Open Data Implementation Research Articles

Institutional Dimensions in Open Government Data: A Deep Dive Into Indonesia’s Satu Data Initiative and Its Implications for Developing Countries

Institutional factors such as data standardization, data interoperability, and the ability to include other stakeholders (e.g., civil society) in ecosystems are now understood as crucial considerations in Open Government Data (OGD) implementation. However, most of the current understanding of institutional factors linked to OGD growth has evolved around highly digitalized and developed countries. This study aims to address this gap by investigating open data implementation in Indonesia, a developing country that has been an early advocate of OGD in the "Asia Pacific". In 2014, Indonesia implemented Satu Data Indonesia (One Data Indonesia) as a national initiative to promote OGD objectives. We employ institutional dimensions as the central theoretical lens to unpack the successes and impediments to Satu Data Indonesia’s development. This research dataset is built on 16 expert interviews from government (n = 14) and private (n = 2) organizations that directly contribute to the growth of Satu Data Indonesia, qualitatively triangulated with documentary analysis of key policy and regulatory documents. These new data provide important insights into the complexity and challenges of nationwide OGD implementation and data-sharing. Our findings show that despite its being an early advocate, Indonesia’s OGD initiative is still in the early stages of development, impeded by several policy and administrative bottlenecks.

The Impact of Open Data Implementation on Entrepreneurial Attitude with Regard to Moving towards UN Sustainability Goals

This study aimed to investigate the impact of open data implementation as part of its data governance initiatives on entrepreneurial attitudes in Europe and Central Asia. The impact of open data implementation in transforming entrepreneurial attitudes in Europe and Central Asia has never been determined or investigated in a measurable form. Using regression (OLS) analysis of secondary data on the open data implementation index from the Open Data Barometer (ODB) and the Entrepreneurial Attitude index from GEI, this study investigates the impact of open data implementation (as a national data governance strategy) on entrepreneurial attitudes in Europe and Central Asia. This study introduces a novel approach by integrating open data implementation into the analysis of entrepreneurial attitudes, a perspective yet to be explored in the context of Europe and Central Asia, thereby advancing our understanding of sustainable development goals. The study establishes a causation of the 32% impact of open data implementation on entrepreneurship attitudes toward recognizing opportunities in Europe and Central Asia. This study advocates for the establishment of a comprehensive national open data initiative as a catalyst for fostering entrepreneurial attitudes within Europe and Central Asia. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance for entrepreneurs to cultivate the necessary attitude for achieving their business objectives successfully. The study recommends further investigation using a recent dataset. The study’s findings improve the understanding of how to induce entrepreneurship attitudes in Europe and Central Asia in pursuit of post-pandemic economic development.

SYSTEMS AND ARCHITECTURAL SUPPORT FOR OPEN DATA PRINCIPLES: A MARINE EARTH OBSERVATION PERSPECTIVE

Abstract. The GMES and Africa, MarCOSIO project, promotes the sustainable management of marine resources, improves marine governance, and stimulates the growth of the blue economy in the Southern African and Indian ocean region. Because of its mandate, a wide range of applications, and regional view that incorporates eight countries, the MarCOSIO Information Management System adopts and continues to strive towards implementation of open data principles. This paper presents considerations of the MarCOSIO information management systems towards the adoption and implementation of open data, FAIR and TRUST principles, to ensure the sustainability of its services and offerings. The implementation of the system is evaluated against criteria that assess the alignment to FAIR, TRUST, and Open Data principles. An assessment of the results shows that the system aligns closely, though not fully, with the FAIR and TRUST principles. This is mainly due to the use of reputable open-source tools that implement well-known and accepted standards. On the basis of the services provided, the system cannot be fully open, as in some cases the need for security outweighs the openness. This is specifically true for cases where there is a need to protect personal information, and public disclosures are prohibited by law. The use of open data from the European Commission has allowed the rapid development of regionally relevant solutions that, in turn, have remarkably improved decision making in promoting the protection and growth of the ocean economy. It is one of the goals of the open data directive to increase public participation in the achievement of economic growth.

Village Open Data Implementation: Lesson Learned from Alang-alang Vilalge, Madura

Alang-alang village is one of the villages in Bangkalan, Madura, near the Suramadu bridge. This village has a vision to be a smart cyber village. However, the application of open data need to be explored, especially in the village area. We just found the implementation of the open data application in Wonosobo and Bantul. Therefore, researching implementing Open data applications at the village level is important. This study aims to capture the open data application 1.0 implementation for the Alang-Alang Village Government. It will explore the richness of the village open data implementation's success factors, challenges, and uniqueness. This research contributes by providing a lesson learned and a novel model for Village Open Data Implementation based on the case study of the Alang-alang village open data application. Moreover, this research also has some implications for knowledge and practice for other villages’ governments, researchers, practitioners, and village ministries worldwide, such as the implementation model can be adopted for other contexts and villages. In the body of knowledge, it develops a body of e-Government and smart village knowledge and research fields. Based on this case study, there are some success factors for village open data implementation: Vision and commitment of the village leader, regulation, people’s support and participation, infrastructure, and digital literacy.

The Impact of Open Data Implementation on Entrepreneurship Ability in Sub-Saharan Africa

This article conducts an experimental investigation on the impact of national open data implementation (ODI) on entrepreneurship ability in sub-Saharan Africa based on epistemological predispositions. With the commitment of 150 countries and organization to open data, this study is founded on the theory of planned behavior that behavioral intention can be induced by background variable categorized as personal, social, and informational. In a bid to validate the informational impact, this study is aimed at determining how much of entrepreneurship ability (EAB) is explained by open data implementation (ODI) in sub-Saharan Africa. This study analyzes secondary data from 22 sub-Saharan African countries, using regression analysis. Result shows that open data implementation has a negative nonsignificant impact on entrepreneurship ability in the continent. It is no surprise that Open Data Barometer (ODB), which is the official open data assessing body, posits that there is need for improved open data implementation in sub-Saharan Africa for economic development purposes. Therefore, this study recommends further research on open data implementation as a national data governance initiative to identify opportunities for entrepreneurial impact in sub-Saharan Africa similar to those observed in Europe and other parts of the world. The findings have implications for policymakers and stakeholders seeking leverage to improve entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa through open data implementation.

Evaluation of the Open Data Implementation of the City Government of Depok

Evaluation of the Open Data Implementation of the City Government of Depok

Considering the Reluctance to Adopt Open Data in German Public Administration: An Exploration of Individual Innovation-Decisions

This article examines different forms of rejecting Open Data by administrative staff in German public administrations. The starting point for our study, was the observation that the diffusion of Open Data in Germany has been rather restrained in practice, despite potential advantages and strong political commitment. For this purpose, individual innovation-decision processes of administrative staff were examined. The paper is based on semi-structured interviews with experienced Open Data experts and provides insights into rejecting or negative attitudes as well as resistance to Open Data by administrative employees and thus, provides explanations for the reluctance such as perceived high risks associated with the implementation of Open Data. At the same time, experiences regarding barriers, like an insufficient technical framework for Open Data are presented. This provides important insights on how to address negative attitudes and opposition to Open Data effectively.

Explaining the resistance of data providers to open government data

PurposeThis paper explains the formation of government resistance to open data based on the cognition of stakeholders in Chinese context.Design/methodology/approachAdopting grounded theory, this study interviewed 22 stakeholders to collect data. Through continuous coding, this study identified the main categories and then constructed theoretical models.FindingsThis study identified and explained five main categories that relate to resistance: practice, perception, organizational culture, motivation and resistance strategies. Then, a framework was developed that conceptualizes the government' resistance to open data. Based on the division of the forms of motivation, there are three paths through which government departments resist open data, namely, avoiding disadvantages to the organization, being unwilling to increase the workload and being unwilling to take the initiative.Originality/valueThis paper reveals the internal logic of government departments' resistance to open data and provides a process explanation beyond causality. It also provides a reference for other countries in the same preliminary stage as China with respect to open data implementation.

Institutional Dimensions of Open Government Data Implementation: Evidence from Transition Countries

Over the past 10 years, we have observed a significant growth in open data adoption in governments across the globe. Potential barriers and enablers of open government data have been well-documented in the literature. However, nearly all of this research has been conducted in Western, democratic and developed societies, with very little known about open government data implementation in less developed countries. This article investigates how institutional dimensions affect open data implementation in six understudied countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. This research presents rich data based on an analysis of 31 documents and focus group discussions with a total of 89 participants. In general, we find that in these countries the same institutional dimensions influence OGD implementation as in their Western counterparts. A striking difference, however, is that we find open data implementation in transition countries to be much more fragile and highly dependent on foreign aid initiatives. This paper also strengthens the argument that institutional dimensions explain the performance of open data implementation.

Implementation of Digital‐Era Governance: The Case of Open Data in U.S. Cities

AbstractThis article examines the institutional factors that influence the implementation of open data platforms in U.S. cities. Public management scholarship has argued that governance can be transformed by new information technologies that improve transparency and engagement, reduce administrative costs, and support performance management systems. However, this argument ignores key risks for administrators, as well as institutional and political obstacles that can thwart implementation. This article uses hierarchical negative binomial regression to analyze the organizational and institutional features influencing implementation in more than 1,500 departments across 60 cities. Department type and administrative capacity are strongly associated with the number of open data files available, while city‐level institutional characteristics and administrative capacity are not significant factors. Municipal demographics are also identified as a factor, suggesting a potential demand‐side influence from wealthy and technologically proficient residents.Evidence for Practice The implementation of open data policies benefits from targeted approaches at the department level rather than uniform, citywide objectives or requirements. City executive‐level positions such as chief data or information officers are not necessarily associated with successful implementation, measured by the number of open data files made available. Open data implementation involves additional administrative responsibilities and labor at the department level, so city administrators looking to expand the number and variety of data sets available through their open data platforms should devote time and resources to working directly with departments to facilitate and encourage data sharing. Administrators looking to expand the number and variety of data sets available through their open data platforms should consider the costs associated with investing in increasing individual departments’ abilities to balance the additional administrative responsibilities and labor involved.

Exploring the quality of government open data

Purpose The use of “open data” can help the public find value in various areas of interests. Many governments have created and published a huge amount of open data; however, people have a hard time using open data because of data quality issues. The UK, the USA and Korea have created and published open data; however, the rate of open data implementation and level of open data impact is very low because of data quality issues like incompatible data formats and incomplete data. This study aims to compare the statuses of data quality from open government sites in the UK, the USA and Korea and also present guidelines for publishing data format and enhancing data completeness. Design/methodology/approach This study uses statistical analysis of different data formats and examination of data completeness to explore key issues of data quality in open government data. Findings Findings show that the USA and the UK have published more than 50 per cent of open data in level one. Korea has published 52.8 per cent of data in level three. Level one data are not machine-readable; therefore, users have a hard time using them. The level one data are found in portable document format and hyper text markup language (HTML) and are locked up in documents; therefore, machines cannot extract out the data. Findings show that incomplete data are existing in all three governments’ open data. Originality/value Governments should investigate data incompleteness of all open data and correct incomplete data of the most used data. Governments can find the most used data easily by monitoring data sets that have been downloaded most frequently over a certain period.

Відкриті дані як вектор розвитку публічого управління

The purpose of this article is to study the issue of open source data management in public administration on the basis of the analysis of the results of global monitoring, challenges and directions of implementation of the initiative of open data in Ukraine. The article also aims to define the conditions for further development of open data in Ukraine on the basis of an analysis of the current state and potential opportunities of the state and society. The article is based on the research of the world community on open data and analyzed the state of open data in Ukraine. In addition, the study includes an analysis of the existing key principles of data openness and approaches to the implementation of these principles. The legislative provision of open data in Ukraine is highlighted. The examples and the state of the results of published information by publishers published are given. Also reviewed are actual scientific approaches to the factors that hinder the implementation of open source policy. The article emphasizes the need to introduce a practical mechanism for working with public information as one of the modern areas of public administration. Provision of qualitative access to public information in the state is impossible without the implementation of open data policy. According to the results of world monitoring, open data and the use of modern information and computer technologies can play a significant role in the implementation of the reform of public administration and in the processes of building a democratic society. The results of the introduction of open data should increase the participation of citizens in governance, improve the quality of public services and the effectiveness of public policy through decision-making on the basis of facts and data. On the basis of the study, conclusions are made on understanding the main problems in the way of the implementation of open data, prospects for overcoming them and achieving world standards of public administration in the field of open data.

Investigating Digital (Dis)engagement of Open Government: Case Study of One Data Indonesia

Over the last decade, Indonesia has achieved remarkable progress in promoting transparent andinclusive development through implementing open government principles. This research investigatesone of the open government projects in Indonesia- One Data Indonesia (ODI), a one-stop opengovernment data portal that provides accurate, reliable, and interoperable single-reference datafor the public to use and redistribute without any limitation. The study aims to highlight thecurrent updates on open data implementation in Indonesia and the challenges that may hinder itsapplication in future. The study is an action research, conducted through the participation of theauthor in a three-month internship programme at the Executive Office of the President Republic ofIndonesia. Data on the portal’s engagement was based on Google Analytics. This study finds thatthere is disengagement in open data implementation, which is reflected by a small percentage ofavailable datasets and an imbalance in user access across Indonesia. This study argues that thedisengagement is due to several factors, including irrelevant and uncertain regulatory frameworks,confusion over setting priority goals, inadequate data infrastructure, and limited digital-literatehuman resource. Despite high investment and expectations from the portal, the benefits and civicengagement it has generated so far remain questionable.

PERCEPCIÓN CIUDADANA DEL OPEN DATA Y LA INNOVACIÓN EN MÉXICO

This paper analyses the environment of open data and its perception by Mexicans based on the National Survey on Access to Public Information and Protection of Personal Data (ENAID) 2016 and the Survey on Public Perception of Science and Technology (ENPECYT) 2015. The literature review was focused on the open data age and represents a new social paradigm that has revolutionized the way that people and organizations obtain, analyze and use large amounts of information to make decisions. Mexico has mechanisms and platforms for access to open data, however, their use and contribution to real innovation is unknown. This paper focuses on this problem; the data reflect important weaknesses in the perception of the implementation of open data, along with low interest on innovation and ignorance on it.

Critical Success Factors of Open Government and Open Data at Local Government Level in Indonesia

This article explores the complexity of open government and open data implementation from the perspective of local government in developing countries by addressing the challenges, success factors, lesson learned and the indicators of success. Using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with public managers and other actors at the Bojonegoro regency, this study found five major challenges to open government and data, namely: a) the misappropriation and misused of the data, b) limitedness of technological capabilities, c) ensuring data credibility, d) the availability of information policy to govern openness, and e) maintaining public involvement and enthusiasm. The authors also identified four critical success factors driving the success of open government and data: a) collaboration between government, academics, private entities and general public, b) the openness of government office to accept criticism and suggestion, c) the accommodating leaders, and d) the commitment of government agencies to engage in open government and open data.

National open data frames across Japan, The Netherlands and Saudi Arabia: role of culture

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate the national open data portals of Japan, The Netherlands and Saudi Arabia to identify the role of cultural variations in terms of their open data initiatives.Design/methodology/approachFollowing a qualitative approach, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are probed to appreciate the extent to which the cultures of Japan, The Netherlands and Saudi Arabia are different. Thereafter, the national open data portals of the three countries are analyzed in terms of their nature and scope to underline the extent to which there is a match between the cultural characteristics and the extent of commitment and implementation of open data initiative.FindingsThere are cultural dissimilarities across the three countries and the same is reflected in the extent of commitment toward open data initiatives. Saudi Arabia, with its “collectivist” and high “power distance” score, is more reserved in implementing its open data initiative as compared with Japan or The Netherlands. Similarly, The Netherlands, which scores high in terms of “feminity” and “long-term orientation,” is more forthcoming in publishing data sets, with many government organizations taking up the initiative of publishing the data sets. Finally, with more degree of “uncertainty avoidance,” Saudi Arabia prefers to remain on the safe side by publishing only those data sets that are non-controversial, insensitive and readily available. At the same time, the open data initiatives across the three countries require the adoption of a more rigorous and committed approach to ensure that the goals of transparency and public accountability are better met and there is more reuse of the data sets by improvising the user-friendliness of the interfaces for tapping them.Research limitations/implicationsTaking examples from three countries, representative of the different cultural characteristics, it is desirable that further research be conducted by including more countries and deriving an evaluation framework for analyzing the sustainability of the open data initiatives in terms of their culture.Practical implicationsGovernments are encouraged to adopt a more committed stance toward institutionalizing the open data initiatives and policymakers should ensure that the quality of data sets is sustained for maximum reuse of the data sets and for the derivation of public value.Social implicationsCitizens should engage themselves in tapping the data sets for improvising them and contribute toward the existing data sets as well.Originality/valueHitherto, there has been focus on the examples of open data initiatives across different countries, but the role of culture was never investigated while analyzing the open data initiatives. This is the first study where the countries’ open data initiatives are probed in terms of the cultural variations across the three countries using the cultural dimensions identified by Hofstede.

Donor open data policy and practice: an analysis of five agriculture programmes

Open data is a powerful tool for promoting more effective decision making, fostering innovation, and driving organisational change through greater transparency . Researchers in the agriculture sector are increasingly being encouraged to open data from their field research and activities in order to address the complex challenges around food security and sustainability. But as funding institutions introduce their own open data policies, researchers are now asked to respond to multiple requests and requirements. This research was commissioned by a group of donors – DFID (the UK Department for International Development), BMGF (the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation), and USAID (the US Agency for International Development) – in order to understand the opportunities for donors to make open data implementation more efficient and streamlined for their implementing research partners. The hope is to identify patterns of good practice which donors, including those outside agriculture, can build upon and contribute to through further dialogue. The Open Data Institute and GODAN have conducted a review of policy and data quality in five jointly funded agriculture programmes in order to identify the opportunities for agriculture donors to align their approaches (see Section 3). This was supplemented by a series of interviews and surveys with stakeholders from donor and research partner organisations to gain an impression of how policies are being implemented, including the challenges associated with further adoption of open data (Sections 4 and 5, respectively). From this multi-faceted review of policy and practice, we found several opportunities where donors of agriculture research programmes can align. We call upon donors to: Join a global funder dialogue with other donors, researchers, and research institutions Support and adopt common policy principles Share approaches towards dealing with ethical considerations Promote good open data practice among those receiving funding by regularly monitoring compliance and articulating clear expectations regarding budget allocations to ensure open data Increase engagement and introduce practical projects to promote data reuse and innovation Collect data use stories to demonstrate value and impacts of research data Support the capacity of implementing research partners to improve data availability, accessibility, discoverability and quality Adopt shared guidelines, tools and templates aimed at reducing the time and cost of policy compliance Incentivise researchers to publish by rewarding good quality data production Sustainably resource data publication and management Furthermore, we call on all funders of agriculture research to join a global funder dialogue with donors and research institutions with the aim of advancing a shared set of principles and sharing good organisational practices, to underpin more harmonized open data implementation. Original DOI: 10.1079/CABICOMMS-80-70

Conceptualizing citizen participation in open data use at the city level

PurposeOpen data initiatives represent a critical pillar of smart cities’ strategies but remain insufficiently and poorly understood. This paper aims to advance a conceptualization of citizen participation and investigates its effect on open data use at the municipal level.Design/methodology/approachBased on 14 semi-structured interviews with citizens involved in open data projects within the city of Montréal (Canada), the paper develops a research model linking the multidimensional construct of citizen participation with initial use of open data in municipalities.FindingsThe study shows that citizen participation is a key contributor to the use of open data through four distinct categories of participation, namely, hands-on activities, greater responsibility, better communication and improved relations between citizens and the open data portal development team. While electronic government research often views open data implementation as a top-down project, the current study demonstrates that citizens are central to the success of open data initiatives and shows how their role can be effectively leveraged across various dimensions of participation.Originality/valueThis paper proposes a conceptualization of citizen participation on open data use at the municipal level. Citizen participation is a found to be a key contributor to the use of open data through four distinct categories of participation, namely, hands-on activities, greater responsibility, better communication and improved relations between citizens and the open data portal development team. This paper demonstrates the critical role of citizen participation in open government.

Cyberinfrastructure for Open Science at the Montreal Neurological Institute.

Data sharing is becoming more of a requirement as technologies mature and as global research and communications diversify. As a result, researchers are looking for practical solutions, not only to enhance scientific collaborations, but also to acquire larger amounts of data, and to access specialized datasets. In many cases, the realities of data acquisition present a significant burden, therefore gaining access to public datasets allows for more robust analyses and broadly enriched data exploration. To answer this demand, the Montreal Neurological Institute has announced its commitment to Open Science, harnessing the power of making both clinical and research data available to the world (Owens, 2016a,b). As such, the LORIS and CBRAIN (Das et al., 2016) platforms have been tasked with the technical challenges specific to the institutional-level implementation of open data sharing, including: Comprehensive linking of multimodal data (phenotypic, clinical, neuroimaging, biobanking, and genomics, etc.)Secure database encryption, specifically designed for institutional and multi-project data sharing, ensuring subject confidentiality (using multi-tiered identifiers).Querying capabilities with multiple levels of single study and institutional permissions, allowing public data sharing for all consented and de-identified subject data.Configurable pipelines and flags to facilitate acquisition and analysis, as well as access to High Performance Computing clusters for rapid data processing and sharing of software tools.Robust Workflows and Quality Control mechanisms ensuring transparency and consistency in best practices.Long term storage (and web access) of data, reducing loss of institutional data assets.Enhanced web-based visualization of imaging, genomic, and phenotypic data, allowing for real-time viewing and manipulation of data from anywhere in the world.Numerous modules for data filtering, summary statistics, and personalized and configurable dashboards.Implementing the vision of Open Science at the Montreal Neurological Institute will be a concerted undertaking that seeks to facilitate data sharing for the global research community. Our goal is to utilize the years of experience in multi-site collaborative research infrastructure to implement the technical requirements to achieve this level of public data sharing in a practical yet robust manner, in support of accelerating scientific discovery.

Open Data and the Needs of Older People for Public Transport Information

People's life expectancy is increasing throughout the world as a result of improved living standards and medical advances. The natural ageing process is accompanied by physiological changes which can have significant consequences for mobility. As a result, older people tend to make fewer journeys than other adults and may change their transport mode. Access to public transport can help older people to avail themselves of goods, services, employment and other activities. Hence, public transport is important to older people's quality of life, their sense of freedom and independence.Within the European Commission funded FP7 project GOAL (Growing Older and stAying mobiLe), the transport requirements of older people were studied on the basis of five different profiles/groups of older people defined within the project, according to their ‘fitness to travel’. It was found that easily-accessible information provision on public transport was important for all of these groups, but that the required content and delivery of the information varied between groups. Even though new technologies can provide useful real-time information in the palm of a hand, the study highlighted that devices and content are not user-friendly for many older people, particularly relating to web sites and ‘apps’ (applications, usually on portable devices). As the system developers target bigger markets from their economic point of view, many products do not address the requirements of specific groups of older people (e.g. those with mobility difficulties). However, this could change with the apps-based traveller information because of the relatively lower cost of apps development when data is available in an open data server.In this context, the on-going EC-funded TIDE (Transport Innovation Deployment in Europe) project is exploring the issue of open data for apps-based traveller information as one of the innovative urban mobility measures. The benefits of open access data is that it allows third parties (private or public) to access data and develop apps to provide information to users in a variety of ways according to user needs. For example, older people may need larger font displays and primary data only, while mobility impaired people may need information on walking distances and the existence of gradient, steps, seats, etc. Reviewing the international cases of open data implementation, the study found examples of authorities initiating the market by running competitions to develop apps for targeted groups such as older or disabled people.This paper will present the findings of the information needs of older people using public transport from the GOAL project and then explores the possibility of apps-based traveller information for them currently being looked at in the ongoing TIDE project. The aim here is to address information needs of older people particularly using public transport to make it more attractive in the 21st century.