Implementation Of Routing Protocol Research Articles

ANALISIS KINERJA PROTOKOL ROUTING DINAMIS IS-IS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERFORMANSI JARINGAN HYBRID KAMPUS UNUD DENPASAR

As a center for Information and Communication Technology services, the Global Distance Learning Network (GDLN) of Udayana University must reconsider the implementation of static routing protocols that have been applied to meet the increasing demands of computer networks. Dynamic routing protocols, such as Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), can be used to address the challenges currently faced with static routing, and serve as a more viable option for larger network requirements. This research evaluates the implementation of static routing protocols and IS-IS at the UNUD Denpasar campus using Graphical Network Simulator-3 to assess the future utilization of the IS-IS routing protocol. Quality of Service (QoS) parameters are used to assess network performance, while the scenarios include PING intervals with settings close to streaming YouTube videos. The research findings reveal that both routing protocols exhibit good service quality, meeting TIPHON criteria with excellent evaluations for packet loss, throughput, and delay, in addition to satisfactory criteria for jitter. Simulation tests demonstrate the superiority of the IS-IS routing protocol compared to static routing when transmitting data in high-resolution streaming video formats like 480p, 720p, and 1080p. On the other hand, static routing is more suitable for disseminating data consisting of lower-resolution streaming videos (360p). Based on the research results, it can be inferred that the dynamic routing protocol IS-IS is more suitable for meeting network demands on a larger scale.

Performance Analysis of LEACH, SEP and Z-SEP Protocols in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks use thousands of sensors to monitor the physical environment. This sensor node consumes a limited amount of energy since it is battery-powered. Researchers regularly develop energy-efficient routing protocols to extend the lifetime of WSNs. The threshold-based cluster head (CH) selection techniques used by hierarchical routing protocols have been shown to extend network lifetime in many studies. Through the implementation of several routing protocols, sensor networks can be made to last longer and consume less energy. Z-SEP introduces a new heterogeneous routing protocol using a hybrid communication mechanism. Others use clustering mechanisms, while others use the base station directly. Energy efficiency and stability are improved by 11% and 19%, respectively, over Z-SEP

Evaluating the Hybrid Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) on the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

The development of technology and communication is expanding rapidly. In this case, the internet has become a vital necessity in globalization. Technological innovations are required to create a seamless, fast, and secure communication system. This research aims to evaluate the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) implementation by applying the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology. This study adhered to several stages in the Network Development Life Cycle (NDLC) method. The results of the two technology combinations, EIGRP and MPLS, demonstrated MPLS network simulation testing in several dynamic routing systems: EIGRP and OSPF, identified through the Quality of Service (QoS) value. It revealed that the best performance was EIGRP with a throughput of 2152.5 bps, delay of 335.6 ms, and jitter of 411 ms. Furthermore, MPLS and EIGRP network redundancy was better applied in the mesh topology with a multi or backup link than in the linear topology with a single link.

An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using AI Techniques

In the past many years different types of routing protocols, single-path and Multipath, have been designed for wireless sensor networks. We have also found various multipath routing protocols available that send similar data to the base station via multiple paths to increase reliability. We have found that a new simulation environment Castalia is developed based on OMNET++. They have provided implementation of Multipath rings routing protocol. We found that it is based on a technique called Synopsis Diffusion. We observed that although the implementation of the protocol is there, a detailed understanding of the technique is not available in the literature. Hence, in this paper, we have discussed the Multipath rings routing protocol for wireless sensor networks implemented by Castalia Simulator. Here, we have also, evaluated the performance (and hence verified its working) of the Multipath rings routing protocol through simulation. We have taken a view that the Multipath rings routing protocol can route the packet from source to Sink via multiple paths so the network becomes more robust and fault tolerant than the Single path routing. Simulation results also show that the Multipath rings routing protocol is more robust than the Proposed EE routing technique.

Efficient Secure Routing Mechanisms for the Low-Powered IoT Network: A Literature Review

The Wireless Sensor Network in the Internet of Things (WSN-IoT) has been flourishing as another global breakthrough over the past few years. The WSN-IoT is reforming the way we live today by spreading through all areas of life, including the dangerous demographic aging crisis and the subsequent decline of jobs. For a company to increase revenues and cost-effectiveness growth should be customer-centered and agile within an organization. WSN-IoT networks have simultaneously faced threats, such as sniffing, spoofing, and intruders. However, WSN-IoT networks are often made up of multiple embedded devices (sensors and actuators) with limited resources that are joined via various connections in a low-power and lossy manner. However, to our knowledge, no research has yet been conducted into the security methods. Recently, a Contiki operating system’s partial implementation of Routing Protocol for Low Power & Lossy Network RPL’s security mechanisms was published, allowing us to evaluate RPL’s security methods. This paper presents a critical analysis of security issues in the WSN-IoT and applications of WSN-IoT, along with network management details using machine learning. The paper gives insights into the Internet of Things in Low Power Networks (IoT-LPN) architecture, research challenges of the Internet of Things in Low Power Networks, network attacks in WSN-IoT infrastructures, and the significant WSN-IoT objectives that need to be accompanied by current WSN-IoT frameworks. Several applied WSN-IoT security mechanisms and recent contributions have been considered, and their boundaries have been stated to be a significant research area in the future. Moreover, various low-powered IoT protocols have been further discussed and evaluated, along with their limitations. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed to assess the proposed work’s performance. The study shows that the proposed work covers a wide range of factors, whereas the rest of the research in the literature is limited.

A Neighbor Trust Weight Based Cryptography for Multi Key Distribution for Improving Quality of Service in MANETS

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring network that provides temporary connections to several wireless nodes. Trust mechanisms are employed in routing protocols to quickly locate a safe path. Because of its openness and complexity, MANET can be attacked in a number of ways. To begin mitigating potential security risks, a number of different cryptographic key generation strategies are explored. A key management system for MANET security is available with different encryption techniques. Identity with Trust Level based Cryptography Model (ITLCM) is used to generate multiple keys and distribute these to particular targets. At this stage, key management protocols are essential to any secure group architecture of communication. Because of its dynamic topology which extensively affects its application, the multi key management is an essential task. When compared to more conventional methods of protecting a network, MANET security is entirely novel. Security routing protocol implementation is difficult since it requires the production and distribution of multiple keys. To provide both connection and message protection without relying on third parties, the Neighbor Trust Weight based Routing Model (NTWRM) is designed. In the proposed model, a trusted node is selected to monitor all of the nodes in the routing process to create a stable multi-key distribution environment that enhances MANET performance. In comparison with traditional methods, the proposed model shows that its findings are better than the existing ones.

Implementation of a New Routing Protocol within the Wireless Sensor Networks with the Target of Minimizing Energy Consumption (using a combination of fuzzy algorithm and harmony search)

The Internet of things (IoT) has been following a fast-growing trend in recent years, and the wireless sensor networks account for the basis and, in fact, the regulatory framework of the internet of things regarding their functions. Considering the wide-range applications of these sensors, energy consumption will be one of the main challenges associated with this equipment in the future. The present study mainly deals with the issue of minimizing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks.

Implementation of energy-efficent routing protocol within real time clustering wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by huge sensors that are having a limited amount of energy and specifying their behavior. Sensor networks combine distributed sensing, processing, and communication capabilities to create a powerful system. There are issues with the length of sensors connected to the network since features inside the sensors frequently require energy, which is likely to limit WSN performance. In creating WSN application architectures, extending network longevity, scalability, and load balancing are important factors. Using clustering techniques, the challenge of prolonging overall network lifetime and increasing the first dead node duration in the network may be tackled. Clustering is a valuable approach for breaking a network into parts known as clusters and giving solutions for energy consumption concerns including data collection, aggregating, and routing to sink nodes by cluster heads (CHs). In this paper, we suggest optimum clustering in multi-path and multi-hop protocols as a feasible option for reducing energy consumption and extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In compared to the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) clustering method, simulation results show that the new technique, optimal real time clustering (ORTC), is promising in terms of extending network lifetime.

Design and implementation of event-based multicast AODV routing protocol for ubiquitous network

We designed and implemented the ECA (Event Condition Action) based Multicast Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (ECA-MAODV) routing protocol for the ubiquitous network. The ECA-MADOV protocol plays a predominant role in selecting an efficient route for the creation of an efficient multicast tree and selecting a unique group leader in the multicast group to share and exchange information among group members in an efficient way using a Computational Intelligence (CI) approach. The vague set is a CI that is an enhanced fragment of a fuzzy set. Each element in the Fuzzy set is mapped to [0,1], reflecting its membership grade. We estimated ECA-MAODV’s time and spatial complexity. Besides, we assessed ECA-MAODV performance and compared it with conventional routing protocols such as MAODV and AODV. Finally, simulation results indicate that the ECA scheme proposed is both effective and powerful.

TEZEM: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for next-generation wireless sensor networks

The design and implementation of energy-efficient routing protocols for next-generation wireless sensor networks is always a challenge due to limited power resource capabilities. Hierarchical (clustering) routing protocols appeared to be a remarkable solution for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, particularly in application-aware (threshold-sensitive) and heterogeneity-aware cluster-based routing protocols. In this article, we propose a protocol, namely, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol. It is a heterogeneity-aware and threshold-based protocol that provides a better solution to existing problems in next-generation wireless sensor networks. During execution, the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol splits the entire network area into several zones to manage network traffic efficiently. In the first step, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is designed for a homogeneous network where the initial energy of all the nodes is the same. Thereafter, we bring in heterogeneity in the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol execution environment to optimize its energy consumption. By investigating the performance of the various numbers of divisions, it is proved that the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol with 9 zonal divisions has higher stability and throughput. The performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is compared with those of Stable Election Protocol, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Modified Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, and Gateway-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol through computer simulations. Simulation results verify the improved performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol in terms of network stability, lifetime, and throughput.

Design and implementation of energy-aware cross-layer routing protocol for wearable body area network

PurposeA wireless body area network (WBAN) plays a crucial role in the health-care domain. With the emergence of technologies like the internet of things, there is increased usage of WBAN for providing quality health services. With wearable devices and sensors associated with human body, patient’s vital signs are captured and sent to doctor. The WBAN has number of sensor nodes that are resource constrained. The communications among the nodes are very crucial as human health information is exchanged. The purpose of this paper aims to have Quality of Service (QoS) with energy aware and control overhead aware. Maximizing network lifetime is also essential for the improved quality in services. There are many existing studies on QoS communications in WBAN.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, with the aim of energy-efficient WBAN for QoS, a cross-layer routing protocol is designed and implemented. A cross-layer routing protocol that is ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV)-based, energy and control overhead-aware (AODV-ECOA) is designed and implemented for energy-efficient routing in WBAN. The cross-layer design that involves multiple layers of open systems interconnection reference model, which will improve energy efficiency and thus QoS.FindingsImplementation is simulated using the network simulator tool, i.e. NS-2. The proposed cross-layer routing protocol AODV-ECOA shows least bandwidth requirement by control packets, leading to less control overhead, highest packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency. The experimental results revealed that AODV-ECOA shows better performance over existing protocols such as AODV and POLITIC.Originality/valueAn efficient control overhead reduction algorithm is proposed for reducing energy consumption further and improves performance of WBAN communications to realize desired QoS.

Implementation of K-Means Algorithm and Dynamic Routing Protocol in VANET

With the growth of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks, many services delivery is gaining more attention from the intelligent transportation system. However, mobility characteristics of vehicular networks cause frequent disconnection of routes, especially during the delivery of data. In both developed and developing countries, a lot of time is consumed due to traffic congestion. This has significant negative consequences, including driver stress due to increased time demand, decreased productivity for various personalized and commercial vehicles, and increased emissions of hazardous gases especially air polluting gases are impacting public health in highly populated areas. Clustering is one of the most powerful strategies for achieving a consistent topological structure. Two algorithms are presented in this research work. First, a k-means clustering algorithm in which dynamic grouping by k-implies is performed that fits well with Vehicular network’s dynamic topology characteristics. The suggested clustering reduces overhead and traffic management. Second, for inter and intra-clustering routing, the dynamic routing protocol is proposed, which increases the overall Packet Delivery Ratio and decreases the End-to-End latency. Relative to the cluster-based approach, the proposed protocol achieves improved efficiency in terms of Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio, and End-to-End delay parameters comparing the situations by taking different number of vehicular nodes in the network.

Modified Multipath Routing Protocol Applied On Ns3 Dcell Network Simulation System

<p class="0abstract"><strong>—</strong>In the communication networks, guidance has become an important factor, with a significant impact on network performance, where the network orientation area has been and continues to be an ongoing development, intensive research for many years aimed at optimizing the network. This paper performs three modifications for a multipath routing protocol to solve the problem of routing in a DCell network simulation and apply online solutions on the network, the goal is to improve the transition efficiency of data. The modifications used to avoid data transmission failures which are delay problem<strong>, </strong>link failure problem, and power off (rack problem). The implementation of multipath routing protocol on the DCell network in actual simulation using the NS-3 program, which represents the rule that the DCell network was built and simulated. Finally, the modifications succeeded and return good results decreasing the delay time and solving the data transaction problems.</p>

Study and Implementation of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network for IoT Applications

Internet of Thing (IoT) connects physical artifacts to form a network. Maximizing network existence and maximizing use of the network is a key priority. Study is performed on parameters such as network existence with an Internet of Thing (IoT) viewpoint and routing protocol efficiency measurements utilizing parameters such as network resilience, network life, reliability, throughput, etc. We are focusing on an algorithm to improve IoT Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) routing. The primary objective of our paper is to carry out simulation studies on routing protocols, in particular Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[6], Cycle-Based Data Aggregation Scheme (CBDAS)[6], Grid Based Hybrid Network Deployment (GHND), Improved Grid Based Hybrid Network Deployment (IGHND) for an Internet of Thing (IoT) and to use the MATLAB simulator for Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for Internet of Thing (IoT) output evolution.

TDMP: Reliable Target Driven and Mobility Prediction based routing protocol in complex Vehicular Ad-hoc Network

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has emerged as a crucial component in advanced Intelligent Transport System (ITS) for information transmission and vehicular communication. One of the vital research challenges in VANET is the design and implementation of novel network routing protocols which bring reliable end-to-end connectivity and efficient packet transmission to V2X communication. The organically changing nature of road traffic vehicles poses a significant threat to VANET with respect to the accuracy and reliability of packets delivery. Therefore, position-based routing protocols tend to be the predominant method in VANET as they overcome rapid changes in vehicle movements effectively. However, existing routing protocols have some limitations such as (i) inaccurate in high dynamic network topology, (ii) defective link-state estimation (iii) poor movement prediction in heterogeneous road layouts. Therefore, a novel target-driven and mobility prediction (TDMP) based routing protocol is developed in this paper for high-speed mobility and dynamic topology of vehicles, fluctuant traffic flow and diverse road layouts in VANET. To implement an effective routing protocol, TDMP primarily involves the destination target of a driver for the mobility prediction and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for the inter-vehicular link-status estimation. Compared to existing geographic routing protocols which mainly greedily forward the packet to the next-hop based on its current position and partial road layout, the proposed TDMP is able to enhance the packet transmission with the consideration of the estimation of inter-vehicular link status, and the prediction of vehicle positions dynamically in fluctuant mobility and global road layout. Based on the extensive simulations carried out on operational road environments with varying configurations and complexity, the experimental results show better performance in terms of improving packet delivery ratio by 21-57%, reducing end-to-end delay by 13-47% and average hops count by 17-48% in comparison with several typical position-based routing protocols, such as GPSR, GyTAR and PGRP.

Implementation of FANET energy efficient AODV routing protocols for flying ad hoc networks [FEEAODV

In this technology driven world, wireless networks take part a key role in helping a society to enhance their life style.Unmanned air vehicles connected in an ad hoc manner been used in various application from civil projects to military applications. Establishing reliable, secure connection among UAV nodes in FANET is bit challenging task due to high node mobility, environmental condition under which it is operated and minimum energy capability of nodes etc. Routing protocols used in such a network should have unique features that overcome the limitation to make reliable and secured connectivity between nodes. All system units in flying UAV like transmitter, receiver equipment, control unit, information processing unit and payloads are powered by in build power sources .UAVs equipped with the limited on-board energy capability restrict the flying time, which will significantly affect the performance of a FANETs. Optimizing the energy consumption among nodes is one of the important research challenges .Optimization techniques for energy usage can be implemented at different OSI layer level. In our study we focused on OSI networks layers solution for performance improvements based on energy efficient routing techniques in flying ad hoc network environments. Routing algorithm that is used in MANETs applications can be optimized and used in FANETS as in both networks majority of the operational characteristics similar.

МАРШРУТИЗАЦИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПИТАНИЕМ В БЕСПРОВОДНЫХ СЕНСОРНЫХ СЕТЯХ: ОБЗОР

The article discusses the architecture of wireless sensor networks, design problems of wireless sensor networks, the use of wireless sensor networks, the implementation of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks, the introduction of power management based routing in wireless sensor networks.

Research on Quality of Service Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Quality of service (QoS) based routing protocols play a significant role in MANETs to maintain proper flow of data with efficient power consumption and without data loss. However, several network resource based technical challenges or issues are encountered in the design and implementation of QoS routing protocols that perform their routing function by considering the shortest route or the lowest cost. Furthermore, a secondary route is not reserved and alternative routes are not searched unless the established route is broken. The current structures of the state-of-the-art protocols for MANETs are not appropriate for today’s high bandwidth and mobility requirements. Therefore, research on new routing protocols is needed, considering energy level, coverage, location, speed, movement, and link stability instead of only shortest path and lowest cost. This paper summarizes the main characteristics of QoS-based routing protocols to facilitate researchers to design and select QoS-based routing protocols. In this study, a wide range of protocols with their characteristics were classified according to QoS routing strategy, routing information update mechanism, interaction between network and MAC layer, QoS constraints, QoS guarantee type and number of discovered routes. In addition, the protocols were compared in terms of properties, design features, challenges and QoS metrics.

Efficient privacy-preservation scheme for securing urban P2P VANET networks

To meet the performance and security challenges for users who have the same interests in the urban Peer-to-Peer VANET environment (UP2PVANET), the confidentiality & security scheme applied to the urban P2P VANET network (CSP2P) is introduced which helps maintain an effective certification framework. An intelligent cooperative detection system is also proposed, that uses homomorphic encryption to detect routing attacks. To validate the effectiveness of proposition CSP2P, it is integrated into the implementation of the AODV routing protocol. Simulations results showed the efficiency of the CSP2P scheme in terms of black hole detection, in terms of transmission delay, thanks to the in-depth performance evaluation in the UP2PVANET environment. The obtained results prove that the proposed scheme will allow an increase in system performance of nearly 10% under all load conditions.

Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Optimization Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

A wide range of applications include in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and it is being used extensively in data collection specifically to process the mission-critical tasks. The implementation of routing protocols of energy-efficient (EE) is one of the significant challenging jobs of Sensor Networks (MC-SSN) and Mission Critical Sensors. In hierarchical routing protocols, higher EE can reach when compared to the flat routing protocols. The network’s scheduling process doesn’t support enhanced balanced Energy-efficient network-integrated super-heterogeneous (E-BEENISH), which discusses earlier. An Energy. Energy efficient Time scheduling based particle swarm optimization unequal fault tolerance clustering protocol (EE-TDMA-PSO-UFC) is proposed in this paper. Based on the distance parameter, an efficient cluster head (CH) is selected in this protocol. Owing to the unexpected failure of MCH (Master Cluster Head), an additional “CH” is chosen that is termed as Surrogate cluster head (SCH) for the restoration of network’s connectivity in the protocol of PSO-UFC. Based on TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) protocols, the consumption of Energy. Energy is reduced with the allocation of timeslots during transmission of data. Using the technique of EE-TDMA-PSOUFC, the network’s lifespan improves than CEEC and E-BEENISH protocols according to the assessment of simulation results.