Implementation Of Protocol Stack Research Articles

On the design and implementation of an on-board test bed system for V2V road hazard signaling

This paper describes the design, implementation, and testing of an ITS-G5 prototype Road hazard Signaling (RHS) system that is inspired by the concept of crowdsourcing. Our approach enables drivers to interact with a touchscreen onboard interface to send ITS-G5 decentralized environmental notification messages (DENM) in order to warn nearby vehicles against the presence of a hazardous situation. These messages are analyzed, filtered for relevance, and presented to concerned drivers via the Onboard Units (OBUs) so that precautionary measures can be taken. We describe the design and implementation aspects of the proposed system and update the open source cargeo6 implementation of the ITS GeoNetworking protocol stack. We successfully implemented and validated the prototype system using an indoor testbed and carried various performance analysis experiments.

Operating system support, protocol stack with key concerns and testbed facilities for IoT: A case study perspective

In terms of heterogeneous devices and sensors, man and machine collaborate seamlessly, giving birth to the Internet of People, Internet of Things, and Internet of the Future. Within a short period, 30 billion intelligent devices in the form of smart applications will get connected to make an individual's life smoother, more comfortable, faster and accessible from anywhere at any time. IoT combines the power of IPv6 for network connectivity, sensing and nextgen communication technologies to meet future demands. Due to constraint environment in terms of memory, computation, and energy, this review paper will provide in-depth analysis of different OS'es. Candidate OS and Simulator is selected, keeping in mind various barriers and critical design characteristics. By doing this survey, it is possible for other research communities to make an appropriate choice for OS and making IoT a reality. Finally, the case study is also discussed which provides protocol stack implementation details along with deployable testbed, its size in terms of nodes supported and other security challenges. Critical preference level in terms of programming language and application areas from a developer perspective is also analysed and discussed to provide further research direction. IoT integration with future domains, along with various challenges, is explored at the end.

Inter-Process Correlation Model based Hybrid Framework for Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks

Soft faults are inherent in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to external and internal errors. The failure of processes in a protocol stack are caused by errors on various layers. In this work, impact of errors and channel misbehavior on process execution is investigated to provide an error classification mechanism. Considering implementation of WSN protocol stack, inter-process correlations of stacked and peer layer processes are modeled. The proposed model is realized through local and global decision trees for fault diagnosis. A hybrid framework is proposed to implement local decision tree on sensor nodes and global decision tree on diagnostic cluster head. Local decision tree is employed to diagnose critical failures due to errors in stacked processes at node level. Global decision tree, diagnoses critical failures due to errors in peer layer processes at network level. The proposed model has been analyzed using fault tree analysis. The framework implementation has been done in Castalia. Simulation results validate the inter-process correlation model-based fault diagnosis. The hybrid framework distributes processing load on sensor nodes and diagnostic cluster head in a decentralized way, reducing communication overhead.

Design and Implementation of 6LoWPAN Protocol Stack on Single-MCU Based on CC2430

Combined the characteristics of IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the IPv6 protocol, the paper designs a set of 6LoWPAN protocol stack software on single-MCU based on CC2430. This set of protocol stack is designed for industrial applications. This paper completes the fragmentation and reassembly, header compression and other basic functions of 6LoWPAN. Finally, with the typical application of industrial equipments, we build a practical test system to test the data communications of the 6LoWPAN protocol stack. And, it verifies the correctness and practicability of 6LoWPAN protocol.

An Implementation of Remote Monitor Master Station Based on CANopen Protocol

For the development trends and defects of the Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Generation Station (WEHGS), the design of CAN bus distributed network control system based on CANopen protocol is presented. CANopen master characteristics have been analyzed, then the communication implementation of CANopen monitor msater protocol stack, which includes the hardware interface and software design of CAN controller based on the LPC2292, is described. The tested results show that CANopen monitor master meets the requirements of WEHGS.

Simplified IPSec Protocol Stack for Micro Server

In this paper, we propose a simple IPSec protocol stack for Micro Server. We proposed an implementation of IPSec protocol stack which is constructed by Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) protocol with Advanced Encryption Security (AES) encryption scheme, whereas authentication using MD5 algorithm is optional. Researchers have focused on creating a small system composed of sensors and a Micro Server where it has a small sized memory, multi-function, low cost, but without security consideration. The security problem in the Micro Server is a challenging task because of the very limited flash memory. Here, we have implemented the AES function as 2.704 Kbytes and the ESP protocol with this encryption function as 3.822Kbytes of code. Therefore, the proposed method has less than 4Kbytes in code size. Even including the authentication using MD5, the file size is less than 7Kbytes although this is still optional. In our proposed method, we have focused on implementing the encapsulation of the payload and ignored the key exchange procedure to simplify the secure communication compared to conventional IPSec protocol stack.

Power Consumption and Performance Characterization of Streaming Multimedia Application over a WLAN

Today’s society requires people to be connected anyplace, anytime, through different media, such as text, audio and video. This requirement explains the high adoption rate of streaming applications and wireless LANs (WLANs), and the increasing research in these topics. This article presents the power consumption characterization for a laptop computer running a streaming multimedia application over a WLAN, as well as the profile for the WLAN performance while the multimedia application is running. We found that the laptop power consumption changes depending of the network adapter in use, and the network performance is related to the type of media being transmitted over the network, to the communication channel conditions, and the protocol stack implementation.

Cross-layer feedback architecture for mobile device protocol stacks

Applications using traditional protocol stacks (e.g., TCP/IP) from wired networks do not function efficiently in mobile wireless environments. This is primarily due to the layered architecture and implementation of protocol stacks. One mechanism to improve the efficiency of the stack is cross-layer feedback, that is, making information from within one layer available to another layer of the stack. For example, TCP retransmissions can be reduced by making it aware of network disconnections or handoff events. We highlight the need for a cross-layer feedback architecture and identify key design goals for an architecture. We present our ECLAIR architecture, which satisfies these design goals. We describe a prototype implementation that validates ECLAIR. We also discuss other cross-layer architectures and provide a cross-layer design guide.

A Generic Framework for Cross-Layer Optimisation in Wireless Personal Area Networks

Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN) is introduced as a new concept for next generation wireless systems. WPANs are short-range wireless systems operating in the direct surrounding of the user. A reference architecture for short-range wireless communications has been designed covering the end-to-end system design. Traditional protocol stack implementations based on layering do not function efficiently in wireless environments due to inefficiency, inflexibility and suboptimality of the functionalities in the different layers. Specifically in WPAN and other short-range wireless systems the performance benefits from a cross-layer design strategy, supporting adaptability and optimizing the use of resources over multiple layers of the protocol stack. In this paper we advocate cross-layer optimisation for WPAN systems and introduce a centralised control structure for interaction between different layers in master or leader devices. The control structure adapts the link characteristics to the channel state and user requirements. Allowing for the support of heterogeneous services, each with their own quality-of-service demands, in wireless environments.

CASiNO: component architecture for simulating network objects

AbstractWe describe the Component Architecture for Simulating Network Objects (CASiNO) useful for the implementation of communication protocol stacks and network simulators. This framework implements a rich, modular coarse‐grained dataflow architecture, with an interface to a reactor kernel that manages the application's handlers for asynchronous I/O, real timers and custom interrupts. These features enable developers to write applications that are driven by both data flow and asynchronous event delivery, while allowing them to keep these two functionalities distinct. We provide an example program and expository comments on the program to illustrate the use of the CASiNO framework. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Software download enabling terminal reconfigurability

We present a software download algorithm that enables download of configuration software, via different media, to mobile terminals. The proposed signalling protocol and the message sequence have been described in detail; Downloading software through any media has basically the same set of requirements i.e. download initiation, client capability negotiation, download channel capacity, user/provider mutual authentication procedures and error-free software delivery, installation, authorisation and billing have to be negotiated. Procedures that provide implementations of these algorithms have been incorporated in the proposed download signalling protocol. Also, all message parameters to be passed for the full information exchange between client and server have been described, and a prototype implementation based on a distributed object platform (JavaRmi-corba) is presented and described. Software download signalling within the prototype usesCorba (OrbixWeb) as the signalling platform. The hop connection between remote peers (client and server) is handled by two proxies communicating via the orb. These proxies are generated from interfaces defined inIdl . For download however, Java-Rmi has been used as the transport mechanism. Finally, the signalling and download delay behaviour of the proposed architecture is presented. It is shown that an overhead of 0.35–0.45 seconds due to signalling exchange is independent of the file size to be downloaded for file sizes in the range 100–200 kB. The behaviour shows a flat delay duration of ~240ms for files sizes below 100 kB and a linearly increasing duration for files sizes beyond. A size of 200 kBytes can be regarded as the break-even point after which the signalling (and marshalling) overheads ofRmi start to become more efficient and the duration starts to depend on the file sizes rather than the overheads of the transport mechanism. Legacy protocol stack implementations such asGsm for example, have sizes in the region of 200–300 kBytes. Such file sizes are within the range considered and beyond the break even point, and therefore the download mechanism developed provides a suitable platform for reconfiguration software download in terms of procedural delay.

Approaches to improving performance of STREAMS-based protocol stacks

STREAMS kernel mechanisms are being used to implement networking protocols in a number of operating systems, like UNIX, Windows, and pSOS. STREAMS provides a number of desirable features for modular protocol stack implementation by defining a high degree of standardization for implementing protocol layer modules and for message transfer between the modules. But this strict layered and modular approach prevents flexibility in implementing techniques that can result in high performance. The original STREAMS-based stacks have shown very poor protocol performance. A number of improved techniques for implementing STREAMS-based protocol stacks have been suggested in the literature in the past few years. These techniques have resulted in high-performance STREAMS-based stacks that match the performance of BSD UNIX-based stacks. This article makes a study of these new approaches and discusses the performance gains achieved by them. These approaches can be used for implementing high-performance protocol stacks in the STREAMS kernel, over both uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems.