse the environment becomes and is detrimental to all creatures on earth, therefore it is important to immediately reduce carbon emissions and control climate change. Seeing that Finland, Sweden and other countries have succeeded in reducing carbon gas emissions by implementing a carbon tax, the government decided to implement a carbon tax in Indonesia in the hope that it will reach the point of net zero emissions in accordance with the agreement in the Paris Agreement. In implementing a policy there must be regulations, for carbon taxes, the law enforcement will be enforced by the tax court. Tax judges must understand about Carbon Tax. By conducting this research, it is known that the differences in opinion of each judge mean that not all judges agree with the implementation of the carbon tax.

Environmental taxes in an emerging economy

Carbon taxes is perceived to be a good instrument for plummeting greenhouse gas discharge in indusrialized nations that have no prevailing transaction arrangements. Up till now most countries of the world have not recognized the role played by carbon taxes in reducing carbon emission. Most emerging economies are doing nothing to reduce carbon emission within their jurisdictions. Thought carbon taxes have been advocated by experts as a veritable tool for reducing carbon yet most government of emerging nations for political reasons have refused to look at this direction. Many political leaders of emerging nations are said to have played to the gallery with multinational corporations and induced by the same who cause environmental pollution without corresponding replishing of host community. This study cogitates the role of environmental taxes as devices for enhancing the environment as well as a channel for raising funds for executing governmental activities. This paper reviews the cases on ecological taxation theories and discuss matters that arise from the implementation of environmental taxes. Similarly it discusses the likelihood of political acceptance of such taxes when they are linked to the goal of economic development. This study recommended a model that future researchers can adopt for further studies.

Urgency and Impact of Green Taxes Implementation in Encouraging Green Business Post Covid-19

This study aims to examine the urgency, impact and strategy of Green Taxes in encouraging Green Business after the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a qualitative approach with a comparative descriptive type of research, in which the application of Green Taxes in various countries for the purpose of encouraging Green Business is compared to the conditions in Indonesia. The results of the research show that environmental damage due to industrial activities that occur in Indonesia can harm the country because, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, the end of which is not yet known, it will increase the state’s health spending. It. Many countries have successfully implemented Green Taxes and changed their business patterns to be environmentally friendly, although the negative impact of the green tax implementation, i.e. a decrease in net profit in the business sector, can result in layoffs and a decrease in tax revenue in several sectors. The application of Green Taxes in Indonesia is still at the level of the domestic tax function, which can be seen in the increasing target and realization of Green Taxes each year. The government must be more assertive in enforcing Green Taxes and be transparent in the use of the funds. Supervision in the implementation of the green tax policies must also be improved so that the expected goals can be achieved.

Could Environmental Regulations Reduce Energy Consumption: Evidence From China’s Implementation of an Environmental Pollution Tax

This article investigates the impact of environmental regulations on energy consumption. As the main way for the government to protect the environment, the implementation of environmental pollution tax has played an important role in China’s energy consumption. This article uses data from the implementation of environmental pollution tax in Chinese cities to match with urban energy consumption data, and uses the difference-in-difference method (DID) to estimate the impact of environmental regulations on energy consumption. We find that the implementation of environmental pollution tax has reduced energy consumption, but this effect is mainly effective in the central and western regions and two-controlled areas. Further analysis shows that the reduction of energy consumption by environmental pollution tax is mainly attributed to improving technological innovation capabilities, optimizing industrial structure, and increasing tax collection intensity. The results in this study provide evidence for achieving an environmentally friendly society and sustainable development.

VAT credit refunds and firm productivity: Evidence from China's VAT reform

This study exploits the implementation of the value-added tax (VAT) credit refund policy in China as an exogenous shock to examine the policy's impact on firm productivity. We find that pilot firms' total factor productivity increases significantly following the implementation of the tax reform due to higher operating cash flow, increased innovation incentives, and improved human capital investment in highly educated labor. Further tests show that the effect of the VAT credit refund policy is more pronounced among large firms, manufacturing firms, firms with strong financing constraints, and those located in regions with low levels of marketization and financial development. Our results provide novel evidence regarding the economic benefits of the VAT credit refund policy, and highlight its role in fostering firm productivity and economic growth.

Implementation of the Global Minimum Tax in Italy and EU Directive Proposals: Does This Approach Effectively Pave the Way for the Establishment of a More Sustainable Tax System?

This contribution describes the implementation of a global minimum tax in Italy and provides an initial assessment of its anticipated impact, both financially and in respect of the sustainable evolution of the tax system in economic, social and environmental terms, considering the latest directive proposals, i.e. the directives on Business in Europe: Framework for Income Taxation, transfer pricing and Head Office Tax system for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.

Implementation of the Global Minimum Tax in Italy and EU Directive Proposals: Does this Approach Effectively Pave the Way for the Establishment of a More Sustainable Tax System?

This contribution describes the implementation of a global minimum tax in Italy and provides an initial assessment of its anticipated impact, both financially and in respect of the sustainable evolution of the tax system in economic, social and environmental terms, considering the latest directive proposals, i.e. the directives on Business in Europe: Framework for Income Taxation, transfer pricing and Head Office Tax system for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.