Implementation Of PID Controller Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Digital PID Control for Mass-Damper Rectilinear Systems

Design and Implementation of Digital PID Control for Mass-Damper Rectilinear Systems

Design and Implementation of Fuzzy-based Fine-tuning PID Controller for Programmable Logic Controller

Design and Implementation of Fuzzy-based Fine-tuning PID Controller for Programmable Logic Controller

Pengembangan Mini Drone Berbasis ESP32 dengan Roll dan Pitch Control Menggunakan Algoritma PID

A drone, or UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), is an aircraft that can be operated from a distance. Controlled by a pilot through remote control or having autonomy capabilities. Drones operate on the principle of the lifting power generated by the rotation of the beam-beam controlled by a rotor or electric motor. When the drones are activated, the control system will stabilize the drone using the stabilize feature. Furthermore, when the user controls the drone through a remote control device, the change in the angle of the sensor will be detected. When the x-axis on the joystick is more positive, the drone will automatically move on the negative x axis. On the contrary, if the x -axis of the joystick is more negative, the Drone automatically moves on the positive x as well for the y axis. In the implementation of PID controllers, the motor speed at the maximum moment is used for the maximum limit so that at the time of use the motor values are not excessive when responding when the error value on the sensor is at maximum. However, the result of the determination of the maximum PWM value did not work properly, because the mechanics made were not accurate so that at the first to final trial there was a difference of position at the initial determination. The PID control system applied to this drone still shows a tendency to experience movements that exceed the desired values, especially in the pitch and roll axes.

Design and Implementation of PID Controller for the Cooling Tower's pH Regulation Based on Particle Swarm Optimization PSO Algorithm

The PH regulation of cooling tower plant in southern fertilizers company (SCF) in Iraq is important for industry pipes protection and process continuity. According to the Mitsubishi standard, the PH of cooling water must be around (7.1 to 7.8). The deviation in PH parameter affects the pipes, such as corrosion and scale. Acidic water causes pipes to corrode, and alkaline water causes pipes to scale. The sulfuric acid solution is used for PH neutralization. The problem is that the sulfuric acid is pumped manually in the cooling tower plant every two or three hours for PH regulation. The manual operation of the sulfuric acid pump makes deviations in the PH parameter. It is very difficult to control the PH manually. To solve this problem, a PID controller for PH regulation was used. The reason for using the PID controller is that the PH response is irregular through the neutralization process. The methodology is to calculate the transfer function of the PH loop using the system identification toolbox of MATLAB, to design and implement a PID controller, to optimize the PID controller response using particle swarm optimization PSO algorithm, and to make a comparison among several tuning methods such as Ziegler Nichols (ZN) tuning method, MATLAB tuner method, and PSO algorithm tuning method. The results showed that the PSO-based PID controller tuning gives a better overshoot, less rise time, and an endurable settling time than the other tuning methods. Hence, the PH response became according to the target range. The experimental results showed that the PH regulation improved using the PSO-based PID controller tuning.

Mathematical Modelling and PID Controller Implementation to Control Linear and Nonlinear Quarter Car Active Suspension

Mathematical Modelling and PID Controller Implementation to Control Linear and Nonlinear Quarter Car Active Suspension

Implementation-oriented filtered PID control: Optimization of robustness margins

In this paper, we investigate the gain and phase robustness of PID control in stabilizing linear time-invariant (LTI) systems subject to gain and phase variations. We consider specifically filtered PID controllers, out of the necessity in practical implementation of PID controllers. We examine first-order unstable systems and seek to find analytical expressions of the maximal gain and phase margins achievable by filtered PID control, where the maximal gain and phase margins are referred to as the largest ranges of gain and phase variations within which the system is guaranteed to be stabilizable. Our results show that the maximal gain margin can be determined explicitly, while the maximal phase margin can be computed by solving a third-order polynomial, which in turn can be solved explicitly. We also investigate the gain and phase maximization problems subject to a performance constraint, which has direct linkages to the steady-state and transient performances of a system. Our results show how in a practically implementable PID control scheme the gain and phase margins may be confined by the plant characteristics, and how in the limit it can perform equally well as other optimal controllers. The results also shed light into the tradeoff between performance and robustness of PID controllers.

Servo System Control of Turntable Lipstick-Filling Machine Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

In order to improve the production quality of the lipstick-filling machines and the performance of the equipment, the structure of a turntable lipstick-filling machine was designed and the servo control was optimized, considering the known production defects. First, based on the lipstick-filling process, the structure of the turntable lipstick-filling machine was designed. Regarding the bubble problem in lipstick filling, an elastic connecting rod vibration device was designed. Based on the principle of PMSM and a position servo system, a mathematical model of the lipstick-filling servo system was established, the system transfer function was calculated and its dynamic performance was analyzed. Combined with the transfer function, the lipstick-filling servo system PID control and particle swarm optimization PID control simulation models were built. The system adjustment time ts was 0.7 s under particle swarm optimization. Finally, a prototype was built to verify the simulation optimization results. The experimental results demonstrate that the qualified rate of lipstick filling, under the particle swarm optimization PID control implementation, is 97%, indicating that the particle swarm algorithm is quite applicable and has an economic impact by improving the accuracy and stability of the lipstick-filling servo system.

Modeling, analysis and PID controller implementation on suspension system for quarter vehicle model

The aim of this research is to acquire a mathematical model for the quarter vehicle model's passive and active suspension system and to build an active and passive suspension control for a quarter-vehicle model. The passive design of the suspension scheme is a compromise between vehicle handling capacity and passenger ride comfort. Passive suspension provides one of these two circumstances that conflict. Current car suspension systems use passive components only by using a coefficient of spring and damping with a fixed coefficient and two degrees of freedom. In the design and manufacture of cars, passenger comfort is a very significant parameter. The objective of the active suspension system is to enhance both the comfort of the ride and the handling of the highway by directly regulating the actuators of suspension power. In the active suspension system, the Proportional Integral Differential Controller (PID) method is applied. Various kinds of highway profiles and controllers such as P, PD, PI, and PID controllers evaluate the efficiency of the active suspension system comparing it with passive suspension scheme. This efficiency will be determined by using the MATLAB and SIMULINK to perform computer simulations.

Implementation of PID controller for liquid level system using mGWO and integration of IoT application

Industrial automation is a multi-disciplinary study field that is constantly evolving. This research proposes IoT-based real-time liquid level monitoring and control in a single tank system. A PID controller with parameters sets using a novel modified Grey Wolf Optimization (mGWO) algorithm is used to manage the liquid level. The PID controller was then built on the ESP32 microcontroller module, and an android-based application was created utilizing the Blynk platform for IoT plant monitoring and control. The mGWO algorithm is used in MATLAB to optimize the Kp, Ki, and Kd values of PID controller parameters. The Arduino IDE is used to create the microcontroller programing as well as the interface for the Android application to the ESP32 microcontroller module. The results reveal that a single tank liquid level control system based on mGWO outperforms Ziegler–Nichols and SIMC tuning approaches. Furthermore, the adoption of an IoT application-based user interface boosts the plant’s control and monitoring flexibility.

PID control implementation in multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) water mixing tank via Ziegler–Nichols and direct synthesis methods

This study deals with the modeling of two PI controllers to control first-order systems [cold water (CW) to tanklevel and hot water (HW) to temperature] using Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) and direct synthesis methods and to test bothcontrollers for set-point tracking and disturbance rejection modes for multiple input and multiple output (MIMO)water mixing tank. The ZN method is a technique used for tuning controllers, and it used both proportional andintegral actions in the present investigation. This method was performed by setting the integral (I) and derivative(D) gains to zero. It was applied to the open-loop reaction of the process to the change in the water level and thetemperature (the control variables) and the plotter on the computer recorded the response. The evaluated processvariables, such as K (for the proportional action) and ? (for the integral action), are plugged into the ZN equationwith the specific multiplier constants for the gains of a controller with PI actions. The ZN technique was utilized toobtain a PI controller for both the CW to tank level system and the HW to temperature system. The direct synthesis(DS) method was applied to a desired closed-loop transfer function. The design of the controller was based on aprocess model. This method was applied to set-point changes in the control system and later fixed to responsesto disturbances. The DS technique was implemented on the two systems, the CW to tank level and the HW totemperature. It was able to control the impact of the sensitive HW to temperature system. However, the controllerperformance across the CW to tank level system was extremely inefficient as oscillations were observed.

PID Control Implementation in Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) Water Mixing Tank via Ziegler-Nichols and Direct Synthesis Methods

This study deals with the modeling of two PI controllers to control first-order systems (cold water [CW] to tank level and hot water [HW] to temperature) using Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) and direct synthesis methods and to test both controllers for set-point tracking and disturbance rejection modes for Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) water mixing tank. The ZN method is a technique used for tuning controllers, and it used both proportional and integral actions in the present investigation. This method was performed by setting the integral (I) and derivative (D) gains to zero. It was applied to the open-loop reaction of the process to the change in the water level and the temperature (the control variables) and the plotter on the computer recorded the response. The evaluated process variables, such as K (for the proportional action) and ? (for the integral action), are plugged into the ZN equation with the specific multiplier constants for the gains of a controller with PI actions. The ZN technique was utilized to obtain a PI controller for both the CW to tank level system and the HW to temperature system. The direct synthesis (DS) method was applied to a desired closed-loop transfer function. The design of the controller was based on a process model. This method was applied to set-point changes in the control system and later fixed to responses to disturbances. The DS technique was implemented on the two systems, the CW to tank level and the HW to temperature. It was able to control the impact of the sensitive HW to temperature system. However, the controller performance across the CW to tank level system was extremely inefficient as oscillations were observed.

Real-Time Implementation of Fractional-Order PID Controller for Magnetic Levitation Plant With Time Delay

The design of a Fractional Order PID controller (FOPID), to stabilize a second-order unstable magnetic levitation plant (MLP) with time delay, is proposed in this paper. The proposed two stage approach involves estimating the lower and upper bounds of the controller gains using an extension of the Hermite-Biehler theorem. Further, the optimal gains within the search space, determined in the first stage, are obtained by formulating the controller design task as a constrained optimization problem seeking to minimize the root mean square error ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RMSE</i> ) of reference tracking, in terms of the ball position measured by the IR Sensor. The optimization problem is solved using a recently proposed agent based evolutionary algorithm, namely, Multi-Agent based Symbiotic Organisms Search (MASOS). It has been confirmed that the theorem is effective in determining the stable ranges of the controller gains, while the MASOS algorithm is able to provide the optimal gain values. The obtained results have been verified by simulation in MATLAB® Simulink®. The findings from the simulation results have been further validated by real-time experiments on the hardware setup of MLP. The comparative analysis with 1-Degree of Freedom (DOF) FOPID, fractional-order Integral-Proportional-Derivative (FOIPD), Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC), Radial Basis Function Sliding Mode Controller (RBFSMC) and Stable Inversion approach using both offline numerical simulation and real-time experiment corroborates the superiority of the FO-IPD controller.

Implementation of DC Motor PID Control On Conveyor for Separating Potato Seeds by Weight

Dieng area is a mountainous area, dieng has land with high fertility levels so that they are increasingly high in the agricultural sector, especially potatoes. During the time, the technology for sorting potato seeds was still manual with humans, so it was less effective. The conveyor here is very useful as this device which will later work with loadcell as a weigher, and this device will be driven using a dc motor then the speed stabilization uses the PID algorithm with trial and error methods and this tool is supported using ultrasonic sensors and two servo sorting. This device works with 1 cycle, namely with 1 command with a value of KP 55, KI 20 and KD 0.001. The conveyor movement is quite stable with an average error value of 0.276 load cell with a standard deviation of 0.211877 with an achievement level of 80%.

Design and Implementation of Fuzzy PID Controller for Controlling the Speed of Robotic Vehicle System in MATLAB

In recent years, researchers have been developed robotic vehicles for different applications especially in agriculture system. This system consists of a Robotic Vehicle which directs through the area in the required path doing digging as it goes through the path. This paper includes the modeling, design and analytical results of fuzzy PID and PID controller for tracking the speed of the robotic vehicle. The proposed controller was employed to track the desired speed and tracks the direction of the robot vehicle. Ziegler Nicholas and Auto tune based PID algorithm have been used by some authors to find the tuning parameters of P, PI and PID Controllers for achieving the desired set point. The Conventional PID and fuzzy PID algorithms are modelled and simulated in the MATLAB environment using programming code and Simulink. Finally, the performance assessment is contrasted with standard controller PID and fuzzy PID. Fuzzy PID controller tracks the desired speed of robotic vehicle with accuracy in performance indices as compared to conventional PID controller, specified by the designer.

Design and Implementation of Programmable Analog Board

&lt;p&gt;Prototyping of analog circuits is hair stretching work, and often get’s complicated because one has to work with breadboard. To eliminate bread boarding of big digital systems, FPGAs were developed over the past years for prototyping purposes. We have come up with similar thing for analog world. It’s like FPGA, but instead of digital it will create analog circuits like integrator, differentiator, adder based on coding. We have one plan to make it possible. FPGAs use RTL coding like VHDL/verilog and has their own s/w which converts coding to circuit net list and which gets implemented in FPGAs, now at this stage we don’t have that much knowledge to develop our own synthesizer s/w, hence we’ll use following plan. We will have OP-AMPs in circuit, and passive components which has capability to change it’s value based on programming. For resisters we use something known as digital POTs and for capacitors NCD2100 which is digital programmable variable capacitor. We’ll have interconnection between all of them via FETs, which will act as programmable switches. Now for programming, one has to write commands, which will be decoded by ASCII codes and accordingly switch matrix is programmed to form desired circuit. There is digital circuit which accepts ASCII bits and programs solid state switches, and with this one can implement amps, integrator, differentiators, adders, instrument amplifiers and combination of all above. Application of this thing can be found in prototyping, educational purposes and implementation of PID controllers.&lt;/p&gt;

Design and Implementation of Optimal PID Controller Using PLC for Al-Tahady ESP

Design and Implementation of Optimal PID Controller Using PLC for Al-Tahady ESP

Improvement of the transfer function quality indicators of the power control system at the electric drill engine shaft

In order to get better rigs performance the authors improve the schematic diagram of the power control system at the electric drill engine shaft using control input transfer function, where the electric drill is considered to be the control object which operates in conditions of a priori and current uncertainty under the influence of external perturbations. To improve the quality of the transient process under the conditions of changes in the parameters of the control object (when these parameters cannot be checked on), the authors have developed the algorithm of tuning the adaptive fuzzy PID controller based on the hybrid adaptive system. This algorithm includes the advantages of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic. The efficiency of the algorithm with the parametric disturbance has been shown. It is concluded that the implementation of adaptive fuzzy PID controllers makes it possible to improve the quality of the transfer function of the power control system at the electric drill engine shaft when this drill operates in the indefinite conditions. The advantage of the developed algorithm is that it does not require special methods of the object parameters identification. Its implementation using modern microcontrollers is quite simple and accessible.

Influence of PWM Torque Control Frequency in DC Motors by Means of an Optimum Design Method

The phenomenon of non-linearity is the main problem of a DC motor and optimum performance cannot be obtained by the calculation of the controller's parameters using conventional methods. However, a DC motor is considered an extremely common device by the low-cost and effective dynamic response in various applications. Thus, it has been a subject for research studies to take advantage of its maximum performance. This manuscript proposes an experimental methodology that consists of the following: The DC motor's characterization method for finding the ideal frequency. The design of the Firmware-based Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) generating module and the P, PD, PID controller's implementation in an own FPGA-based programmable microprocessor to obtain almost the same performance as a servo-amplifier commercial of direct-drive. The PWM is a technique widely used to regulate the speed of rotation of a DC motor, in this case, the duty cycle of the PWM is used to provide the torque necessary to the mechanics of the system in order to look for a linear relationship but using the right frequency of the characterized DC motor. Finally, based on a built prototype of a micro-positioning system using the characterized motors, and the mathematical model, in both cases the three controllers were applied in order to establish the comparison between the responses, seeking to observe if the experimental results show a great difference with respect to the simulation results. The main aim of this study is to show that the proposed methodology works. However, since there was no significant difference in both results, motors used in the closed-loop control present approximately the same linear response as that of the motor model used in the simulation.

Processor-in-the-loop co-simulations and control system design for a scaled autonomous multi-wheeled combat vehicle

This paper describes the design and implementation of PID and fuzzy logic controllers for tracking the desired heading angle for a scaled autonomous multi-wheeled combat vehicle (AMWCV). The challenge of designing these control systems is to control the steering of the front four wheels individually in order to obtain the correct heading angle of the vehicle. The performance of the developed controllers is validated in the presence of noise and disturbance in order to evaluate the irrobustness. A processor-in-the-loop (PIL) co-simulation is conducted to permit and achieve amore realistic situation where the developed control algorithms are evaluated while running on a dedicated processor. The obtained results from both simulation and PIL are compared. This comparison will demonstrate the controller effectiveness in tracking the desired heading angles.

Processor-in-the-loop co-simulations and control system design for a scaled autonomous multi-wheeled combat vehicle

This paper describes the design and implementation of PID and fuzzy logic controllers for tracking the desired heading angle for a scaled autonomous multi-wheeled combat vehicle (AMWCV). The challenge of designing these control systems is to control the steering of the front four wheels individually in order to obtain the correct heading angle of the vehicle. The performance of the developed controllers is validated in the presence of noise and disturbance in order to evaluate the irrobustness. A processor-in-the-loop (PIL) co-simulation is conducted to permit and achieve amore realistic situation where the developed control algorithms are evaluated while running on a dedicated processor. The obtained results from both simulation and PIL are compared. This comparison will demonstrate the controller effectiveness in tracking the desired heading angles.