Implementation Of Property Rights Research Articles

Nationalization and Denationalization of Ownership of the Means of Production in Soviet Russia

The article analyzes the dynamics of the role of the Soviet state in the most important institutional changes in the economic life of the country — property relations in the Soviet period. The article identifies the periods of trends in the nationalization and denationalization of ownership of the production capital of Soviet Russia, the most significant of which were the late 1920s — mid-1950s (the functioning of the state-dominated “Stalinist economic model”) and the second half of the 1950s–1980s (the period of the decline of the role of the state in the economy and the growth of the “privatization” potential). In addition to these trends, the article describes the most important aspects of the formation of a new class — the owner of the means of production. According to the authors of the article, this class initially emerged on the historical arena of Soviet Russia in the 1930s. At the time, it was characterized by a small differentiation of titles of the owner, the “collective nature” of actions in the implementation of property rights, depersonalization of proprietary rights. During the period of denationalization of economic life in the mid-1950s–1980s private interests of different groups leaders — economic, party, Soviet and others — intensified as did the desire for the fullness of proprietary rights by certain categories of owners and for personification of proprietary claims.

МАЙНОВІ ПРАВА ЯК ОБ'ЄКТ ЗАХИСТУ В УМОВАХ ЗБРОЙНОГО КОНФЛІКТУ

The article examines the relationship on the protection of property rights in armed conflict as a kind of legal relationship on protection, focuses on property rights as the object of such relations and the existence of armed conflict, which directly affects the existence of property rights violations and understanding the possibility of redress only after the end of the conflict. It has been proven that human rights are the highest social value, and their protection and protection is a direct duty of the state. The state's commitment to respect and protect human rights does not disappear in armed conflict. Property rights are always related to property, but not identical to property rights, although components of property rights are considered property, moreover, the legislator gives examples of specific rights that are inherently property. It is determined that it is necessary to distinguish between violations, non-recognition and challenge in their legal content, and clarifies the importance of the criterion of illegality of active actions and / or inaction that led to violation, non-recognition and challenge of property rights in armed conflict. It has been proven that conduct that violates the rule of law and does not comply with the requirements of the law is illegal if it does not have any signs of lawful conduct, which in turn may affect liability for damage. It is emphasized that such a characteristic of property law as "domination of property values" is subject to significant violations and even the complete impossibility of such domination in the face of hostilities, terrorist acts, sabotage caused by military aggression of the Russian Federation. The loss of the subjects of property rights of such powers in relation to them as possession, use and disposal, as well as the violation of legitimate expectations regarding the implementation of property rights in the future. It is proposed that the mechanism for the protection of property rights include the filing of an application for compensation, its consideration by the competent authorities and the provision of compensation.

ВПЛИВ ІНСТИТУТІВ НА ДИНАМІКУ ПРОЦЕСІВ ПОСТСОЦІАЛІСТИЧНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

Анотація. Акцентовано увагу на важливій ролі ефективної системи інститутів з метою забезпечення економічного розвитку України. Зазначено, що формуванню цієї системи мусить приділятися увага науковців, а також владних структур. Досліджено зміст економічної трансформації постсоціалістичних країн, зокрема України. Проведено дослідження з використанням методики порівняння капіталістичної та соціалістичної систем, а також історичного підходу. Розглянуто зміст категорій «власність» і «трансформація», а також вплив інститутів власності на динаміку трансформаційних процесів, що відбувалися в постсоціалістичних країнах. Визначено взаємозв’язок і взаємозалежність між впливом інститутів і динамікою процесу постсоціалістичної трансформації. Результати дослідження засвідчили невисокий рівень розвитку формальних інститутів в Україні, тоді як неформальні інститути виступають природним гальмом для подальшого економічного розвитку. Наголошено, що вплив інститутів на динаміку процесів постсоціалістичної трансформації має істотне значення і вирішальну роль в Україні. На основі інституту власності розглянуто ефекти власності. Завдяки їхньому повноцінному використанню західні країни здатні генерувати капітал і максимізувати вигоди від використання об’єктів власності. На відміну від західних країн, в Україні власність розглядається виходячи з об’єкта, а не через систему прав, якими може користуватися власник. Детально розглянуто природу легальних та нелегальних відносин власності, а також передумов, що зумовлюють трансформацію інститутів власності. Визначено вплив формальних і неформальних інститутів на динаміку процесів постсоціалістичної трансформації в Україні. Розглянуто появу нематеріальних об’єктів власності на прикладі інтелектуальної власності, а також важливість дотримання та реалізації прав власності законодавчою системою. Зроблено висновки щодо поточного становища соціально-економічної системи України в контексті трансформації формальних і неформальних інститутів. Ключові слова: інститут, власність, трансформація, капітал, підприємництво. Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 1; бібл.: 15.

Features of Application of Article 392 of the Civil Code of Ukraine Upon Recognising the Right of Ownership of Newly Created Real Estate (A Case Study of Judicial Practice)

The study of the specific features of recognition of ownership of newly created real estate is conditioned by its purpose, which is to determine the grounds for application of remedy upon recognising ownership of newly created construction object, stipulated by Article 392 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. The purpose of the study also includes identification of gaps and discrepancies in the legislation of Ukraine and judicial practice, which arise during application of the appropriate remedy for a substantive right, and the development of proposals for their elimination. In this regard, the main method of this study was comparative law, which allowed to identify and analyse different approaches to the legislative consolidation and application of such a remedy as the recognition of property rights. Upon concluding an agreement on sale and purchase of property rights to immovable property, the buyer receives a limited real right, under which it is endowed with certain, but not all rights of the property owner. Nevertheless, in recognising the ownership of newly created real estate, the study proves the feasibility of applying the method of protection stipulated in Article 392 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the buyer, who has performed its monetary obligations under the agreement on sale and purchase of real property rights, having fully paid the contractual value, is considered to have committed actions aimed at the occurrence of legal facts necessary and sufficient to obtain the legal claim for the transfer of ownership of the construction object. In this regard, it has been proved that the effectiveness of the remedy stipulated by Article 392 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, which is applied upon recognising the ownership of newly created immovable property, is aimed at levelling the possibility of further unlawful actions of third parties in relation to such property, and is achieved through the enforcement of judgement by recognition of ownership of a specific object, and in case of its destruction – by obtaining appropriate compensation. The practical significance of the study of the application of Article 392 of the Civil Code of Ukraine upon recognising the ownership of newly created real estate is that its results are designed to promote further research, to improve the legal regulation of relations, the object of which is newly created real estate, to optimise the implementation of property rights and law enforcement in this area

Land Tenure Rights in India: an analysis of the failure of amendments to the Hindu Succession Act

The right to a minimum standard of living as a basic human right is recognized internationally. As Hernando DeSoto argues in his book, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, a clear, legal definition of property rights is essential in an owner’s realization of return to their capital [1]. This would enable an individual in a developing country to raise their standard of living, thus contributing to the recognition of the right to property as a basic human right [2]. The implementation of property rights has become a priority for governments, NGOs, and international development agencies in many countries. While the right to property legally applies to both sexes, it is not extended to women in practice. Amendments to section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act in 2005 legitimized land ownership and inheritance for Indian women [4]. However, the 2006 Agricultural Census indicates that only 10.7% of Indian landowners are women [5]. The failure of implementation of legal changes regarding property rights and women can be attributed to cultural and religious opinions of women, traditional land tenure systems established before British colonial rule, and government bias within legislation. The Indian government must consider preexisting cultural norms and de facto property rights in the employment of new legislations, as they may impose costs on women. In order for changes in legislation to be effective, they must be inclusive of all women of different religious backgrounds, and simultaneous changes across government sectors must be enacted.