Implementation Of Innovation Policy Research Articles

Harnessing artificial intelligence‐driven industrial robotics for sustainability: Insights from leading green economies

AbstractIn 2023, global temperatures witnessed an alarming escalation, reaching an unprecedented 1.46°C above preindustrial levels, marking it as the hottest year on record. Simultaneously, atmospheric carbon dioxide surpassed 420 ppm, exceeding a stability maintained for over 6000 years by more than double. This troubling surge in CO2 intensifies global warming, leading to an increased frequency of extreme weather events and contributing to 24% of global deaths attributed to environmental concerns. These alarming environmental challenges demand urgent attention and the implementation of innovative policies. Responding to this imperative, the study examines the impact of artificial intelligence‐based industrial robotics (AIIR) and other control variables such as green energy, green finance, and green energy investment on CO2 emissions in economies supporting green initiatives, including Canada, Denmark, China, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. Using monthly data from 2008 to 2021 and a novel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach, the results indicate that AIIR significantly reduces CO2 emissions in the sample economies. Additionally, green energy, green finance, and green energy investment also significantly decrease CO2 emissions. The study's outcomes bear policy implications for decision‐makers in the sampled economies, offering tangible insights for effective environmental management.

UKRISTEI IS AN INFORMATION HUB FOR INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENTS, AS THE MAIN FACTOR IN BUSINESS DYNAMICS

The article analyzes the activities of the State Scientific Institution “Ukrainian Institute of Scientific and Technical Expertise and Information”, which has reached the level of a modern information hub, where various innovative developments are concentrated, consulting support is provided for the activities of business incubators, integration technology arenas; coordination of joint research, etc. Scientific, technical, professional, practical and educational activities of UkrISTEI contribute to solving the problems of disseminating information on leading approaches and factors that have a productive impact on the dynamics of economic activity. The rapid progress of Ukraine towards integration into the European community is substantiated and highly appreciated in order to ensure the social welfare of the population and the country at the European level, which will allow for the successful implementation of innovation policy. Attention is drawn to the need for international cooperation with active involvement of the world's best scientific and technical experience, and entry into international structures with the participation of the state. In the post-war period, Ukraine will need accelerated scientific and technological development, which will be actively promoted by a balanced patent and license policy, acquisition of foreign technological developments by business entities in order to form and stimulate the development of domestic scientific and technological potential.

Public procurement and innovation policy in Russia: a perspective of narrative economics

Objective: to identify narratives describing the use of public procurement system for innovation policy implementation and to critically analyze them.Methods: quantitative analysis of the frequency of narratives, qualitative analysis of narratives to identify protomodels, institutions and social context.Results: in the modern Russian economic system, public procurement is used as a tool for implementing the national innovation policy. The analysis of legal acts regulating public procurement of innovative and high-tech goods showed the trends that potentially reduce the variability of procuring entities' actions and the transparency of procurement procedures. Based on the tools of narrative economics, the authors analyzed the attitude of actors (representatives of the state, business and academia) of the Russian innovation system to the existing practice of public procurement in the context of the national innovation policy. As a result, the work presents a typology of public procurement problems, discussed in mass media, for Russia’s innovative development.Scientific novelty: the considered narratives show that, in relation to the Russian innovation system, the public procurement subjects can act in the logic of the “principal-agent” theory, while the tendency to reduce transparency is welcomed by some actors.Practical significance: institutional analysis of the recent changes in public procurement, including the rules governing the procurement of innovative and high-tech products, has revealed the devolution of formalized rules aimed at the implementation of state innovation policy. Together with the increased level of privacy in organizational activities of procuring entities, this carries the risks of not only increasing the level of opportunistic behavior of the public procurement market subjects, but also decreasing confidence in the entire public procurement system.

ГЕОСТРАТЕГІЧНЕ ВІКНО МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ ІННОВАЦІЙНО-ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ: ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ТА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ МЕХАНІЗМИ РОЗВИТКУ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

It is determined, that Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine has attracted great attention around the world and caused concern. Radical geopolitical uncertainty is changing the rules of the global economy. Countries must accept new realities and adapt to them, prioritizing flexibility and resilience. Ukraine needs to take advantage of the geostrategic window of opportunity for innovation and investment modernization of all sectors of the economy, especially the agricultural sector, as one of the main export-oriented sectors designed to ensure food security and healthy nutrition not only for the domestic market but also for the growing global population; to become an important regional actor and eventually integrate into the European Union, to avoid becoming an outsider in the global economy. The research is devoted to the study and analysis of the problems of innovation and investment modernization of the agricultural sector in accordance with the requirements of sustainable development and global geopolitical uncertainty in order to take advantage of the geostrategic window of opportunity in the post-war period. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive assessment of innovation and investment transformations taking place in the agricultural sector in countries in the context of the challenges of global sustainable development in order to determine the priorities of institutional regulation and organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine in order to take advantage of the geostrategic window of opportunity in the post-war period. The objective of the scientific research is to identify the most successful group of countries in terms of implementation of intensification of production activities, efficiency of implementation of innovation policy and ability to meet the needs for food, taking into account the requirements of sustainable development, substantiation of recommendations for innovation and investment modernization of agricultural production activities of domestic producers, determination of priorities for institutional regulation and organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of foreign economic activity. The following methods of scientific research were used in the article: the method of system analysis, forecasting, generalization, modeling, namely, clustering by the K-Means algorithm. The leading countries with highly innovative agro-industrial sectors are grouped and their experience in formulating state policies aimed at supporting innovative transformations of the agro-industrial complex is summarized. The priority directions of institutional regulation and organizational and economic foundations for the development of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine are substantiated. Keywords: clustering, geostrategic window of opportunity, international trade, foreign trade, foreign economic activity (FEA), exports, imports, organizational and economic foundations and mechanisms, institutional regulation, innovation and investment modernization and transformation, institutional design of development, state support, state policy, business environment, sustainable development, agricultural production, agricultural sector, agriculture, agricultural enterprises, agricultural products, agricultural products, world / international economy.

БАЗОВЫЕ ПРИНЦИПЫ И ЛОГИКО‑ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ МОДЕРАЦИИ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ УЧАСТНИКОВ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

The article examines the conditions for the implementation of innovation policy and the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to strengthen the implementation of innovation policy. The organizational principles contributing to the effective moderation of interaction between the authorities of the participants in the regional innovation system on the basis of innovation policy are considered. As a result, a set of basic principles was obtained: principles of public administration in terms of scientific and technological development of the region, principles of innovative development of the economy of the subject of the Russian Federation, principles of effective communication, principles of network-centric management, principles of innovation management. Based on the proposed set of basic principles using the PDCA cycle, due to the integration of innovation management into public administration, a two-circuit logical and functional model of moderation of RIS participants based on innovation policy has been formed, which will allow developing flexible organizational measures to moderate the interaction of participants in the innovation system.

How to Ensure the Comprehensive Development of the Russian Innovation System

Effective functioning of The Russian innovation system (RIS) is impossible without forming an independent and systemic innovation policy. It should unite the interests of all participants in innovation activities and create effective incentives and institutions for developing the scientific, educational and business environment. The study aims to identify the primary recommendations for reforming and implementing economic policy in the field of innovation formulated by the actors of the Russian innovation system (representatives of business and academia). The authors applied an economic narrative analysis approach, which studies the semantic characteristics of the narratives told by actors in the innovation system. The empirical basis of the study consists of scientific works on national innovation systems, as well as 27 interviews with representatives of the academic sphere and 26 interviews with business representatives. Based on the narrative analysis of innovation systems, the authors formulated proposals and strategic recommendations for the implementation of innovation policy aimed at enforcing effective measures for the integrated and progressive development of the RIS: adoption of a unified federal law on innovation to determine the direction of development of the RIS; creation of a unified federal information platform to ensure effective and accessible communication between entrepreneurs and representatives of the academic sphere; reducing institutional barriers to the implementation of innovative activities in Russia; stimulation of demand for innovation and innovative activity; application experience of other countries to adapt to new challenges in priority areas of development.

Public-private partnership as a tool to stimulate innovation in the scientific and technical sphere

In a market economy, it is important to improve the technology of work and the efficiency of resource management. One of the most effective ways to attract investments for their development is to use the mechanism of public-private partnership (PPP). PPP occupies an important place in the economy, affects the development of entrepreneurship, production, social sphere and modernization of the economy. With limited budgetary resources, PPP can also be considered as a new mechanism for attracting investments into the country's economy. In the article the authors tried to determine whether the interests of the state and entrepreneurship in the innovation sphere coincide to the greatest extent, and whether the joint resource power of the parties can contribute to the growth of priority sectors of the economy, increase the share of Kazakhstani goods and services in the foreign market of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products. In this regard, the authors propose a methodology and mechanism proving that the successful solution of innovative directions of entrepreneurship development in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan can be developed on the basis of the PPP mechanism. The implementation of innovation policy based on this idea and position is impossible without joint and coordinated work of the state and business sectors at all stages of the innovation process. The authors have comprehensively studied the role of the mechanism of public-private partnership in the innovative development of entrepreneurship. In addition, the modern conditions, when the financial and economic crisis has aggravated in the Republic of Kazakhstan, in which there are problems in the development of PPP, considered in the article deeply and comprehensively, are taken into account. A high level of management of innovation processes in private entrepreneurial structures functioning on the basis of PPP is envisaged as a mechanism for activation of innovative development of the country.

The state of the material and technical base of the reclamation complex and the assessment of the effectiveness of its modernization

The material and technical base is considered the foundation of any production process and has its own specifics in each industry. Nevertheless, at present its condition in the reclamation complex is unsatisfactory. The purpose was to analyze the features of the material and technical base of the reclamation complex and evaluate the effectiveness of its modernization. The article presents an assessment of the use of the resource potential of the reclamation complex, the principles of improving the material and technical base. The structure of the material and technical base of the reclamation complex, the factors of formation and tools to ensure modernization, replenishment and renewal are characterized. The instruments of implementation of innovation policy are considered. An algorithm for determining the need for modernization, planning and updating of the material and technical base and evaluation efficiency criteria is proposed.

Innovative Policy for Socio-Economic Development in Nunukan's Coastal Border Communities, North Kalimantan

Innovation policy plays a crucial role in national development, productivity enhancement, and well-being. However, the social and economic conditions of individuals residing in coastal regions bordering other areas are generally far inferior to those of their neighbors. This study aimed to evaluate the government’s introduced policy innovations to improve the socioeconomic circumstances of these coastal border communities. The methodological approach used in this study was both qualitative and explanatory. The research location was in North Kalimantan Province, precisely in the coastal area on the border of the Nunukan Regency. The findings indicate that the implementation of innovative policies for socio-economic development is not yet optimal, especially when viewed through the lens of the internal instruments required to realize policy innovation. For the effective development of the social economy in these areas, policies must be participatory and adaptive in design, capable of creating a comprehensive policy strategy to boost the well-being of society.
 Keywords: policy innovation, development social economy, border area

MANAGING THE PROMOTION OF THE COMPANY`S INNOVATION POLICY: KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPI) METHODOLOGY

The article defines and reveals the problematic issues of the theory of development of methodological tools for managing the implementation of innovation policy of the organisation. The expediency and necessity of application of key performance indicators (KPI) as a relevant tool for assessing the effectiveness of management of innovation policy implementation of organisations is substantiated. Methodological approaches to the formation of a system of key performance indicators that provide a systematic approach to a comprehensive and integrated assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of innovation policy implementation on the basis of the proposed methodology of building a "tree of KPI objectives" are proposed; methodological approaches to their application as target, as well as intermediate criteria and indicators of the effectiveness of innovation policy implementation are proposed.

O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASIDA STARTAPLAR FAOLIYATINI HUQUQIY TARTIBGA SOLISHNI TAKOMILLASHTIRISHNING ASOSIY YO‘NALISHLARI

In practice, innovations are recognized as the main driving force of economic growth and are an important factor capable of solving various problems, and creating conditions for sustainable development. In this article, the main directions for improving the legal regulation of startups in our country are listed and they are analyzed based on the experience of foreign countries. In particular, the article mentions the need to improve the regulatory framework in such areas as determining the position of startups in the implementation of innovation policy, further optimizing the legal protection of the results of intellectual activity, improving the institution of pre-contractual negotiations in startup activities and improving the system of state support for startups. The article provides scientific and legal justification for such issues as determining the status of startups by a separate law, improving the norms of legislation regarding the distribution of the right to the results of a state-funded startup between the state and the owner of the project, as well as the development of pre-contractual agreements between a venture investor and a startup, as well as granting startups various government benefits.

Secondary Education in Post-Colonial Nigeria: The Policy and Implementation’s Pros and Cons

This paper examined the pros and cons of the policy and implementation of secondary education in post-colonial Nigeria. A number of identified efforts and commitments made over the years by the Nigerian government in the formulation, planning and implementation of educational policies in secondary education were found to be some of the good inputs conceived as instruments for national development. However, some of these efforts were defeated on the long run, because of a number of other manifestations that negated the intent of the policy to better secondary education in Nigeria. As a way forward, the paper concluded that if the country is to enjoy the dividends of secondary education, there is urgent need to address the challenges that have limited the implementation of educational policies in the secondary education sector. It was recommended inter alia, a review of some of the secondary education policy contents and the implementation of innovative policies and programmes directed towards improving standards of secondary education in the country.

ІННОВАЦІЙНА СКЛАДОВА ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УМОВАХ КОНКУРЕНЦІЇ

The article substantiates the importance of innovations in the context of the economic security of enterprises in the conditions of intensifying competition, increasing threats and uncertainties, which are caused by the modern state of war in the economic development of Ukraine. During the research, such scientific methods were used as: system-analytical, comparative analysis, theoretical generalization. A chain of interconnected risk phenomena that reduce the economic security of enterprises has been clarified, in particular: the destruction of almost all industrial and market ties; instability of solvency; low (or zero) levels of efficiency; catastrophic decrease in competitiveness; the emergence of risks of bankruptcy and loss of viability as a result of received losses or destruction as a result of military actions on the territory of Ukraine. Ensuring the economic security of industrial enterprises in competitive conditions should be based on the fact that the implementation of innovation policy at the enterprise should not be of an episodic nature; strategic planning of the management of the innovation cycle of the enterprise and its products with an orientation to the potential opportunities for the development of the enterprise; ensuring the improvement of the intellectual potential of the enterprise; achieving and maintaining the required level of product quality in accordance with national and international standards; expansion of sales markets due to innovative policy both in domestic and foreign markets. The elements of the implementation of the innovative component of the enterprise's economic security are substantiated, including: the presence of economic support, which is preceded by a detailed economic analysis regarding the feasibility of the planned innovative and investment activities; compliance of regulatory and legal support with current requirements for documenting innovative and investment procedures; timeliness of information provision of all economic processes; improvement of organizational support, which is closely related to the procedural development of relevant processes when implementing innovations at the enterprise; activation of all types of marketing actions; optimization of resource, technical, production support of business processes of the enterprise.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ОСНОВНИХ ЗАВДАНЬ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ДЕРЖАВНИМИ ОРГАНАМИ ВЛАДИ

The article examines the fact that the primary stabilization, and further growth of the positions of business entities on the world market, is ensured on the basis of the implementation of the results of scientific research and development in the direction of the creation of modern intensive technologies and the manufacture of high-tech products. Solving this issue is important, since attracting capital to increase innovation in the scientific and technical sphere requires the creation of tools that will stimulate the entire process of innovative activity. For this, it is necessary to initiate the participation of institutional bodies of state and local self-government, as well as business structures that will implement innovative projects, form and implement effective innovative development strategies. It has been proven that enterprises that quickly and effectively use innovations not only as isolated processes of point renewal of production, but give the processes of introducing innovations a key place in the development of production activities of industrial enterprises, that is, they will carry out systematic, continuous development of innovative activities, will develop. The main problems and prospects of innovation policy are highlighted. Ukraine's place in the global rankings has been determined, which is a determining indicator and allows to assess the effectiveness of the state's innovation policy implementation. The effectiveness of the implementation of Ukraine's innovation policy was analyzed according to the rating of the Global Innovation Index, the Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, the Global Talent Competitiveness Index, the Summary Innovation Index the Human Development Index. It was found that the penetration of innovations into all spheres of economy creates their value and provides an effective strategy for the development of industrial enterprises. The importance of solving this issue for the economy of Ukraine is necessary, since the strategy for the development of the national economy is based on an innovative path. It is highlighted that the main strategic task is the introduction of innovations in technological, resource and organizational directions to ensure various directions of updating the company's work and expanding the circle of consumers and business partners on the national and global markets.

MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATION ACTIVITIES OF TRADE ENTERPRISES

Purpose. The aim of the article is to consider the components of innovation processes and factors of resistance to innovations of trade enterprises. Methodology of research. The study uses a systematic approach that reflects the role of innovation processes in the activities of trade enterprises. The following scientific methods were used in the research process to achieve this goal: scientific abstraction, deduction and induction – to formulate a scientific hypothesis of work, laws and principles; abstract and logical - to make theoretical generalisations, substantiate the research methodology, formulate conclusions; monographic - to study the innovation processes of trade enterprises; method of system analysis for theoretical generalisations of innovation processes of trade enterprises, etc. Findings. The problems and prospects for the development of innovative activities of trade enterprises in Ukraine are considered, which is due to the rapid digitalisation of society, business and government. The use of innovations in trade enterprises is studied. The role and place of implementation of innovation policy at the enterprise in the development of plans and programmes for innovative changes, consistent understanding of the implementation of the innovation development project, and monitoring its progress in the process of implementation are clarified. The importance of a unified innovation policy for all functional and production units of a trading enterprise is substantiated. Originality. The methodology of expert assessment of factors that cause resistance to innovation in the divisions of a trade enterprise has been further developed. An expert assessment was carried out and the factors that have a decisive influence on resistance to innovation in trade enterprises were identified. Practical value. Based on the results of the study, a system of indicators for expert evaluation of factors that cause resistance to innovation in the divisions of a trade enterprise was substantiated. Key words: management, trade enterprise, innovation, expert assessment, resistance.

The rise and fall of democratic socialism in Yugoslavia 1948-1972.

This article examines the complex trajectory of democratic socialism in Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1972, a period characterized by groundbreaking experimentation and subsequent retreat from socialist ideals. The study begins with Yugoslavia?s 1948 break from Stalin, marking the inception of its independent socialist path, distinct from the Soviet model. It highlights the implementation of innovative policies, particularly the model of worker self-management, reflecting Yugoslavia?s endeavor to marry socialist principles with democratic practices. These policies, initially successful in fostering economic growth and a unique Yugoslav identity, faced internal challenges of ethnic and national complexities and external pressures owing to its non-aligned stance during the Cold War. The article delves into the internal political dynamics and leadership strategies of Yugoslavia during this transformative period, which is a domain that has received less scholarly attention compared to Yugoslav economic and foreign policies. It scrutinizes how Tito and his contemporaries navigated the challenges of maintaining a socialist state while balancing the ideals of democracy with the practicalities of governance. Special attention is given to the interplay between domestic policies and international influences, offering a comprehensive view of the Yugoslav socialist experiment. The decline of democratic socialism in Yugoslavia, culminating in the political shifts of 1972, is portrayed not as an abrupt collapse but as a gradual process, marked by changes in both policy and ideology. The authors conclude that the Yugoslav experience provides valuable insights into the complexities of implementing socialism in a diverse and multifaceted society, illustrating both the potential and limitations of merging socialism with democratic principles.

ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ РОЗВИТОК ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ІНДУСТРІЇ ГОСТИННОСТІ

The article is devoted to the analytical consideration of service innovations in restaurants as the main components of innovative development of the enterprise. The legislative framework on which innovation processes in Ukraine are based was investigated, as well as the subjects of the country’s innovative activity were considered. It was noted that the level of development of the country, the economic and political situation, and the current legislation affect innovative activity in Ukraine. Innovative activity of the total activity of institutions is a determining factor of innovative development of the entire state, its foundation and engine, it is reflected through the efficiency of innovative activity. The article analyzes the importance of the implementation of innovation policy and methods of its implementation. Concepts of innovative project, innovative products, innovative activities and product were considered. It was established that in order to implement innovations in a restaurant or hotel, the institution must choose its innovation strategy and set clear goals that will be achieved through the strategic management of innovation activities. It has been stated that there are four types of innovation strategies, which are distinguished by the type of technological innovation, objectives, costs of the company and its risks. Examples of companies using one of the above strategies were given. Innovative tools for attracting guests to establishments were installed and modern restaurant formats were analyzed The most popular concepts of restaurant establishments in Ukraine were established. These include club and family types of establishments. The importance of digitalization as an innovative process of hospitality enterprises is indicated. It was determined that the following are among the main digital innovations: touch displays, interactive (electronic) menus and tablets on tables, QR codes, LED notification technologies, 3-D printers in the kitchen, food producers with the help of a sensor, the introduction of three-dimensional projections and video mapping for effective demonstration of cooking, use of web and telecommunication technologies.

The Impact of Endogenous and Exogenous Forces on Innovation: A Logical Analysis of Regional Innovation Systems in Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract Regional innovation became a mainstream topic in the modern development paradigm. This topic is especially relevant in the European Union (EU), given its developmental gap on the national and sub-national levels. The research considered testing four hypotheses, conceptualising the importance of endogenous and exogenous (regional) factors for the innovation process. The results revealed that Regional Innovation System and Global Production Networks (GPN) approaches could offer necessary models to interpret innovation performance in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Regional cooperation, institutional support, implementation of innovation policy, positive attitude towards competitors, and the implication of international partners embedded in the region in the innovation process showed a high degree of association with innovation. Additionally, various configurations of conditions highlighted many paths to achieve innovativeness by combining endogenous and exogenous parameters. This leads to the conclusion that the outcome's equifinality depends on the regional context and circumstantiality of conjunction between local and global forces.

Отраслевая инновационная политика как совокупность стратегических инструментов и механизмов инновационного развития

The article considers methodical approaches to the development and implementation of innovation policy in Russia. It introduces an analysis of the current state of domestic sectoral innovation policy, its regulatory and legal framework, levels, institutions, criteria, and performance indicators. The author believes that the low innovation activity of economic agents in Russia is caused by the poor theory and methodology of innovation policy, which also affects the innovative potential of the domestic economy. The current sectoral mechanisms of support and implementation of innovative solutions is also ineffective. The author reviewed available publications on innovation policy and various strategic documents, as well as analyzed the foreign experience of sectoral innovation policy. The paper also contains a diachronic analysis of the innovation policy in Russia. The author developed a matrix approach to innovation policy mechanisms in terms of levels, strategic perspectives, and implementation. This simple and visual three-vector matrix provides an efficient analysis of mechanisms of sectoral innovation policy.

Collaborative innovation and social exchange

Public sector organizations have a very important role in the implementation of meeting public needs. This shows that sector organizations are required to produce innovations in governance. The main objective of this research is to describe Collaborative Innovation and social exchange in the implementation of innovation policies in Indonesia. The data obtained from the results of interviews and observations, and strengthened by the study of secondary data were processed through descriptive research methods with a qualitative approach. Based on the results of the study, the implementation of innovation in Indonesia has not been running effectively, seen from the data on the Indonesian Innovation Index. The same thing with MEMBARA innovation, which is a collaborative program, has not been running effectively. This is due to the understanding between actors in the MEMBARA program regarding their respective functions and duties is not maximized and is not in accordance with Social Exchange in Collaborative Innovation.