Implementation Of Energy Saving Measures Research Articles

District Heating Deployment and Energy-Saving Measures to Decarbonise the Building Stock in 100% Renewable Energy Systems

Achieving a zero-emission building heating sector requires numerous strategies and detailed energy planning, in order to identify the optimal decarbonisation pathway. This work aims to assess the impact of district heating expansion and the implementation of energy-saving measures on the decarbonisation of the Italian building stock by 2050, analysing their combined impact, reciprocal effects, and technical–economic implications on the entire national energy system. The scenarios have been implemented and simulated with the H2RES software, a long-term energy planning optimisation model, built for the Italian national energy system. Results indicate that it is possible to decarbonise the heating system in an efficient and cost-effective manner by the year 2040. Heat pumps represent the optimal technology at both centralised and decentralised levels. District heating expansion is a priority for the decarbonisation of the building stock, allowing us to reduce costs, exploit thermal storage systems and provide system flexibility. In the best scenario, 40% of the Italian heat demand can be supplied by fourth-generation district heating. Energy-saving measures can reduce heat demand and primary energy but at higher annual costs and with a significant increase in investment. The combined simulation of the strategies within an optimisation model of the entire energy system enables the accurate assessment of the real impact of the various measures, considering their reciprocal effects and technical–economic implications.

Повышение энергетической эффективности газопоршневой ТЭС за счет комплексного использования тепловых вторичных энергоресурсов

Recently, the advantages and prospects to use piston gas internal combustion engines for the combined generation of electrical and thermal energy have become increasingly obvious. The range of single capacities of gas piston units (GPU) ranges from 0,1 MW to tens of MW, which makes them more attractive when designing various power facilities. Most brands of gas piston units can operate in co-generation mode, that is, as a combined heat and power plant that simultaneously generates electrical and thermal energy. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the possibility of integrated use of heat of the cooling systems of the gas piston engine of a thermal power plant (TPP). The studies conducted are carried out using well-known methods of thermodynamic calculation of the internal combustion engine cycle, of determination of the components of its thermal balance and thermal calculation of the equipment for utilization of secondary thermal energy resources. The results of the analysis of the heat losses of the GPU drive engine have showed that the total losses during its operation are about 11544,5 kW. Average potential heat losses with flue gases are 45,87 %, and low-potential heat losses with water in cooling systems and oil in lubrication systems are 53,14 %. A schematic diagram is proposed for the integrated utilization of thermal renewable energy resources (RES) at a gas piston thermal power plant. The main difference between the proposed scheme and the existing technical solutions is the utilization of the heat of the low-temperature charge air cooling system after the second section of the compressor and the heat of the engine lubrication system. An analysis of the expenditure part of the energy balance of the drive engine in case of the integrated use of thermal RES in the GPU cycle, has showed that the implementation of energy-saving measures will make it possible to usefully use up to 93,05 % of the supplied energy in the generation of electrical and thermal power.

Price Policy as a Direction of Provision in the Oil and Gas Sector's Resource Efficiency

In this study it is proved that today the economy of Ukraine depends on external sources of supply of these energy resources, which negatively affects its energy security. Ways to overcome this dependence are: development and expansion of own oil and gas production; implementation of energy-saving measures at processing enterprises; a departure from primary resource processing and a reorientation of the economy to high-tech products; diversification of supply sources of energy resources. In view of the above, managing the effective development of Ukraine's oil and gas sector is an actual scientific issue that needs to be addressed. So the practical aspects of implementing the Leontiev's input-output model based on the activity of the oil and gas sector were further developed, which, unlike the existing ones, made it possible to establish a relationship between the pricing policy of the industries and their resource efficiency.

Ecological and economic efficiency of the use of alternative energy technologies including hydrogen to reduce of the anthropogenic load in the central ecological area of the Baikal natural territory

The central ecological area of the Baikal natural territory covers some districts of the Irkutsk oblast and the Republic of Buryatia, located on the coast of the Lake Baikal. Due to the natural uniqueness and special status of doing economic activity, the assessment of the impact on the environment in this territory is very importance. An analysis of the functioning of energy objects showed that a significant part of the territory is provided with a centralized electricity supply with developed electric grid infrastructure. There are only a few remote settlements with autonomous electricity supply from diesel power plants. The main sources of pollution are numerous boiler houses that provide heat to the population, social and administrative institutions. In all, there are 98 heat energy sources in the territory, of which 66 (or 70%) use coal. The problems of environmental pollution are mainly caused by the use of coal in a small boiler house, worn-out equipment, and the lack of an appropriate level of flue gas treatment. The total estimated emission of pollutants into the atmosphere from heat energy sources is estimated at 20–25 thousand tons per year. In order to reduce the anthropogenic impact from energy objects, it is advisable to use renewable energy sources, hydrogen technologies, coal substitution with environmentally friendly fuels, use of electricity for heat energy supply, installation of environmental protection equipment and the implementation of energy-saving measures. The methodological approach and simulation models developed at MESI SB RAS were used to determine the competitiveness conditions of alternative technologies and energy carriers. The studies evaluated the environmental and economic efficiency of energy production technologies by using specific indicators: the capital intensity of reducing 1 ton of emissions and environmental capital return by 1 million rubles for the conditions of the central ecological area. The potential for reducing emissions into the atmosphere by use of renewable energy sources in autonomous energy supply areas is less than 1% of the current level of total emissions from energy objects. The potential for reducing emissions by replacing boiler houses with a capacity of less than 0,2 Gcal/h by a heat pump units is no more than 12%. The biggest environmental effect can be achieved by using alternative energy carriers including hydrogen instead of coal. Moreover, the potential for reducing emissions is 60% of the total emissions. In addition to these activities are the least capital intensive. The most effectively is the replacement of coal with natural gas. Rational gas consumption in the coastal areas of Lake Baikal is estimated at 175–190 thousand tons of equivalent fuel. The real possibility of transferring small boiler houses to gas arises during the construction of an export gas pipeline from Russia (through the territory of the Irkutsk oblast) to China via Mongolia, or by the small-scale production of liquefied natural gas. The most currently implemented direction is the use of electricity for heat energy supply. The potential volume of electricity to replace coal in boiler houses of the central ecological area is 1,3 TWh per year, however, the competitive electricity tariff is estimated less than 2 US c/kWh, which is several times lower than current tariffs. Hydrogen technology is currently very capital-intensive, but using it in a way similar to using electricity for heat eliminates pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. Now days, there are no effective financial mechanisms aimed at stimulating the reduction of the anthropogenic pressure on the environment from existing energy sources, including for the use of alternative technologies. As the result, significant financial support is required in the form of special cost compensation mechanisms for energy producers and/or consumers.

ОПЫТ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГО- И РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В СИСТЕМАХ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОГО ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

Abstract. The article considers a set of scientific approaches and technical measures aimed at improving the ef-ficiency of power supply to ferrous metallurgy enterprises, currently being designed by the scientific schools of the Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University together with PJSC “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works”. The principles of the formation of mathematical models for energy consumption, the basics of their optimization, as well as practical issues of rationing and planning energy consumption and operational management of the energy economy are de-scribed herein. The study offers examples of the implementation of energy-saving measures at own factory power plants, as well as at such energy-intensive facilities as arc steelmaking furnaces and rolling mills. The experience of PJSC “Mag-nitogorsk Iron and Steel Works” with regard to the introduction of modern automation tools in the energy sector and pow-er supply systems within the framework of the promising development program “Industry 4.0” is presented.

COMPLEX ESTIMATION OF THE POWER CONSUMPTION EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY

The peculiarities of mathematical models’ application of electricity consumption for estimation of energy use efficiency in enterprises which provides operation of energy efficiency control systems by comparing actual energy consumption with planned ones are analyzed. Differentiated unit consumption rates were calculated by the chief power engineer's department of the enterprise based on calculated data received from the energy services of the divisions. These rates were used to identify factors that affect electricity consumption. At the same time, the existing equipment in the workshop, its capacity, load and working time were taken into account to fulfill the given production plan, including account repairs, maintenance and the implementation of energy-saving measures. It is determined that in the analysis of energy consumption by individual divisions of the enterprise for each factor enterprises do not always take into account the interconnection of processes taking place in different departments, and as a result, the effectiveness of using mathematical models for both forecasting electricity consumption and assessing consumption efficiency is reduced. Taking into account the factors that are considered as important in determining the electricity consumption of individual units according to the observations of the Department of Chief Energy (taking into account their mutual influence), the regression equation was found and evaluated. It was established that the use of refined mathematical models with a narrowed confidence interval expands the potential for energy saving of the enterprise and prompts a more detailed analysis, the search for additional controlled and uncontrolled factors of influence on the efficiency of electricity consumption. 
 An analysis of mathematical models of power consumption of the catching workshop and the boiler turbine workshop as the main consumers showed that the factors affecting electricity consumption are uncontrolled. By changing them it is possible to achieve a decrease in electricity consumption, but not an increase in its efficiency. The main disadvantage of mathematical models of electricity consumption used in the enterprise to forecast the volume of electricity consumption and estimate the efficiency of energy use is their additivity for various departments. It resulted in a regression model of electricity consumption to estimate the relationship between the energy consumption value and their defining parameters (coke production, coke gas, steam production, electricity). The estimation of the electricity consumption model, using the coefficient of determination, has done.

Methods for evaluating technical innovations in the implementation of energy-saving measures in enterprises

The method of calculating the cost of implementing the system of drying of fuel by gases for reduction of expenses of fuel for the TPP-210A boiler unit is proposed. This method allows to determine changes in the technical parameters of the four options for the use of fuel for the unit: normal fuel, without drying, with drying in a closed system, and with drying in an open system (the last 3 options involve degraded fuel). Processed fuel requirement will decrease by 14 %. Project economic efficiency is 0.3 US dollars/US dollars. The project payback period is 3.33 years. Program (Project) Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) was used as the data collection methodology. The network schedule of the planning process and determination of its design parameters of the energy-saving project development are built. As an additional method for the collection of primary data to calculate the cost, the primary data collection tool ‘1C Enterprise’ software product was used.• To determine the cost of the project, the methodology for estimating the implementation of the project of the gas fuel drying system based on the determination of capital costs and technological capabilities of technical equipment is improved;• It is proposed to use the method of network planning and management in the system of development of energy-saving projects as it allows to determine the design parameters to increase the efficiency of research activities;• This methodology for estimating the technical and economic calculation of the implementation of the project of the gas fuel drying system for cost reduction may be of interest to industrial enterprises and thermal power plants that use steam boilers.

Determining heat losses in university educational premises and developing an algorithm for implementing energy-saving measures

This paper gives examples of the implementation of energy-saving measures in public premises. The introduction of energy-saving measures at enterprises significantly reduces the fixed component of industrial expenditures. As a rule, educational institutions, for example, public premises, are financed from the state budget, and saving money on utilities will enable redirecting finances to the development of the university’s educational and scientific base. Thus, the main purpose of implementing such measures is to reduce the cost of maintaining buildings. The measures are divided into three stages. At the first preparatory stage, the problem elements of a building and communications, which require the introduction of energy-saving measures using a special Fluke Ti25 device, are identified. Problem elements of the building structure were determined by complete scanning of the ceiling, walls, and floor with the help of a thermal imager. A large (more than 10 %) difference between indoor air temperature and the temperature of the building element indicates a problem element. The research method is thermographic. The study contains an example of scanning the wall of the premises. The temperature difference between the left and the right sides of the wall is 2.6 °C (the difference with the room temperature is 21 %). This indicates significant heat losses through the wall. At the second stage of information processing, measures to reduce energy consumption were determined. At the third stage of the introduction of energy-saving measures, the measures that directly affect the energy consumption of a building and effective functioning of communications were implemented. The practical relevance of the study is to obtain results and practical recommendations that can be applied in practice to improve the energy efficiency of premises and buildings.

Прогнозна оцінка викидів парникових газів від використання природного газу в економіці України

The article presents a retrospective review of natural gas consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from its consumption. It is determined that greenhouse gas emissions in the country as a whole decreased from 1990 to 2019 by 62.4%, emissions from natural gas consumption – by 71.7%. The potential for energy saving from structural changes in the economy is determined at the level of 5.2 billion m3 and the technological potential for energy saving from the introduction of energy saving measures and replacement of natural gas with other fuels in heat generating plants, including measures implemented in household sector, at the level of 7.5 billion m3 in 2040. Using the method of forecasting long-term demand for energy resources developed at the Institute of General Energy, the forecast of natural gas demand in Ukraine until 2040 is developed for the conservative scenario of economic development taking into account structural changes and technological energy saving in the country and enlarged sections of the economy. Slight growth in natural gas demand is projected to reach 32.9 billion m3 in 2040. The forecast of greenhouse gas emissions only from the use of natural gas by consumer groups and by the country as a whole is calculated. According to the assumption of moderate economic growth and the implementation of energy-saving measures, it is expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from natural gas use in 2030 (compared to 2017) and gradually increase after 2030. Therefore, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions after 2030, it is necessary to implement measures and technologies for the decarbonization of the country's economy. To assess the capability of meeting the target already set in Ukraine's 2nd National Contribution to the Paris Agreement, it is necessary to determine projected emissions not only from the use of natural gas but also from the use of coal and petroleum products, and to estimate emissions from other sources, including leakages. Determining the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from leakages is a separate task. The obtained results allow to determine the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions from natural gas consumption in the country's economy and to focus further research on identifying ways to reduce emissions. Keywords: forecast, demand, natural gas, greenhouse gas emissions, energy saving potential, populatio

Review of the basic mechanisms of energy efficiency management and emissions control from ships

Increasing relevance of the problem of energy conservation and use of alternativesources of energy in connection with global and local resource crises led to the formation of adeveloped system of international standards in the field of energy management, which is aimed atregulating and disclosing the content of the principles of energy efficient processes and development.Rational policy in enterprises of various industries and the implementation of energy-savingmeasures, particularly in the maritime transport. The dynamics of implementation of projects aimedat increasing the efficiency of energy use is growing steadily at different levels and in different sectorsof industry. It is widespread in the fields of design, modernization and reconstruction of energyefficient buildings and structures, construction of industrial infrastructure elements, technologicalproduction processes. Implementation of such projects is a priority line of activity for enterprises andcompanies of various types of economic activity. Accordingly, the leading sectors of industry develop strategies to improve environmental safety and energy efficiency - ship navigation is no exception.Indeed, the process of increasing energy efficiency is achieved by reducing fuel consumption, whichwithout exception leads to a reduction in the amount of waste products discharged into theatmosphere. Therefore, the problems of energy efficiency in order to increase requirements forenvironmental safety of transport and increasing responsibility of shipowners become the centralobject of research of current theory and practice of operation of maritime transport means. Anotherurgent issue is the improvement of universal principles of energy efficiency within the framework ofindividual ship-owning companies and the development of tools for economic analysis of energyefficiency of the own fleet, search for new ways to form professional competencies of shipcrewmembers in the field of energy conservation.

Features of planning and implementation of energy-saving measures at compressor stations of main gas pipelines

Currently, the National gas supply operator in Kazakhstan pays special attention to the rational use of natural gas for its own and technological needs, while maintaining the optimal management of the gas transportation system, taking into account the specific technical situation of the equipment. Energy efficient management of gas pipelines is one of the priority directions for optimizing gas costs. The use of innovative methods of energy-saving technologies during the operation of the gas transmission system, an increase in the efficiency of gas-pumping units, as well as the implementation of automated energy saving control systems, will significantly increase the efficiency of gas transportation.

Методика визначення енергоємності продукції на прикладі елеватора

Energy management is an independent type of professional activity aimed at achieving in the course of any business activity of an enterprise operating in market conditions, reducing costs by improving energy efficiency. Energy management includes a set of measures aimed at saving energy resources: monitoring of energy consumption and energy intensity of products, development of energy budgets, analysis of existing indicators as a basis for drawing up new budgets, development of energy policy, planning of new energy saving measures. This article describes the methodology for determining the energy intensity of products for industrial enterprises, namely energy intensity indicators. These values include: norms of consumption of heat and electricity per unit of industrial production, as well as norms of consumption of fuel and electricity for the supply of heat to the boiler plant of the enterprise. These numbers are indicators of energy efficiency that need to be calculated when implementing energy management systems at enterprises. They are the benchmarks by which the current state of energy efficiency is assessed and planned for the future, taking into account changes in output, implementation or dismantling of equipment, implementation of energy-saving measures, etc. The article shows the calculation of energy consumption of products by the example of a grain elevator.

Innovative approaches and methods to the implementation of energy-saving measures and technologies at mining enterprises

The paper presents the evaluation of the implementation of innovative methods of energy savings in electric drive and power supply systems at mining enterprises. The evaluation involves mathematical simulation and instrumental monitoring of the defined indicators that allow obtaining a multiplier economic benefit through the appropriate approach to the implementation and subsequent exploitation of energy-saving technologies. For this purpose, the potential of energy savings in industry in general, and at mining enterprises in particular, is shown. Such indicators as power consumption in mining, the dynamics of power losses in public grids, specific power consumption for lighting and household needs, specific power consumption for lifting and supplying water, as well as for sewage treatment were evaluated. As an example, such measures as reactive power compensation, the introduction of frequency-controlled electric drive systems, the development and implementation of the systems for continuous monitoring of power quality indicators were considered pointwise (at some sites of enterprises). The mathematical simulation method was implemented using the MatLab software package. The instrumental monitoring was carried for 7 days with a ten-minute interval. As a result of the assessment of such measures, the total economic benefit approaching to 9.0 million rubles a year was obtained.

IMPROVED ENERGY BUDGETING PROCESS USING MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES

Budgets are used to predict and measure a mine’s performance. Problems arise when the budget is developed by financial resources with little focus on operational changes. The implementation of energy-saving measures, and the number of workdays or time-of-use profiles are often neglected, making the budget obsolete. Measurement and verification principles are known for their effectiveness when addressing operational changes. This paper presents a novel approach in which measurement and verification principles are altered into financial principles by developing analogies between the fields. A critical analysis of South African mines’ budgets was conducted to create these analogies. The result of the analysis highlights the need for integration, and provides a relationship between well-established measurement and verification principles as an alternative solution to budgeting. The solution was applied to a gold mine complex in South Africa. The new budget could account for an additional R26.2-million (16.8%), compared with the original budget, by successfully incorporating the measurement and verification principles.

Compensatory financing of energy saving projects in the development of «Smart City»

The article studies the financial compensation technology Tax Increment Financing (TIF) and offers suggestions on the prospects for attracting investment in energy conservation projects. Compensatory financing for energy conservation projects will enable them to make effective management decisions related to finding sources of funding, building their rational structure, and to share risks among project stakeholders; to protect other assets from default and increase the level of financial and credit obligations of project owners; to promote the increase of the financial leverage ratio, which will lead to an increase in the profitability of joint-stock capital and a decrease in its value as a part of total capital.
 The essence of TIF is to ensure that investor expenses are reimbursed through special funds, which are filled by tax revenues from the revenues of infrastructure facilities created and put into operation. The basis of this mechanism is a redevelopment, which is used to finance the investor, who invests in construction and reimburses his expenses from the special fund, where the taxes paid by the owners of new consolidated objects are accumulated. Such a scheme for financing investment projects uses the effect of increasing taxes as a result of the implementation of projects aimed at increasing the value of real estate.
 Based on the conducted research, the main features of the Smart City concept were singled out, as well as their characteristics, the feature of this compensatory technology, which is the locality of the financing object, was identified. Therefore, it is proposed to implement this approach within the framework of the Smart City concept, since it promotes not only the use of modern information platforms of the city's development, but also the principles of sustainable development, including the implementation of energy-saving measures.

AN IMPROVED PRE-FORECASTING ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL LOADS OF PUMPING STATION

Relevance of research. In order to reduce energy losses, an accurate and timely forecast of the amount of consumed electricity is necessary. Accurate forecasting of electrical loads of industrial enterprises and their divisions (productions, workshops, departments etc.) allows planning of normal operating conditions, concluding contracts for the electricity supply with the electricity supply company under more favorable conditions, and improving the electricity quality, which ultimately affects the final cost of the products produced by an enterprise. So far, more than 150 forecasting methods of electrical loads have been developed. Usually, the most convenient one is selected based on the forecaster experience by creating and analyzing several forecasting models in order to identify the best. Therefore, in order to simplify the forecasting procedure, it is necessary to develop the methodology for forecasting analysis. This methodology should enable canceling forecasting algorithms that will create lower quality forecasts. The main objective is to develop the methodology for making a forecasting analysis of power consumption on the example of a pumping station of an enterprise with a continuous cycle of work to increase the efficiency of energy consumption and implementation of energy-saving measures. Objects of research: the process of forecasting electrical loads of a pumping station of the enterprise with a continuous cycle of work. Methods of research: fundamental principles of the theory of electrical engineering, statistical methods for power consumption forecasting, the method for detecting the trend of radio signals, and fractal analysis of time series. Research results. The methodology for forecasting analysis of power consumption, which makes it possible to apply the most appropriate methods to forecast the operational power consumption, is developed. For the first time, the radio signal trend detection method is applied to identify the trend of electrical loads. The variation ranges of the fractal parameters of time series of electrical loads are established depending on the variation coefficient of the time series for different periods of time. The Brown method of exponential smoothing that is used to forecast the electrical loads, in the case of identifying the smoothing constant α is in the beyond set ( ), is further improved. The regularity of changes in the fractal parameters of time series of power consumption of a pumping station with an increase in the time series duration and their field of application are explained.

AN IMPROVED PRE-FORECASTING ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL LOADS OF PUMPING STATION

Relevance of research. In order to reduce energy losses, an accurate and timely forecast of the amount of consumed electricity is necessary. Accurate forecasting of electrical loads of industrial enterprises and their divisions (productions, workshops, departments etc.) allows planning of normal operating conditions, concluding contracts for the electricity supply with the electricity supply company under more favorable conditions, and improving the electricity quality, which ultimately affects the final cost of the products produced by an enterprise. So far, more than 150 forecasting methods of electrical loads have been developed. Usually, the most convenient one is selected based on the forecaster experience by creating and analyzing several forecasting models in order to identify the best. Therefore, in order to simplify the forecasting procedure, it is necessary to develop the methodology for forecasting analysis. This methodology should enable canceling forecasting algorithms that will create lower quality forecasts. The main objective is to develop the methodology for making a forecasting analysis of power consumption on the example of a pumping station of an enterprise with a continuous cycle of work to increase the efficiency of energy consumption and implementation of energy-saving measures. Objects of research: the process of forecasting electrical loads of a pumping station of the enterprise with a continuous cycle of work. Methods of research: fundamental principles of the theory of electrical engineering, statistical methods for power consumption forecasting, the method for detecting the trend of radio signals, and fractal analysis of time series. Research results. The methodology for forecasting analysis of power consumption, which makes it possible to apply the most appropriate methods to forecast the operational power consumption, is developed. For the first time, the radio signal trend detection method is applied to identify the trend of electrical loads. The variation ranges of the fractal parameters of time series of electrical loads are established depending on the variation coefficient of the time series for different periods of time. The Brown method of exponential smoothing that is used to forecast the electrical loads, in the case of identifying the smoothing constant α is in the beyond set ( ), is further improved. The regularity of changes in the fractal parameters of time series of power consumption of a pumping station with an increase in the time series duration and their field of application are explained.

The use of energy-saving technologies in the overhaul and reconstruction of buildings

The purpose of this paper is to develop mechanisms to improve the efficiency of reconstruction and overhaul of buildings based on the use of energy-saving technologies. As a result of the study, ways have been developed to increase the efficiency of reconstruction and overhaul based on energy conservation, including legal regulation, institutional and organizational development, technical and information support for energy conservation measures as part of the overhaul and reconstruction of residential and public buildings. A method has been formed for the selection and assessment of the efficiency of energy-saving technological solutions, taking into account both technical and economic criteria, which allows assessing the long-term sustainability of investment projects for the implementation of energy-saving measures and determining the necessary degree of government participation in investment.

Economic rationale for typical energy-saving solutions for individual residential construction

The article reflects energy-saving measures in individual residential construction in relation to the Tyumen region of Russian Federation, which can be used for other regions of similar climatic conditions. Implementation of energy-saving measures entails costs; accordingly, methodology for calculating the payback periods of these recommendations was considered. The authors evaluated the heat loss of a typical residential building without taking into account application of measures after implementation in order to confirm the effectiveness of the application of proposed recommendations.

Economic features and mechanisms of energy saving management in housing and utility sector

The development of the national economy as a whole - the subjects and municipalities in particular-in conditions of limited financial subsidies depends on their economic condition, technological equipment, organization of measures to save energy resources. The housing and communal services sector, which has a high energy saving potential, accounting for about 70 % of the total energy efficiency potential in the Russian Federation, is currently one of the main consumers of energy resources of the Russian Federation. Cost optimization and cost reduction are the main tasks in improving the economic conditions for the development of housing and communal services and management of residential property complexes, some features of which will be considered in this paper. The main purpose of energy-saving measures in housing and communal services is to reduce costs and production costs and the cost of utilities, and as a result of reducing the level of utility bills for the owner in an apartment building. The segment of apartment buildings in housing and communal services is one of the most problematic, in terms of savings, as the main part of energy costs in it is aimed at providing hot water and heating. In the framework of this study, the results of the activities of one of the management companies of Saint Petersburg on the implementation of energy-saving measures are reflected.