Implementation Of Family Planning Program Research Articles

Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Program Keluarga Berencana (KB) Di Kecamatan Bungbulang Kabupaten Garut

The government issued a Family Planning Program (KB) aims to actualize the population grow balanced and quality family. The essence of national development is human development and the whole Indonesian society. This research is conducted by using descriptive and qualitative approach. Data obtained from participant , places, documentation and archives and regulations that related to research. In this research data source was chosen purposively. The purpose of this research was to describe public participation consisting of interaction and communication that includes the interest, activeness and contibution of society an d to know the factors that encourage the occurrence of barriers internally and externally in the implementation of family planning program in Bungbulang subdistrict Garut The result of this research shows that public participation in the Family Planning program in Bungbulang subdistrict to actualize the population grow balanced and quality family in 2017 has not gone well as expected.this is because the interest, activeness and contibution of society has not been fully provided to the public. The obstacle factors are the societies did not participate in running KB program, lacking of society support and activeness of society. The society does not understand about the task and everything related to the existing program and does not following the development of informaation in DPPKBPPA in Bungbulang subdistrict.

Pengaruh Pemberian Fraksi Daun Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) terhadap Tebal Epitel Epididimis Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus)

Population growth is increasingly showing alarming problems because it is not balanced with increasing welfare. Therefore we need population control, one of which is the implementation of family planning programs. The implementation of family planning is the responsibility of husband and wife. Plants that can make male antifertility are guava leaves. The purpose of the present research was to analyze the effect of feeding fractions of red guava leaves ( Psidium guajava L.) on the epithelium thickness of epididymis of male white rat ( Rattus norvegicus ). The research was an experimental one, with a postest only control group design. The research sample size was 24 furrow male white mice Sprague Dawley, 60-80 days old. They were divided into 4 treatment groups, each being fed the fractions of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water-ethanol of guava leaves at a dosage of 80 mg/mouse/day, compared to CMC 1% for the control group for 48 days. The research findings showed that there was shrinkage of the epithelium thickness of caput epididymis (p=0,037), (p=0,001) in the corpus, and (p=0,001) in the cauda compared to the control group. It could be a conclusion that the fraction of guava leaves shrinkage the epithelium thickness of caput, corpus and cauda epididymis of male white rat ( Rattus novergicus ).

English

This study was conducted in Muk-Lami town located at 498 km from Addis Ababa and 54 km far from the Western Wollega zonal city, Ghimbi. The study was concerned with reproductive health and contraception where females in the study area have less exposure to contraceptives, choice and proper utilization of methods. This study attempted to investigate major determinants of contraceptive choice, use and side effects on female clients attending family planning services at Muk-Lami Governmental Health Center. The data was collected from women clients selected by simple random method for further information concerning choice and side effects of contraceptives among women attending family planning services. The data had been collected from 182 women between age categories of 20-49 years. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Among contraceptive clients, 39.56% of women have not been informed about contraceptives. Obtained results showed that each contraception method had its own side effects that ranged from mild to severe health complications and reproductive risks on mothers. The majority (61.54%) of clients responded that they feel at least a minimum discomfort whenever using one of the modern birth control methods. Findings of this study also revealed that educated and non-educated women did not have similar and adequate knowledge on contraception. Therefore, educational experts, medical sectors and other concerned bodies including NGOs should empower women through special sex education for successful implementation of family planning programs. Key words: Birth control, contraceptive, clients, pregnancy, side effect, women

PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM KELUARGA BERENCANA DI KECAMATAN MELAK KABUPATEN KUTAI BARAT

This study aimed to examine the implementation of family planning programs in the district of Melak, West Kutai Regency especially in terms of communication, resources, disposition, bureaucratic structure and identify the factors supporting and hindering the implementation of the family planning program in the district of Melak, West Kutai Regency. In this research, writer use the qualitative approach. Data collecting conducted by doing cirscumtantial interview, sharing observation and also documentation study. After this phase, is done by a data analysis qualitative that use the interactive model analysis. The results showed that the implementation of the family planning program in the District Melak not run well. This is caused by the lack of family planning and their extension number of cadres, the facilities were incomplete and lack of budget from the government for the implementation of family planning programs. Keywords: public policy, implementation, family planning

Women’s empowerment and use of contraception in India: Macro and micro perspectives emerging from NFHS-4 (2015–16)

Background and objectiveBased on the four-corner stone of population and development programmes recognized by ICPD (1994) this paper envisages the relationship between the recent waves of women's empowerment anduse of contraceptive methods in India. Data and methodsFindings are based on two rounds of NFHS (3 & 4). Liberson’s Diversity Index has been used to assess the inequality in women’s empowerment. Multiple regression analysis is used to portray the relationship and logistic regression is used to access the adjusted effects of various dimensions of women's empowerment on use of contraception. ResultsVarying degrees of equity in women’s empowerment across different states of India builds a combative relationship with uptake of contraceptive methods. Results portray a positive association between inequality in household decision making, engaged in paid work in last 12 months and having 10 years of schooling with use of any modern method. Women who participated in household decision making (OR = 1.17 p < 0.005), using mobile phone (OR = 1.23 p < 0.005) and working and were paid in cash in last 12 months (OR = 1.37 p < 0.005) are significantly more likely to use any method of contraception. ConclusionsStatus of women in India has improved in different dimensions, yet the patriarchal norms influence the decision of using contraception. The current women-centric bottom-top approach in implementation of family planning programme should focus at the women’s right to decision on their own life and health. Such efforts should hinge at strengthening inter personal counseling and capacity building sessions by outreach workers, which may empower women with enhanced knowledge about their health and bodily rights.

Tracing long-term trajectories of contraceptive practice across 185 countries.

BackgroundGlobally the trajectories of approaches in adoption and implementation of family planning programmes have varied subjecting to variation in cultural and political philosophies across the countries. Accordingly, the progress in family planning has varied over the time across the countries.ObjectiveThis study investigates long-term trajectories of demand for family planning and contraceptive prevalence rates and tests the hypothesis of convergence across the world countries.MethodsThis study used data from United Nations Population Prospects for 185 countries and regions during 1970–2015. Standard graphical, parametric and nonparametric convergence metrics have been used for testing of the convergence hypothesis.ResultsThe results suggest a substantial increase in the global average of both demand and actual prevalence of contraceptive practice across the countries, but the actual contraceptive use is yet to catch up with the demand. Our findings suggest that there is a convergence in contraceptive use across the countries, particularly since the mid-1990s.ConclusionA major part of the convergence in demand for family planning and contraceptive prevalence rate is due to its stalling in both developed and many developing countries and its increase in several developing and least developed countries. Family planning has a greater role in human wellbeing particularly enhancing reproductive, maternal and child health outcomes than being a mere tool for fertility reduction. Therefore, the emphasis is needed on family planning efforts in the lagged behind countries for global convergence of family planning.

“How Little Progress”? A Political Economy of Postcolonial Nutrition

“How Little Progress”? A Political Economy of Postcolonial Nutrition

Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections After Cervical Cancer Screening Guideline and Medicaid Policy Changes: A Population-based Analysis.

Sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening prevents complications and is cost-effective. Annual screening is recommended in sexually active women below 25 years and older women at increased risk. Cervical cancer (CC) screening guideline changes in 2009 and 2012 recommended less frequent screening, causing concern that STI screening would decrease. Pennsylvania Medicaid implemented a family planning program in 2007 which covered women's health services (including STI testing) for uninsured women. It is unclear how STI screening was affected by these countervailing forces. The main objective of this study was to assess STI screening before and after CC screening guideline changes and family planning program implementation, and to determine factors associated with STI screening. This study was an observational cross-sectional study of Pennsylvania Medicaid administrative claims from 2007 to 2013. Sixteen-year-old to 30-year-old women enrolled in Pennsylvania Medicaid. Annual STI screening, defined as receipt of ≥1 STI test in respective 1-year periods. Our population included 1,226,079 women-years for 467,143 women. STI screening increased by 48% between 2007 and 2011, and stabilized by 2013. Odds for STI screening were higher among black compared with white women [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.60-3.10]; Hispanic compared with non-Hispanic women (AOR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.39-1.46); family planning program enrollees (AOR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.40-1.45); and urban compared with rural residents (AOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.06). STI screening dramatically increased between 2007 and 2011. Potential reasons are family planning program implementation, increased urine/vaginal testing, and reporting improvements. It is reassuring that STI screening did not decrease despite CC screening guideline changes. Between 2011 and 2013, rates stabilized at 45% among all women and 60% among sexually active women below 25 years, suggesting opportunities for improvement.

EVALUASI PROGRAM KELUARGA HARAPAN (PKH) DI KECAMATAN BOGOR SELATAN KOTA BOGOR

The purpose of this study is to know the Keluarga Harapan Program (PKH) in Bogor Selatan District Bogor City. The theory used in this research is by using policy evaluation of William N. Dunn which states that to measure the success of a program evaluation can be measured through six variables namely: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, accuracy.The method used is descriptive analysis using Qualitative approach. While the data analysis technique used is by using Interactive model developed by Miles and Huberman, which includes data reduction, datadisplay, and conlusiondrawing / verification. Data collection techniques used were interviews, direct observation and documentation. The informants that the researchers took were 2 kinds of informants, the first PKH assistant who was taken by 2 persons, namely the active companion and the less active companion, and the second informant, the PKH participant who was taken 3 people, the participants who had long been the PKH participants, just become PKH participants and participants who complete the PKH component.The result of this research can be concluded that the process of PKH implementation has been running well in accordance with the purpose of launching PKH in the hope of solving the classical problems faced by RTSM such as malnutrition, high maternal and infant mortality and low participation of school age children. The target achieved in the implementation of family planning program (PKH) in the district of South Bogor is in the form of the incapability of the community is not able especially RTSM in meeting the needs of life related to education, health of pregnant women and toddlers. Keywords: Evaluation, Program, Poverty.

A study of demographic variables affecting tubectomy in a tertiary care centre in India

Introduction: Family planning is one of the fundamental pillars of safe motherhood and a reproductive right. The practice of family planning is influenced by socio demographic factors. Material and Methods: All patients undergoing tubectomy were evaluated for age, parity, religion, belonging to rural/urban areas and whether undergoing tubectomy with/without MTP. Ethical clearance for the study was taken from the Institutional ethics committee. The statistical significances of differences in different variables were evaluated by calculating p-values. Results: Study demonstrated that majority of tubectomy acceptors (86.9%) belonged to age group of 25-30 years. Maximum no of couples (44.5%) had 3 children before opting tubectomy, next predominant group was of couple who had 1-2 children (31.2%). 96.8% of couples were Hindu and only 3.1% from Muslim community. 73.6% of the total tubectomy acceptors studied, were from rural areas, and 26.3% were from urban regions. 29% of couple had medical termination of pregnancy before sterilization. Conclusion: More of the young population in India are opting for tubectomy. Still women with 3 children are predominating the tubectomy group. Religion has a huge impact on contraceptive practices in India. Removal of the religious taboos is essential for proper implementation of family planning programmes. Maximum of the rural people are enrolling for tubectomy. There is need to spread the usage of spacing methods amongst this group. A significant no of people opted for tubectomy only when they became pregnant with the unwanted child, hence went for sterilization after medical termination of pregnancy.

Family Planning and Women's Economic Empowerment: Incentive Effects and Direct Effects Among Malaysian Women

Although family planning programs can improve women’s welfare directly through changes in realized fertility, they may also have important incentive effects by increasing parents’ investments in girls not yet fertile. Exploiting the staggered implementation of family planning programs in Malaysia during the 1960s and 1970s among girls of varying ages, we study these potential incentive effects, finding that family planning may have raised raise girls’ educational attainment substantially. We also find that these early investments are linked to gains in women’s paid labor at prime working ages and to greater support for women’s elderly parents (a marker for women’s bargaining power within the household). Notably, these incentive effects may be larger than the direct effects of family planning alone.

Partisipasi laki-laki dalam program Keluarga Berencana di era masyarakat postmodern

This study is motivated by the low number of men who become KB acceptor, although family planning programs have been promoted in Indonesia since the 1970s. Therefore, this study aims to examine: (1) men’s participation in the implementation of Family Planning Program in East Java Province; (2) obstacles that impede the participation of men in the implementation of the Family Planning Program; And (3) Strategies that need to be developed to increase men’s participation in the implementation of family planning programs in the postmodern society. This study was conducted in Surabaya which was choosen for representing the urban and Madiun for representing the character of rural communities. Samples was choosen in each city/district consists of 75 people or a total of 150 men. Data was collected through structured interviews with 15 informants are underwent indepth interview. This study found that (1) male participation in family planning in particular the use of vasectomy methods is still very low in both Surabaya and Madiun, most EFAs place family planning programs as women’s responsibilities; (2) obstacles that impede the participation of men in family planning are psychological constraints such as concern in decreasement in masculinity, impotence, social constraints; and the constraints that come from the wife such as possibility of wife’s affair; and (3) strategies for increasing men’s participation in family planning include more intensive socialization, and mass media campaigns, which feature popular ad stars, so the participation of men in the Family Planning Program is no longer considered something which is taboo or embarrassing.

ASPEK KELEMBAGAAN DAN KOMITMEN POLITIK PROGRAM KELUARGA BERENCANA ERA DESENTRALISASI DI KABUPATEN TEGAL

In the midst of decentralization and regional autonomy issues, almost all sectors of the central government’s authority granted to local governments, including family planning programs (family planning). Similarly, the implementation of family planning programs in Tegal regency government. Based on qualitative research method, the family planning program is not running optimally due to changes in institutional planning and lack of political commitment from the local government Tegal regency. Family planning programs have not been considered as a matter of urgency. Lack of political commitment to produce policies that do not support the implementation of family planning programs and the impact on the lack of budgetary allocations, lack of human resources support, overlapping regional regulations, and institutions that have not been independent for family planning programs.

State variations in women's socioeconomic status and use of modern contraceptives in Nigeria.

BackgroundAccording to the 2014 World Population Data Sheet, Nigeria has one of the highest fertility and lowest contraceptive prevalence rates around the world. However, research suggests that national contraceptive prevalence rate overshadows enormous spatial variations in reproductive behavior in the country.ObjectiveI examined the variations in women’s socioeconomic status and modern contraceptive use across states in Nigeria.MethodsUsing the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data (n = 18,910), I estimated the odds of modern contraceptive use among sexually active married and cohabiting women in a series of multilevel logistic regression models.ResultsThe share of sexually active, married and cohabiting women using modern contraceptives widely varied, from less than one percent in Kano, Yobe, and Jigawa states, to 40 percent in Osun state. Most of the states with low contraceptive prevalence rates also ranked low on women’s socioeconomic attributes. Results of multilevel logistic regression analyses showed that women residing in states with greater shares of women with secondary or higher education, higher female labor force participation rates, and more women with health care decision-making power, had significantly higher odds of using modern contraceptives. Differences in women’s participation in health care decisions across states remained significantly associated with modern contraceptive use, net of individual-level socioeconomic status and other covariates of modern contraceptive use.ConclusionUnderstanding of state variations in contraceptive use is crucial to the design and implementation of family planning programs. The findings reinforce the need for state-specific family planning programs in Nigeria.

Iran's shift in family planning policies: concerns and challenges.

Iran's significant success in implementing Family Planning (FP) during the past 25 years, has made it a role model in the world. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Iran has dropped from 6.5 in 1960 to 1.6 in 2012, which is well below the targeted value of 2.2 for the country. Iran's success story, however, did not merely root in the implementation of FP programs. In other words, families' strong tendency to limit fertility and delayed marriages had an undeniable role in decreasing the TFR. On the other hand, Iranian policy-makers are very concerned about such a decrease and have recently restricted access to contraception, while outlawing any surgery that reduces fertility. This paper, tries to highlight the pros and cons of such restrictive policies, and argue that the policy-makers might be jeopardizing the success of Iran's FP program by overestimating its role in the TFR reduction rate.

Unit cost of providing and utilizing contraception services for newly married couples in Satara district of Maharashtra, India

Background: Since 2007, Satara district is implementing a pilot project named Second Honeymoon Package (SHP). SHP gives cash incentives to encourage postponement of first pregnancy in newly married couples. At the same time, contraception services are also provided under National family welfare program. There requires a significant amount of commitment and expenditure from the beneficiaries to avail the benefits of governmental programs, which is often overlooked by the system. The costs of these two reproductive health interventions are compared in this study. Objective: To calculate the cost of providing and utilizing contraception services for the newly-wed couples in Satara district from the perspective of the Government of Maharashtra and that of beneficiaries'. Materials and Methods: This was a cost-minimization study of two reproductive health interventions in rural part of Satara district. Information about expenditure incurred was calculated from 17th June 2010 to 16th June 2012. Cost analysis was conducted from the perspective of Government of Maharashtra and that of beneficiaries'. Costs of SHP were evaluated in comparison with those of routine family welfare program. Results: One thousand and ninety-five out of 1355 participants (80.8%) have used condoms, 125 participants (9.22%) have used oral pills while only 15 (1.1%) have used safe period method. The average distance of health facility from the homes of participants has been 4.24 km ± 6.54. Annual unit cost of implementation of SHP was Rs. 883 (16.35$/ year) during the study period while the opportunity cost of utilizing the contraception services was Rs. 383.40 (7.1$) per person per year. The annual unit cost of implementation of family planning program was Rs. 323.73 (6$). Conclusions: In districts like Satara that have a strong family planning infrastructure, reorienting the program to provide contraception services for newly married couples may be achieved with minimal additional inputs.

Understanding Couples’ Relationship Quality and Contraceptive Use in Kumasi, Ghana

A wealth of data exist on knowledge, attitudes and practice related to contraceptive use; however, emotional aspects of relationships that may influence reproductive decision making are often overlooked. Data from the 2010 Family Health and Wealth Survey were used in bivariate and multinomial logistic regression analyses to identify associations between relationship quality and current contraceptive use among 698 married or cohabiting couples in Kumasi, Ghana. Four scales measuring commitment, trust, constructive communication and destructive communication, as well as a question about relationship satisfaction, were the indicators of relationship quality. Current contraceptive use was divided into three categories: no use, reliance on a method that can be used without the partner's awareness (the injectable, pill, IUD, implant and diaphragm) and use of a method that both partners are typically aware of (periodic abstinence, withdrawal, condoms and spermicide). Overall contraceptive use was low--22% of women said they were currently using any method. In general, respondents reported high levels of relationship quality. Women's relationship satisfaction scores were positively associated with use of awareness methods rather than nonuse (relative risk ratio, 1.2). Men's trust scores were positively associated with use of nonawareness methods rather than nonuse (1.1), and men's constructive communication scores were associated with use of both types of method rather than nonuse (1.1 for each). Couples' relationship quality appears to be an important element in their decision making regarding contraceptive use, and should be taken into consideration in the design and implementation of family planning programs and policy.

Ethnic Disparities in Contraceptive Use and its Impact on Family Planning Program in Nepal

Aims: Regardless of three decades of implementation of family planning program in Nepal, need of family planning services is largely unmet. Systematic studies, evaluating the impact of family planning program on several ethnic groups of Nepal has not been carried out in large scale. This study sheds light on the investigation of, whether the use of contraceptives varies among different ethnic groups in Nepal and what are the predictors of contraceptive variance in ethnic groups in Nepal. Methods: The study is based on data collected from Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) 2006. Multilevel logistic regression analyses of 10793 married women of reproductive age nested within 264 clusters from the surveys were considered as the sample size. Individual, household, and program variables were set and a multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to analyse the variables, using GLLAMM command in STATA-9. Results: Multilevel logistic regression analysis indicated that Muslims, Dalits and Terai Madheshi women were significantly less likely to use modern contraceptives compared to the Brahmins and Chhetries (Higher Castes). Women who were exposed to family planning information on radio were more likely to use modern contraceptives than women not exposed to radio information (OR=1.22, P&gt; 0.01). An odd of using contraceptives by Newars was (OR 1.09, P&gt;0.05), the highest among all ethnic groups. Exposure of women to family planning messages through health facilities, family planning workers and means of communication, increased the odds of using modern contraceptives. However, impact of the family planning information on contraceptive use varied among ethnicity. Conclusions: Special attention needs to be paid, in particular to the ethnicity, while formulating family planning policies in Nepal, for better success rate of family planning intervention programs. NJOG 2011 Nov-Dec; 6 (2): 14-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v6i2.6750

Approaches to family planning in Muslim communities

Addressing the cultural and religious beliefs around the issue of family planning has been a big challenge for the international development community. The concept of family planning has raised some...

Family Planning: Between Rejection And Acceptance In Islam

Understanding the beliefs, traditions, norms and core values of individuals and communities is a crucial factor for health workers and policy makers to impact positively on their communities. This paper reviewed the historical development of family planning and the population control movements, the importance and Islamic perspectives/Muslims perceptions of the concepts. This review article emphasizes the need for a clear understanding of the Islamic perspective of family planning by health workers to assist them in developing and applying appropriate strategies for advocacy, sensitization and community mobilization for the acceptance and utilization of family planning services in predominant Muslim communities. Strategy for effective implementation of family planning programmes in predominant Muslim communities was carefully appraised. This discourse therefore was written to improve the knowledge and sharpen the skill of health workers who are likely to work in such communities for effective negotiation and application of appropriate strategies. Sahel Medical Journal Vol. 11 (2) 2008: pp. 41-44