Implementation Of Local Programs Research Articles

Occupational Lyme Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lyme disease (LD) can have significant consequences for the health of workers. The frequency of infection can be estimated by using prevalence and incidence data on antibodies against Borrelia Burgdoferi (BB). A systematic search of studies published in English between 2002 and 2021 and a meta-analysis were conducted in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Out of a total of 1125 studies retrieved, 35 articles were included in the systematic review. Overall, in these studies, outdoor workers showed a 20.5% BB seroprevalence rate. Meta-analysis, performed on 15 studies (3932 subjects), revealed a significantly increased risk in outdoor activities (OR 1.93 95%CI 1.15–3.23), with medium-level heterogeneity (I2 = 69.2%), and non-significant publication bias. The estimated OR in forestry and agricultural workers was 2.36 (CI95% 1.28; 4.34) in comparison with the controls, while a non-significant increase in risk (OR = 1.05, CI95% 0.28; 3.88) was found in the remaining categories of workers (veterinarians, animal breeders, soldiers). The estimated pooled risk was significantly higher in the studies published until 2010 (OR 3.03 95%CI 1.39–6.61), while in more recent studies the odds became non-significant (OR 1.08 95% CI 0.63–1.85). The promotion of awareness campaigns targeting outdoor workers in endemic areas, and the implementation of local programs aimed at controlling range expansion of vectors, are key strategies for protecting workers.

Program management in the socio-humanitarian sphere of the megapolis: aspects of monitoring and evaluation

The article is devoted to the implementation of local programs in the socio-humanitarian sphere in the context of the study of aspects of monitoring and evaluation of programs as an important element in ensuring the effectiveness of public administration in the formation and implementation of local development programs. In particular, the study covers urban and regional programs in the field of physical culture and sports. A thorough analysis of the content of these programs through the prism of public administration in the field of health and physical activity of the population as a separate area of socio-humanitarian policy in the cities of Ukraine (Dnipro, Kharkiv). It is confirmed that the development of health and physical activity of the population of megacities is also influenced by related city programs (in the field of culture, education, medicine, patriotic education, tourism development, etc.), which can act as additional mechanisms in implementing public policy in public health. It is established that programs for the development of physical culture and sports are financed mainly from local budgets. It is determined that the weak point of the program-targeted support of public administration activities in the socio-humanitarian sphere is the direction of monitoring and evaluation of programs, in particular in the field of development of physical culture, physical activity and sports. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to introduce into the existing programs such priority groups of indicators in the direction of health and physical activity of the population as: indicators of financial and economic support; indicators of development of infrastructure of improving motor activity; indicator of statistical accounting. This will help increase the effectiveness of local programs in strengthening the population health of the community through the development of the non-medical sector of the urban economy of Ukrainian cities.

EL MUNICIPIO COMO ENTE EJECUTOR DE LA POLÍTICA SOCIAL NACIONAL: ARGENTINA TRABAJA (2009-2018)

The municipalities in the Buenos Aires suburbs acquired various positions under the fluctuations of national policy. Specifically, in regard to the implementation of social policies. In this work we address the execution of the Argentina Work - Social Income with Work Program by the Municipality of La Matanza (2009-2018). To do this, we propose a diachronic look after its emergence during the government of the Front for Victory and its completion with the Change Alliance. Specifically, we focus on the political, functional and material dimensions of the local program implementation regime from the municipality. The methodology used is qualitative composed of requests for information, semi-structured interviews conducted both to representatives of the executing agency and to the incumbents and participant observation.

Energy policy design and China’s local climate governance: energy efficiency and renewable energy policies in Hangzhou

This study probes into climate policy design at city level in China, with Hangzhou’s energy efficiency and renewable energy policies between 2005 and 2014 as a case. The study applies a political action arena approach to accentuate the importance of different normative preferences behind climate change policies in relation to Hangzhou’s emerging urban climate governance regime. Three main categories of policy instruments are identified: i.e. command-and-control, market-based, and collaborative governance instruments, and their development over time is examined. It is concluded that in Hangzhou energy efficiency is a more mature and comprehensive political action arena than renewable energy. The study also finds that there has been a significant shift away from preferences towards command-and-control to more market-based instruments, while cooperative governance instruments are still in their infancy. It finally shows that the design and implementation of local programs, especially the selection of policy instruments, are strongly influenced by the normative preferences of local officials. Thus, the approach of Hangzhou’s government to the design and implementation of climate policies seem to gradually become less authoritarian, more market based, and more accountable, due to the inherent complexity of this political action arena.

Leaving Poverty Behind? The Effects of Generous Income Support Paired with Activation

We evaluate a comprehensive activation program in Norway targeted at hard-to-employ social assistance claimants with reduced work capacity. The program offers a combination of tailored rehabilitation, training, and job practice, and a generous, stable, and non-means-tested benefit. Its primary aims are to mitigate poverty and subsequently promote self-supporting employment. Our evaluation strategy exploits a geographically staggered program introduction, and the causal effects are identified on the basis of changes in employment prospects that coincide with local program implementation in a way that correlates with the predicted probability of becoming a participant. We find that the program raised employment prospects considerably. (JEL H55, I32, I38, J24)

Leaving Poverty Behind? The Effects of Generous Income Support Paired with Activation

We evaluate a comprehensive activation program in Norway targeted at hard-to-employ social assistance claimants with reduced work capacity. The program offers a combination of tailored rehabilitation, training and job practice, and a generous, stable, and non-means-tested benefit. Its main aims are to mitigate poverty and subsequently promote self-supporting employment. Our evaluation strategy exploits a geographically staggered program introduction, and the causal effects are identified on the basis of changes in employment prospects that coincide with local program implementation in a way that correlates with the predicted probability of becoming a participant. We find that the program raised employment prospects considerably.

Transgender Health Care Access in Virginia: A Qualitative Study

ABSTRACT We explored health care access experiences of 32 male-to-female (MtF) and 15 female-to-male (FtM) transgender people of different ethnicities in Virginia using data from focus groups conducted in 2004. Victimization associated with social stigmatization played a dominant role in participants’ lives, manifested by discrimination; violence; and health care provider insensitivity, hostility, and ignorance of transgender health. Access to transgender-related medical services that would allow participants to pass in their chosen genders was their highest medical priority. Faced with barriers to access, hormonal self-medication was common, and silicone injections were reported by both MtF and FtM participants. Due to economic vulnerability, sex work was reported as a source of income by both MtFs and FtMs. MtFs expressed concern over confidentiality of HIV testing and additional discrimination if testing positive. FtMs expressed difficulty accessing gynecological care due to their masculine gender identities and expressions. Cultural and technical competency training for providers and implementation of local programs in transgender hormonal therapy are recommended to improve transgender health care access.

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Justice Programs and the sequential intercept model: Case examples in national dissemination of intervention for justice-involved veterans.

Veterans are a significant subpopulation in criminal justice populations, comprising between 9% and 10% of arrestee, jail, prison, and community-supervision populations. In order to address the needs of justice-involved veterans, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Veterans Justice Programs (VJP) offer services to veterans at multiple points in their involvement in the criminal justice system. Within the context of the VA's national mandate to develop VJP, this article presents best practice case examples using the Sequential Intercept Model as the intervention frame, and discusses each in context of a community psychology framework for innovation dissemination. The case examples demonstrate how central program guidance is adapted locally to meet the national mandate using strategies that fit the local environment, illustrating the innovations in action orientation, boundary spanning, and flexibility of organizations. This review provides examples of creative reinvention that expand on the mandate and work to meet local needs. To optimize services to veterans released from custody or supervised in the community, future study of the implementation of this national mandate should examine all VJP sites to identify the full range of best practices in local program implementation.

Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area estimates of depression and anxiety using the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

To examine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the United States by state and MMSA. The 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System collected depression and anxiety data on 74 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (MMSAs) and 41 states/territories (n = 217,379). The national prevalence of current depression, lifetime diagnosis of depression, and lifetime diagnosis of anxiety is 8.7 %, 15.7 %, and 11.3 %, respectively. There is considerable variability within and across states for all three measures. The most striking within-state difference in current depression between MMSAs is in California: 5.4 % and 11.3 %. This variation in mental health at the state and MMSA levels calls for development and implementation of local programs.

Drinking and driving prevention in the community: program planning and implementation

This paper describes the rationale, development and implementation of the Drinking and Driving Component, which is one of five components of the Community Trials Project conducted by the Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California (USA). It traces the background of drunk driving enforcement technology and practice against which the programs at the three sites were implemented. A conceptual model for the enforcement component of a comprehensive community alcohol-related trauma project is presented and its implementation at the three sites is described. Limitations in the available police department resources delayed the implementation of local programs. Media advocacy tied to specific operations proved to be successful in publicizing sensors and sobriety checkpoints were only partially accepted. Overall, the community trials sites increased or held steady their arrest rates in contrast to the comparison sites where DUI arrests declined.

Drinking and driving prevention in the community: program planning and implementation

This paper describes the rationale, development and implementation of the Drinking and Driving Component, which is one of five components of the Community Trials Project conducted by the Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California (USA). It traces the background of drunk driving enforcement technology and practice against which the programs at the three sites were implemented. A conceptual model for the enforcement component of a comprehensive community alcohol‐related trauma project is presented and its implementation at the three sites is described. Limitations in the available police department resources delayed the implementation of local programs. Media advocacy tied to specific operations proved to be successful in publicizing sensors and sobriety checkpoints were only partially accepted. Overall, the community trials sites increased or held steady their arrest rates in contrast to the comparison sites where DUI arrests declined.

Linking Implementation to Outcomes: Evaluation of a Community-Based Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program

An implementation analysis of the first eighteen months of the Maryland Breast and Cervical Cancer Program examined the variability among participating local agencies in the extent of screening services delivered; local program implementation processes; and the relationships between extent of screening and the local level processes. The study used: 1) a mail and telephone survey of local health departments (LHD, N = 24) and 2) state program surveillance data, with correlational methods. 1) "Penetration," the proportion of the target population screened; and 2) "Efficiency," the number of women screened per program staff member. Categories of implementation variables were: 1) Environment, 2) Staffing, 3) Collaboration with community organizations, 4) Outreach, 5) Provider variables, 6) Relationships with State and LHDs, 7) Organizational variables, and 8) Service delivery. Results showed wide local variability in screening levels. Availability of local resources; provider involvement; success of community linkages; and local health department readiness showed relationships with the extent of local screening. Studying implementation is needed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of community-based programs.

Policy Impacts of Community Participation: Health Services in Rural Mexico

A decade after widespread incorporation of community participation in rural primary health programs, researchers continue to scrutinize its impact on policy development. This paper examines community participation in a nationwide health program in rural Mexico. Research was conducted between 1986 and 1988 in administrative offices in Mexico City, Puebla, and Oaxaca, as well as in villages. Results suggest that the effects of formal and informal community participation on policy development differ. Formal participation—such as required community health activities, membership on health committees, participation in volunteer groups—has considerable impact on local health program implementation, but only limited influence on policy development. Informal community participation—which includes day-to-day interactions between program supervisors and local authorities, and interactions between clinic doctors and villagers—also has an impact on local program implementation, and, in addition, affects policy develop...

Preventing Drug Abuse

This comparision of five approaches to drug abuse prevention-one education program, two treatment programs, and two law enforcement approaches—in terms of the number of "addiction years" prevented by an infusion of financial resources reveals that drug education, directed toward children 12 to 18 years old in secondary schools, is the most cost-effective approach. It is pointed out that drug education at the secondary school level also reaches a broader segment of the population, one that is more representative of the community in terms of sex, race, and socioeconomic status. The effects of government funding policies on local program implementation are noted.