Implementation Of Demand Side Management Research Articles

Renewables vs. energy efficiency: The cost of carbon emissions reduction in Spain

While support instruments have succeeded to largely deploy renewables during the 1996–2008 period, little attention has been paid to energy efficiency measures, resulting in a high energy intensity and large growth of energy demand. Energy-related CO2 emissions have increased significantly. At the same time, important investments in combined cycle gas turbines have taken place. This paper analyses whether, from a cost minimization viewpoint, renewable support has been the best policy for reducing emissions, when compared to the promotion of energy efficiency in sectors such as transportation or buildings. We use a model of the Spanish energy sector to examine its evolution in the time period considered under different policies. It is a bottom-up, static, partial equilibrium, linear programming model of the complete Spanish energy system. We conclude that demand side management (DSM) clearly dominates renewable energy (RE) support if the reduction of emissions at minimum cost is the only concern. We also quantify the savings that could have been achieved: a total of €5 billion per year, mainly in RE subsidies and in smaller costs of meeting the reduced demand (net of DSM implementation cost).

Smart Grid Implementation of Demand Side Management and Micro-Generation

This paper analyses the influence and effects of demand side management (DSM) and micro-generation (MG) on the operation of future “smart grids.” Using the residential load sector with PV and wind-based MG as an example, the paper introduces a general methodology allowing to identify demand-manageable portion of the load in the aggregate demand, as well as to fully correlate variable power outputs of MG with the changes in load demands, including specific DSM actions and schemes. The presented analysis is illustrated using a detailed model of a typical UK LV/MV residential network.

Demand Side Management by Load Shifting a Run-of-Mine Ore Milling Circuit

Demand side management has received increasing attention in the field of control with implementations using model predictive control. An implementation of demand side management through power load shifting using model predictive control on a run-of-mine ore milling circuit is presented in this paper. This is the first application of load shifting techniques for a run-of-mine ore milling circuit. Simulation results presented show that load shifting of a milling circuit can reduce operating costs associated with electricity consumption by up to 12%. The effect load shifting has on conventional milling circuit objectives is also presented.

Infrastructural Development of Energy Planning and Energy Management for Smart Grid Implementation

A growing increase in the purchase of electric appliances in turn has resulted in growing demand of energy in households, small offices, shops ,academic institutes and even industries. Inefficient use of these appliances and energy consumption patterns and habits causes a waste of energy. There is an arising need to study the importance of energy feedback to inform the users on their behavior, leading to a reduction of this energy wasting behavior. The utilities need to implement demand side management and lay down pricing schemes motivating consumers to learn and adapt to personal control over usage of appliances thus resulting in energy saving. The top managements of the organizations need to frame energy policies to reduce increasing pressures on energy resources. The paper provides an overview of the main research efforts that are to be carried out in the direction to enable the consumer make judicious and wise use of appliances and energy patterns and contribute in smart grid implementation plans by playing a vital role.

Communication infrastructures for smart grid [Guest Editorial

Rising demands in energy due to increasing automation and expanding cities have put an enormous amount of stress on the power grid system over the past decades. There is growing awareness among governments that the current power grid will be insufficient to support our energy needs in the coming years. In the past decades, there have been several initiatives by both governments and organizations to improve the power grid system to manage the energy supply and demand efficiently. Efforts have also been made to build intelligence into the power grid system to adapt and react to different situations. On the demand side of things, the advanced metering infrastructure allows the implementation of demand side management whereby consumers can adapt their energy usage according to the load of the power grid or the price of energy.

Implementing energy efficiency: Challenges and opportunities for rural electric co-operatives and small municipal utilities

Challenges in implementing demand side management (DSM) programs in rural electric co-operatives and small municipal utilities are not well understood, yet these organizations sell roughly 15% of electricity in the US, many are more coal-intensive than investor-owned utilities (IOUs), and they are politically important—rural electric co-operatives cover about 75% of the US land area and municipal utilities are found in every state except Hawaii. We provide a background on rural co-operatives and municipal utilities in the context of the US electric sector and highlight the challenges and opportunities of implementing DSM programs in these institutions. Where past studies of utility DSM have mostly focused on IOUs or consisted of qualitative case studies of municipal utilities with exemplary DSM performance, this study makes a unique contribution to the DSM literature by systematically analyzing an entire co-operative and municipal utility population in Minnesota through the use of a survey. In doing so, we provide policy recommendations relevant to energy planners and policy makers to support DSM in rural electric co-operatives and municipal utilities.

Multicriteria evaluation of demand side management (DSM) implementation strategies in the Indian power sector

In recent years, demand side management (DSM) has emerged as an efficient utility planning strategy for reducing capacity shortages and improving system load factors. The Indian government is adopting various policies to implement DSM programs. DSM implementation involves a variety of interests with conflicting objectives, and a range of possible implementation strategies with varying implications for effectiveness, cost, feasibility, efficiency and stakeholder acceptance. This necessitates a critical comparison of the strategies to determine a preferred strategy or combination of strategies from each specific stakeholder's point of view. The present study evaluates DSM implementation strategies from a multiobjective perspective using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Eight strategies and six criteria were considered. Forty utility, regulator, and consumer stakeholders were surveyed. The most highly ranked strategies involved creating dedicated funds and providing technical support to end users for effective implementation of DSM.

Implementation of DSM strategies at the Kopanang Mine

This paper describes the implementation of Demand Side Management (DSM) strategies at AngloGold’s Kopanang Mine, for a period of three months during 2001. Since the unit price of electricity was very high during certain hours of the day, it was endeavoured to save costs by scheduling the operation of specific high power drawing equipment, (such as the clear water pumps and bulk air coolers), to operate mainly outside of peak hours. This objective was achieved by modelling and calculating a daily optimum operation schedule, which was supplied daily to the mine. As a result, an amount of R335 000 in electricity costs was saved during this period. It was also demonstrated that an additional R273 000 could have been saved if the supplied schedules had been complied with consistently.

Deregulated Power Prices: Changes Over Time

We examine price by season and by year in 14 deregulated markets, by looking at diurnal price patterns and price volatility. Power price volatility is measured by price velocity, the daily average of the absolute value of price change per hour, which is broken into a component expected from the average diurnal pattern, and an unexpected component. Deregulated markets can be categorized into three groups: stable markets, markets that experienced one bad period or season of high price excursion, and chaotic markets. Britain, Spain and Scandinavia show consistent price patterns and low unexpected price velocity; a thoughtful consumer could reasonably implement demand side management (DSM) by shaping consumption patterns to reflect price. California, New Zealand and Alberta are examples of markets that had a period of very high price excursion; we discuss factors affecting public reaction to this. Australian power markets have inconsistent price patterns from season to season and year to year, and very high unexpected price velocity. Planned DSM in these markets would be very difficult. We offer four policy considerations for markets considering deregulation in the future.

A Parametric Analysis on Energy and Cost Saving Potentials of Implementing Demand Side Management (DSM) Measures in Hong Kong’s Office Buildings

This paper reports on a parametric analysis in a hypothetic model office building to evaluate the energy saving and maximum demand reduction of a number of proven DSM measures in office buildings in Hong Kong. The analysis has provided useful insights into the energy and cost saving potentiats and the financial applicability Of these measures. The results of the analysis, based on the locol weather conditions and electricity tariff structure, indicate that installing capacitors bank and lighting retrofit with electronic ballasts and T8 lamps are the most attractive DSM measures. The other DSM measures also offer energy and cost savings, however, are disadvantaged by their long payback periods.

An Assessment of Energy Efficiency Programs in Thai Commercial and Industrial Sectors

An assessment of benefits of the implementation of demand-side management (DSM) and energy efficiency programs to the commercial and industrial sectors in Thailand is presented, and the corresponding impacts on power-generation expansion planning and emissions are discussed. The reference building models were simulated to capture energy consumption patterns of the medium and large commercial buildings in Thailand. Nine subsectors in the industrial sector, classified according to the international standard codes, are modeled and analyzed through the technoeconomic approach. Scenarios of the energy efficiency programs in Thailand are applied to the commercial and industrial sectors to investigate the potential of energy savings. Control technologies of airborne emissions from the utilization of fossil fuels in the power sector are also applied. Finally, a least-cost electricity expansion model is used to generate new generation plans. Features of the resultant plans include a significant reduction in the required power capacity addition and airborne emissions of fossil-fired power plants compared to a reference plan.

Demand Side Management (DSM) in Electric Energy Consumption: Programmes & Customer Responses Survey in Hong Kong

Electricity consumption increased in many countries for years. One approach towards meeting electricity requirements in on environmentally sound manner is to put great emphasis on improving the efficiency with which energy is consumed. Demand Side Management (DSM), which has been developed and successfully Implemented currently in many countries, is gaining increasing attention in Hong Kong as a valuable tool for achieving this goal. This paper reports a study performed to explore the feasibility of Implementation af DSM progrommes in Hong Kong, the needs, preference and perceptions of residential customers and commercial customers towards the Implementation of DSM progrommes. The main results of the research show that both residential customers and commercial customers welcome the implementation of DSM. The acceptance of DSM is affected by some background informatians. Most customers were notfully aware of the Importance of power consumption and energy efficiency which may affect the result of the study....

Communication system requirements for implementation of a large scale demand side management and distribution automation

Large scale system implementation of demand side management (DSM) and distribution automation (DA) intended for an electric utility network serving a large customer base (one million or larger) spread over a large geographical area requires a two-way communication system. Unlike pilot projects where testing and feasibility studies are highly structured and controlled, many of the results from the pilot tests are not readily transportable into the design of very large systems. In a multitasking environment, system data throughput, response time and communication bandwidth utilization are not only functions of communication baud rate and performance, but are also highly dependent on the system infrastructure, local geography, the customer base and the regulatory environment. In this paper, three generic communication infrastructures are analyzed and expressions for the system response time and message throughput rate are developed. The system message rate and response time requirements are discussed and their relationship to the communication infrastructure and the meter reading application throughput is analyzed. The impact of poor communication performance to the system response time and throughput is presented.

Demand-side management impact on the transmission and distribution system

A project to assess the impact on the transmission and distribution (TD) system due to the implementation of demand-side management (DSM) programs is described. Traditional TD planning methods are reviewed and procedural changes necessary to fully integrate DSM strategy analysis with the system planning process are discussed. Test procedures and results are discussed for a study conducted at a host utility. Several DSM strategies are analyzed to assess the impacts on a TD system serving a large metropolitan area. >

Third-party contracting for demand-side management capacity

Most utilities seeking to reduce future capacity requirements through demand-side management (DSM) develop and run their own programs. An innovative alternative is utility contracting to bulk purchase DSM implementation from a third party. The authors describe the concept and development of such a program at New England Electric System subsidiary companies. It is concluded that this approach provides the utility with a marketplace of demand-side capacity and price alternatives. >

Demand Side Management Integration Issues a Case History

The integration of a Demand Side Management (DSM) system into a utility begins as soon as the first DSM pilot program is conceived and continues through implementation until the complete system is installed. Florida Power & Light Company for its DSM implementation has considered two integration issues through the different implementation phases: viability demonstration of the DSM system, and user participation in the formulation of the system. DSM should address at any time the viability concerns of customer acceptance and customer demand reduction levels. These two concerns on viability must be examined throughout the life of the project. The second integration issue, user participation, was deemed necessary since acceptance of a poorly understood system is difficult and rejection of a system which does not fulfill the user needs is almost guaranteed. Proper consideration of the viability and user participation issues will greatly enhance DSM system integration into the utility.