Implementation Of Prevention Activities Research Articles

Предупреждение преступлений коррупционной направленности в процессе их расследования

Рассмотрена деятельность следователя по предупреждению преступлений коррупционной направленности на этапе их расследования. Проведен анализ состояния, устремленности и тенденций данной деятельности. Обращено внимание на недостаточную эффективность регламентированных законодательством действий следователя в аспекте реализации мер предупреждения коррупционных преступлений. В соответствии с Уголовно-процессуальным кодексом Республики Беларусь следователь обязан выявлять причины и условия, способствовавшие совершению коррупционных преступлений. В дальнейшем он выносит представление об устранении выявленных причин и условий совершения преступления либо воздерживается от таких действий, руководствуясь своим усмотрением в пределах предоставленного права. В связи с этим предложено на уровне закона закрепить обязанность следователя принимать меры реагирования в случае выявления причин и условий совершения преступления. Автор указывает на вероятные направления следственной деятельности в связи с необходимостью предупреждения коррупционных преступлений. Одним из таких направлений представляется реализация предупредительных мер индивидуального характера в отношении участников уголовного процесса. Объектами предупредительного воздействия, осуществляемого в процессе производства следственных действий, выступают подозреваемые (обвиняемые), а в ряде случаев — и иные участники уголовного судопроизводства. Иное направление осуществления мер предупреждения коррупционных преступлений разворачивается за пределами расследованного уголовного дела. В этой ситуации объектами предупредительно-профилактической работы следователя являются организация (учреждение), в котором произошло коррупционное преступление, её руководящий состав, а также неопределённый круг иных лиц, профессиональная или служебная деятельность которых осуществляется в данной организации (учреждении). В качестве самостоятельного направления противодействия коррупционным преступлениям автор предлагает совместную профилактическую деятельность, участниками которой выступают следователи, расследовавшие уголовные дела о коррупционных деяниях, и специализированное подразделение Следственного комитета. Осуществление предупредительнопрофилактической деятельности по указанным направлениям представляется возможным на нормативно-правовой основе, что предполагает совершенствование действующего процессуального законодательства.

Preventive activity of police bodies: realities and challenges in the conditions of martial law

The materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and the National Police of Ukraine leadership reports on the challenges and problems that the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs had to face as a result of military aggression by the Russian Federation have been considered, as well as on the available results and successes in countering the threats of war by the police and implementing their normal tasks and functions under martial law. It has been emphasized that one of the main areas of the National Police of Ukraine activity was and remains preventive activity, the high efficiency and effectiveness of which are especially important in the conditions of martial law. At the same time, in such a situation, it is quite difficult to ensure the appropriate level of quality and effectiveness of the specified activity due to the objective conditions of wartime, which significantly complicate the work of the police. The key, in our opinion, factors that create difficulties and complications in the implementation of preventive activities by police bodies in conditions of martial law have been identified. In particular, these are changes in the trends and structure of illegal activity in the country; the growth of migration flows, both of an internal and external nature; increase in the number of firearms in civilian circulation; activation of social movement; the need for the police to perform a number of previously uncharacteristic tasks, etc. The author's vision of priority directions for further improvement and development of preventive activities of police bodies in the conditions of wartime and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine has been expressed.

Regarding the understanding of administrative acts in the implementation of preventive activities by the National Police

Regarding the understanding of administrative acts in the implementation of preventive activities by the National Police

The impact of community-level prevention strategies on high-dose opioid dispensing rates: 2014–2019

BackgroundPrescription opioids played a major role in the current opioid overdose epidemic. High rates of opioid prescribing and dispensing exposed many people to opioids, and high-dose opioid prescriptions (e.g., 90 morphine milligram equivalents [MME] per day) contributed to increases in opioid overdoses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention for States (PfS) program provided funding to jurisdictions (“PfS recipients”) with a high burden of opioid-involved overdoses. This paper examines associations between strategies addressing high-dose opioid prescribing and changes in high-dose opioid dispensing. MethodsMonthly opioid dispensing data (2014–2019) from IQVIA Xponent were analyzed using longitudinal growth models (LGM) to compare high-dose opioid dispensing rates in the 29 jurisdictions that participated in PfS with rates in non-PfS jurisdictions. Additional models examined associations between specific PfS activities and changes in high-dose dispensing among PfS recipients. ResultsHigh-dose dispensing rates decreased significantly in both PfS and non-PfS jurisdictions from 2014 to 2019. Rates of high-dose opioid dispensing rates in PfS jurisdictions were not significantly different than those in non-PfS jurisdictions (p = 0.07). Among PfS recipients, multiple activities were associated with decreases in high-dose dispensing rates over time, including moving towards real-time prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) reporting (p < 0.001) and implementation of opioid dispensing interventions for insurers/ health systems (p < 0.05). ConclusionsHigh-dose opioid dispensing rates decreased throughout the United States from 2014−2019. As the drug epidemic continues to evolve, implementation of prevention activities by state and local partners is important. These findings highlight two potential prevention strategies and activities that jurisdictions can utilize.

CERTAIN ISSUES ON INTERACTIONAND COORDINATION OF UKRAINIAN FORENSIC INSTITUTIONS WORK WITH OTHER ENTITIES WHILE IMPLEMENTING PREVENTIVEACTIVITY

The article analyzes the conceptual principles, views and ideas on understanding the nature and forms of interaction of forensic institutions with law enforcement and judicial authorities in the implementation of preventive measures, considers its concept.&#x0D; The correlation between the concepts of «interaction» and «coordination» has been studied, because one of the main problems that cannot be avoided in the forensic study of the phenomenon of expert prevention is the ambiguity of both scientific understanding and elaboration and practical application of the conceptual and categorical apparatus. In our opinion, the interaction of forensic institutions of Ukraine with other entities in the implementation of preventive activities should be understood based on laws and regulations, coordinated preventive activities of independent bodies to combine opportunities, methods and tools they have, to conduct an effective set of organizational, managerial, technical, scientific and other prevention measures. Interaction is carried out in two forms: procedural and non-procedural (organizational). The procedural form of interaction includes: conducting an examination to establish the circumstances that contributed to the commission of the offense (conducting an examination on preventive issues); establishing circumstances that are important for the prevention of offenses on the own initiative of the expert (use of the expert’s right to initiative); participation of an expert in investigative actions as a specialist; participation in the review of the scene and the reproduction of the situation and circumstances of the event; Advice from a specialist on the cessation of crimes can sometimes be provided by a specialist in the process of conducting operational and investigative measures (for example, recommendations for photographing non-commodity documents operatively), etc.&#x0D; The next type of interaction and coordination of forensic institutions of Ukraine with other entities in the implementation of preventive activities are non-procedural (organizational) measures. In contrast to the procedural form of interaction, the emergence and development of organizational forms is not associated with the requirements of procedural law, but with the participants’ awareness of the need for cooperation based on mutual assistance and assistance to each other to more effectively achieve common goals.&#x0D; The implementation of joint, coordinated preventive activities involves several mutually agreed stages, namely: interaction at the preparatory (information-analytical), main and final stages. It should be emphasized that in the professional literature the number and nature of these stages may differ.

Interactive Textile Vestimentary Systems for Wellbeing

In response to the changes, international research and innovation has as a priority, the development of a sustainable health system with tools to ensure both the personalization of the medical act and the implementation of prevention activities. The motivation for the use of textile elements, in this context, addresses functional, aesthetic, social, communicative, psychic and moral aspects. The balance between functionality, durability, economy, ergonomics and beauty in the case of textile systems, that change the quality of life and add value, is the result of modern design focused on meeting the requirements of use. The paper presents the results of an experimental study for the realization and testing under static conditions of textile structures used as a support for attachment sensors or electronic functions.

ARIMA모델에 기반한 화재발생 빈도 예측모델의 설계

Abstract - A suitable monitoring method is necessary for successful policy implementation and its evalua-tion, required for effective prevention of abnormal fire occurrences. To do this, there were studies for applying control charts of quality management to fire occurrence monitoring. As a result, it was proved that more fire occurs in winter and its trend moves yearly-basis with some patterns. Although it has trend, if we apply the same criteria for each time, inefficient overreacting fire prevention policy will be accomplished in winter, and deficient policy will be accomplished in summer. Thus, applying different control limits adaptively for each time would enable better forecasting and monitoring of fire occurrences. In this study, we treat fire occurrences as time series model and propose a method for configuring its coefficients with ARIMA model. Based on this, we expect to carry out advanced analysis of fire occurrences and reasonable implementation of prevention activities. Key words : fire occurrence pattern, time series, ARIMA model, autocorrelationKIGAS Vol. 19, No. 2, pp 20~28, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas. 2015.19.2.20(Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas)

Health problems reported by nursing workers in a public hospital of Bahia

Although the work is essential to human life, the context in which it is done can induct tension, imbalance and consequent illness. Studies indicate nursing as an occupation with high risk for disease, particularly in the hospital environment. The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of health problems reported by nursing staff in a hospital in Bahia, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study, involving 309 nursing professionals. The most frequent health complaints were related to musculoskeletal symptoms such as leg pain 66.4% (192) and back pain 61.8% (178); and to mental health with a predominance of mental fatigue 47% (131) 33 and nervousness 7% (93). The results show that nurses had a higher frequency of postural problems and mental health complaints while respiratory diseases complaints were more prevalent among technicians and assistants. These results highlight the need for greater awareness of the work process and implementation of preventive activities.

Physical activity promotion in primary health care in Slovenia

In Slovenia, the role of general practitioners in counselling physical activity for prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well recognized. The role of general practitioners in advising healthy lifestyle for individuals who are at risk of developing CVD is formally defined in the National Program for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, which has been running since 2001. Part of the program is counselling on healthy lifestyle including physical activity, performed in all health centres across the country. First a screening and medical examination is performed. In case of higher risk for CVD (&gt;20%) the physician should give advice on the particular risk factor and direct patients to health-education centres, where they can participate in healthy lifestyle workshops lead by health professionals. Physicians and other health professionals who are involved in the implementation of prevention activities within the program need knowledge and skills that are crucial for successful counselling on healthy lifestyle. The educational program “basic education in health promotion and prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in primary health care/family medicine” consists of two parts. The first part of the training is open to all health professionals working within the program. The second part is intended for health professionals working in health-education workshops. In the last few years a new family practice model has been introduced and disseminated. Some duties of the family physician, including health promotion and counselling, are being transferred to graduate nurses who become part of the family practice team. This new division of work undoubtedly brings many advantages, both in terms of the work organization, and of high-quality patient care. Nevertheless preventive action cannot be fully passed on to graduate nurses. Careful planning and education are needed to ensure a comprehensive approach in healthy life style counselling.

Implementation of Community-Based Alcohol Prevention in Karlsruhe, Germany

Aims: The present paper aims at examining the implementation fidelity of a community-based substance use prevention program in the district of Karlsruhe (Germany). Methods: Based on an inventory assessing the formal implementation of preventive activities, communities were divided into two groups with high and low implementation fidelity, respectively. A school survey was conducted to assess the visibility, knowledge and participation in the intervention in grades 9 and 10. The sample size was 892 (response rate 21.7 %). Results: Each study group was composed of 16 communities. The major focus of the prevention activities was on the components „structure“, „communication/public relation“ and „youth protection“. More students in the group with high implementation fidelity had seen the intervention slogan (58.4 % vs. 44.6 %) and knew at least one program activity (47.8 % vs. 35.8 %). Only a minority of students had direct contact to the intervention in the past year with no differences between the two groups. Conclusions: The intervention focuses on networking and the establishment of decision-making. Differences between communities with high and low implementation fidelity vanish when adolescents are asked for program exposure. Overall program reach can be considered low.

Actividades preventivas e indicadores - Quanto tempo sobra?

Objectives: To determine the number of office visits needed per year to perform selected preventive procedures and, in patients with diabetes or hypertension, meet performance indicators related with follow-up. Methods: Descriptive study based on the list of patients of a family doctor (1587 patients). We considered the follow-up of children and teenagers, pregnant women, patients with diabetes or hypertension, and screening for breast, cervical and colon cancers, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity. Appropriate follow-up for each situation was defined according to clinical practice guidelines, the coverage rate contractually agreed by the clinic and performance indicators defined by the Portuguese Mission for Primary Health Care. We considered the performance of each activity separately or of multiple preventive and followup activities in the same visit. Results: If they were held separately, we would need 2848.5 office visits to carry out the defined preventive activities and follow-up of patients with diabetes or hypertension. If multiple activities were performed in the same visit, we would require 2008.9 consultations per year (50.6% of the total in the previous year). Conclusions: Implementation of preventive activities and compliance with performance indicators require a considerable amount of time. Before assigning more tasks to family physicians, the weight of each on existing resources should be assessed.

Core competencies for injury and violence prevention.

Efforts to reduce the burden of injury and violence require a workforce that is knowledgeable and skilled in prevention. However, there has been no systematic process to ensure that professionals possess the necessary competencies. To address this deficiency, we developed a set of core competencies for public health practitioners in injury and violence prevention programs. The core competencies address domains including public health significance, data, the design and implementation of prevention activities, evaluation, program management, communication, stimulating change, and continuing education. Specific learning objectives establish goals for training in each domain. The competencies assist in efforts to reduce the burden of injury and violence and can provide benchmarks against which to assess progress in professional capacity for injury and violence prevention.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus among San Francisco injection drug users, 1998 to 2000

Previous studies suggest that most injection drug users (IDUs) become infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) soon after initiating drug use. The Urban Health Study (UHS) recruited serial cross-sections of IDUs in the San Francisco Bay area from 1986 to 2005. In the current study, we determined the prevalence of antibody to HCV and HBV (core) among UHS participants during 1998 to 2000. To examine whether the time from onset of injection to acquisition of viral hepatitis has increased, we also compared the findings among recent (<10 years) initiates to drug use who participated during 1998-2000 with those who participated in 1987. Of 2,296 IDUs who participated during 1998-2000, 91.1% had antibody to HCV and 80.5% to HBV. The number of years a person had injected drugs strongly predicted infection with either virus (P(trend) < 0.0001). HCV seroprevalence among recent initiates in 1998-2000, by years of injection drug use, was: <or=2, 46.8%; 3 to 5, 72.4%; 6 to 9, 71.3%. By comparison, HCV seroprevalence among 1987 participants was: <or=2 years, 75.9%; 3 to 5, 85.7%; 6 to 9, 91.1% (P < 0.0001). A consistent pattern was observed for HBV (P < 0.0001), and these findings were not explained by demographic differences between 1987 and 1998-2000 participants. During 1987, however, 58.7% of recent initiates had shared syringes within the past 30 days compared with 33.6% during 1998-2000 (P < 0.0001). HCV and HBV seroprevalence among newer initiates to injection drug use in the San Francisco Bay area decreased markedly between 1987 and 1998-2000. This decrease coincided with the implementation of prevention activities among this population.

Family medicine attributes related to satisfaction, health and costs

To identify, from a systematic review of the literature, the attributes of Family Medicine (FM) that influence the primary health care outcome as measured by users' satisfaction, improvement in patient health and in costs. Literature search of Medline and the Cochrane library using MeSH terms 'Primary Health' or 'Family Practice' or 'Family Physicians' and 'Outcome Assessment' or 'Process Assessment'. Papers were excluded if they lacked a based on primary data, if no single component of FM was assessed; if indicators of evaluation were not related to health, satisfaction or costs. A total of 356 articles were initially identified and 19 finally met the inclusion criteria. Study methods were a systematic review of randomized control trials, a double-blind randomized trial, 4 systematic reviews of observational studies, 2 cohort studies and 12 descriptive cross-sectional studies. There was evidence of relationships between the attributes of FM and the service outcomes measured by indicators of satisfaction, health and cost. User satisfaction was associated with accessibility, continuity of care, consultation time and the doctor-patient relationship. Improvement in patient's health was related to continuity, consultation time, doctor-patient relationship and the implementation of preventive activities. Coordination of care showed mixed results with health outcomes. Continuity, consultation time, doctor-patient communication and prevention were cost-effective in the primary care setting.

Evaluation of a Smoking Prevention Intervention Aimed at Youth: Pataclope

Tobacco is responsible for 66,000 deaths per year in France, which makes it one of the most important national public health priorities. Pre-adolescents, at the age where this addiction usually begins, are a particularly interesting target group for the implementation of prevention activities. It is for this reason that in 1990, the French National League against Cancer established a set of non-smoking youth clubs ("Pataclope") of which the main objective is to prevent adolescents from starting to smoke. An evaluation programme was put into place in 1999 in order to better understand the impact of these clubs on the prevalence of smoking in 15 year olds, which corresponds to the age of former participants one year after leaving the clubs. A comparison between a group of youth having participated in the Pataclope clubs and a group of adolescents taken from the general population was carried out at the national level. Those selected were 15 years of age and were in high school. An anonymous self-questionnaire on their tobacco habits and factors of addiction was distributed to the two groups. The analysis involved a total of 3274 questionnaires, 899 of which were from Pataclope participants and 2375 from the sample population. The primary results show that the prevalence rates according to sex essentially mirror those of the Baromètre santé 2000, among other accepted statistics (25.5% for girls and 19.9% for boys versus 31.6% for girls and 18.1% for boys in the Baromètre santé 2000). One year after leaving the clubs, the former Pataclope members see their risk of becoming a smoker reduced by 26% with respect to those who were not club members (OR = .74 adjusted for the factors of addiction), within a model which regroups smokers and ex-smokers versus non-smokers. In utilising this model which takes into account the ex-smokers and smokers as two distinct categories (the reference always being non-smokers), the reduction of risk in being a smoker is always significant, and goes up to 50% less risk (OR = 0.5) for members of Pataclope. The probability of being an ex-smoker is identical in the two groups: given that once one has taken up smoking, the Pataclope members present the same smoking behaviours as the general population (same consumption, same age of quitting, and the same frequency of quitting). The activity of the Pataclope clubs has been encouraging in at least slowing or hindering the commencement of smoking in youth aged 15 years. However, these results require a confirmation in the long term. The lack of impact on the ex-smokers tends to demonstrate that the message of clubs reinforces a non-smoking behaviour but remains ineffective on quitting, once smoking has been taken up.

Maintaining low HIV seroprevalence in populations of injecting drug users.

To describe prevention activities and risk behavior in cities where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was introduced into the local population of injecting drug users (IDUs), but where seroprevalence has nevertheless remained low (< 5%) during at least 5 years. A literature search identified five such cities: Glasgow, Scotland; Lund, Sweden; Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Tacoma, Wash; and Toronto, Ontario. Case histories were prepared for each city, including data on prevention activities and current levels of risk behavior among IDUs. Injecting drug users recruited from both drug treatment and non-treatment settings in each city. A variety of HIV prevention activities for IDUs had been implemented in each of the five cities. There were three common prevention components present in all five cities: (1) implementation of prevention activities when HIV seroprevalence was still low, (2) provision of sterile injection equipment, and (3) community outreach to IDUs. Moderate levels of risk behavior continued with one third or more of the IDUs reporting recent unsafe injections. In low-seroprevalence areas, it appears possible to severely limit transmission of HIV among populations of IDUs, despite continuing risk behavior among a substantial proportion of the population. Pending further studies, the common prevention components (beginning early, community outreach, and access to sterile injection equipment) should be implemented wherever populations of IDUs are at risk for rapid spread of HIV.

Distribution spatiale de sieges anatomiques choisis de cancer au Quebec

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of diseases provides useful information in etiologic research and in implementation of preventive activities in community health. Spatial autocorrelation analysis is one of the various methods that enables to determine spatial clustering of diseases. This method has not been applied to lung, stomach and colon cancer in Québec. These cancers are frequent and are associated with environmental factors. The objectives of the study are to determine spatial distribution of incidence rates of these cancer sites by sex and to help generate etiologic hypotheses. Community health departments (CHDs) of residence are considered as risk markers since their population and environment may be related to the selected cancer sites. Data were obtained from Québec Cancer Registry. Rates were standardized by the direct method. Autocorrelation analysis was done through BW coefficient and Moran's coefficient I for correlograms. Results of standardized rates were compared to those of non standardized rates. Rates yielded the same results for the BW coefficient. Conversely, results were quite different for the correlograms. This implies that results from standardized rates should be kept since the age structure of CHD populations are different. Important variation in the level of spatial autocorrelation was found among the six sex-specific cancer sites. For male lung cancer and male stomach cancer first-order neighbouring CHDs showed similar incidence rates according to a geographic gradient. Female lung cancer exhibited spatial autocorrelation. Absence of spatial autocorrelation for colon cancer suggests that CHD is not the appropriate scale for study of this cancer and allows use of conventional epidemiologic methods. These results are discussed in relation to current etiologic hypotheses. Lung and stomach cancers deserve further study.