Implementation Of Control System Research Articles

Design of Discrete and Hybrid Nonlinear Control Systems

In this article the new method of discrete control systems design for nonlinear plants with differentiable nonlinearities is suggested. The increasing demands on the quality of control processes and the widespread use of computer technology provide ample opportunities for the design and implementation of digital control systems. However, discrete models of control plants are needed to solve this problem. In the case of linear plants, such models are created on the basis of z-transformation, Euler or Tustin formulas. In the case of nonlinear plants, these transformations are not applicable, so a large number of approximate discretization methods have been developed to date. Euler and Runge-Kutt transformations are used for these purposes most often, but they lead to satisfactory results only with very small period of discretization. In the case of automatic control systems, this requires the use of digital automation tools with very high speed, which is often economically impractical. Methods of discretization with a long period were most often developed on the basis of decomposition into series of the right-hand sides of the differential equations, transformed on Euler. Here, firstly, the problem of selecting the number of the series members, which to be retained arises, and secondly, already in the third or fourth order of the plant, the calculating ratios turn out to be extremely complex. The discretization method suggested below differs in that it is not the equations of nonlinear plants in the Cauchy form that are discretized, but the corresponding quasilinear model. In this case, a modified trapezoid method is used, and the discretization purpose is not the most accurate approximation of the original equations of the plant, but the stability of a closed nonlinear control system with rather big period. This system is designed using the algebraic polynomial-matrix method for designing of the nonlinear control systems. As a result, a hybrid nonlinear system with fairly simple algebraic calculation expressions is formed. The suggested approach makes it possible to create the control systems for nonlinear controlled plants using conventional computational automation tools.

Optimizing Traffic Control with Real-time Data: A HERE API-Based Approach

Traffic congestion is a pervasive issue in urban areas, leading to increased commute times, environmental pollution, and reduced overall quality of life. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a dynamic traffic control system that leverages the HERE API for real-time traffic data. The system provides a web- based interface with user authentication and allows users to input the address of a signal they wish to control. Utilizing the HERE API, it fetches live traffic information, including jam factor and free flow speed, for all four roads at the specified signal. This data serves as the foundation for an intelligent traffic management system that dynamically allocates green signal times based on the intensity of traffic, with roads experiencing higher congestion receiving longer green time. The system's backend is built using Python and the Flask framework, while the frontend features HTML and CSS for a user-friendly interface. Authentication ensures that only authorized users can access and utilize the system. Geocoding is employed to convert user-provided addresses into geographic coordinates, enabling precise data retrieval from the HERE API. Once the traffic data is collected, an analysis is performed to identify the road with the highest traffic intensity. The dynamic allocation of green signal times is a fundamental feature, allowing for real-time traffic optimization and a reduction in congestion. The paper explores the development, implementation, and testing of this dynamic traffic control system, emphasizing its potential to significantly improve urban mobility. Furthermore, considerations for scalability, security, and maintenance are addressed to ensure the system's practicality in real-world scenarios. This project contributes to the growing field of intelligent transportation systems by showcasing the benefits of data-driven decision-making in traffic signal control. By utilizing the HERE API, this system not only provides a solution to mitigate traffic congestion but also represents a step towards more sustainable and efficient urban transportation systems. Key Words: Traffic control, HERE API, Dynamic signal allocation, Real-time traffic data, Urban mobility, Traffic congestion, Traffic optimization, Intelligent transportation systems, Geocoding, User authentication, Python backend, Flask framework, User interface, Green signal time, Scalability, Security, Maintenance, Sustainable transportation.

Evaluasi Penerapan Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah (SPIP) pada Satuan Kerja X

This study was performed to evaluate the implementation of Government Internal Control System (SPIP) at Government Institution X and develop suggestions for internal control flaws. The results of the 2020 Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) examination showed that of the 11 findings obtained, 9 were findings of deficiencies in the internal control system. This reflects that the internal control conditions in this working unit are still not optimal. Furthermore, there were repeated findings in the implementation of assistance distribution which is a national priority program. This has the potential to hamper the attainment of the national priority program objectives and hinder the equitable distribution of education in Indonesia. Government Institution X is an institution that manages many national priority programs, so it is important for this institution to improve internal control to maintain accountability and minimize findings related to aid distribution. This research is qualitative research and uses a case study strategy. Data were obtained through documentation, interviews, and observations. The results of this study show that SPIP at Government Institution X has been running well, but still needs improvement in several aspects. Strengthening is still needed in the internal control monitoring element where the evaluation results have not been fully followed up, so the improvement process is hampered.

오픈 소스 및 프리 소프트웨어를 이용한 제어기 설계 및 제작

오픈 소스 및 프리 소프트웨어를 이용한 제어기 설계 및 제작

Revealing the Effectiveness of Government Intern Control Systems in Cash Management for Fraud Prevention

This study aims to reveal the potential for fraud in the Internal Control System for cash receipts and disbursements conducted by BPS Regency X. The research method used is descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The informants in this study consisted of three people, namely the head of the general subdivision who doubled as the official signing the payment order, the commitment making officier, and the expenditure treasurer of BPS Regency X. The results of this study indicate that BPS Regency X is good at managing its cash, judging from implementation of the Government Internal Control System which is in accordance with the provisions of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 60 of 2008 which identifies that there is no potential for fraud related to receipts and disbursements cash at BPS Regency X

A brief survey of observers for disturbance estimation and compensation

AbstractAn accurate dynamic model of a robot is fundamentally important for a control system, while uncertainties residing in the model are inevitable in a physical robot system. The uncertainties can be categorized as internal disturbances and external disturbances in general. The former may include dynamic model errors and joint frictions, while the latter may include external payloads or human-exerted force to the robot. Disturbance observer is an important technique to estimate and compensate for the uncertainties of the dynamic model. Different types of disturbance observers have been developed to estimate the lumped uncertainties so far. In this paper, we conducted a brief survey on five typical types of observers from a perspective of practical implementation in a robot control system, including generalized momentum observer (GMO), joint velocity observer (JVOB), nonlinear disturbance observer (NDOB), disturbance Kalman filter (DKF), and extended state observer (ESO). First, we introduced the basics of each observer including equations and derivations. Two common types of disturbances are considered as two scenarios, that is, constant external disturbance and time-varying external disturbance. Then, the observers are separately implemented in each of the two simulated scenarios, and the disturbance tracking performance of each observer is presented while their performance in the same scenario has also been compared in the same figure. Finally, the main features and possible behaviors of each type of observer are summarized and discussed. This survey is devoted to helping readers learn the basic expressions of five typical observers and implement them in a robot control system.

Implementasi Sistem Pengendalian Internal dalam Upaya Mewujudkan Good Governance pada Lembaga Layanan Pendidikan Tinggi

The study aims to test the effect of the performance of the internal supervision unit, organizational culture, and organizational commitment toward the internal control system implementation for the implementation of good governance at the higher education service institution. Data analysis techniques using path analysis using data obtained from the distribution of questionnaires in 150 respondents. The results showed that the implementation of the internal control system in an effort to realize good governance was influenced by the performance of the internal supervision unit, organizational culture, and organizational commitment. The performance of the internal supervision unit has a very high influence on the implementation of the internal control system so that it is able to realize good governance in Higher Education Service Institutions.

An Automated Machine Learning Approach towards Energy Saving Estimates in Public Buildings

Reducing the energy consumption of buildings in the public sector is an important component in our efforts towards reaching our sustainability goals. In this context, a decisive prerequisite for administrations and policy makers is a tool for estimating the effectiveness of measures to reduce energy consumption. Estimating the impact of planned investments in building technology at scale, however, remains challenging, mainly for two reasons. For one, accurate physical modeling requires detailed building data, which can be difficult to obtain. Second, adapting established building models to novel measures aiming at energy consumption reduction is difficult. Hence, modeling building consumption patterns after retrofitting is a non-trivial task, and more research is needed to improve modeling techniques as well as to assess their effectiveness across a wide range of application scenarios. Modeling tools need to be generic enough to enable modeling of a variety of building types, they should ideally require as few input features as possible and they should allow for a high degree of automation in the selection and calibration of building modeling tools. Here, we propose a novel machine learning approach that does not require detailed building data and can automatically adapt to retrofitting measures. We evaluate our method on a data set of 113 public buildings in 4 building categories in Berlin, Germany. The data set contains energy consumption data in the initial state and after implementation of a weather-predictive heating control system. Despite being fully automated and requiring only minimal information about the building, our model can reliably predict the energy consumption of large public buildings better than established methods. All code and data are publicly released.

Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring in Wave Energy Converters: A Review

The technology used in wave energy conversion systems is still in the early stages of research and development. There are a number of challenges associated with becoming a commercially viable source of renewable energy due to the high operating and maintenance (O&M) costs. A potential solution for increasing the availability of wave energy converters (WECs) and reducing operating and maintenance costs might involve the implementation of condition monitoring and fault-tolerant control systems, because in some reported WEC systems, 57% of total operational expenses go to maintenance activities. The use of condition monitoring techniques in wind energy systems has, for instance, shown the ability to detect failures months in advance, resulting in savings of 15–20% during the operational phase. This paper reviews the methods proposed (and some used) by researchers to monitor WEC’s condition and diagnose faults. Fault-tolerant control methods developed to improve the reliability of WECs and hence their commercial viability are also reviewed and discussed. In addition, a future research plan is provided here.

Practical implementation and experimental testing of control system for vibratory lapping-polishing machine

Vibratory technological machines are widely implemented in various branches of industrial, manufacturing, and mechanical engineering. Particularly, such equipment can be effectively used while conducting finishing technological operations, e.g., lapping and polishing of different machine parts. The present paper is focused on developing the control system for the novel design of a vibratory lapping-polishing machine driven by six solenoids. The main purpose consists in providing the circular trajectory of the working member and ensuring the machining uniformity at each point of the surface being treated. In such a case, it is proposed to actuate the solenoids with the specified time shift depending on the forced frequency needed to be provided. The duration of the signal actuating the solenoid is equal to one-sixth of the total duration of a cycle (period) of the working body oscillation. The corresponding control approach is developed and simulated in the Tinkercad application, while the control system is designed based on the Arduino software and hardware. In addition, the laboratory prototype of the vibratory lapping-polishing machine and the corresponding control system are implemented in practice. The performed experimental investigations substantiate the possibilities of generating the circular oscillations of the working member of the vibratory lapping-polishing machine. The obtained results may be useful for engineers and technologists dealing with control systems of various vibratory technological equipment based on electromagnetic and solenoid-type drives.

SOME ISSUES OF NONLINEAR FILTERING FOR AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Increasing the maneuverability of guided main parts of long-range ballistic missiles (RBDD HF) or o ther aircraft, in particular unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the introduction of additional degrees of independence at the same time significantly complicates the dynamics of the system, and therefore the object control system itself, in particular its subsystem processing of measurement information.
 At the same time, an analysis of the performance of: extended Kalman filter, sigma point and cubature Kalman filter in the circuit of the aircraft control system is given. For example, the Kalman quadrature filter algorithm is virtually impossible to effectively use for systems whose dimension exceeds the order of 5 due to the exponential increase in calculation time.
 Therefore, three algorithms are considered: EKF, UKF and CKF. Using the example of the controlled dynamics of the aircraft, regardless of the direction of movement, it is necessary to orient the body. The performance of filtering algorithms and the justified selection of a filter for the evaluation of this type of system are considered.
 To determine the trajectory of the aircraft, the presented model is numerically integrated, while the control parameters , , are some functions of the current state of the target trajectory.
 The measurement is simulated by adding Gaussian "white" noise, the parameters of which are selected to match the parameters of existing devices, to the results of the integration of the equations of motion.
 In general, the article is aimed at simplifying the hardware implementation of the entire aircraft control system to counter emerging additional degrees of independence, which complicate the dynamics of the system while increasing the accuracy of the aircraft hitting the target, while it is considered that the method of determining the control parameters is a known value.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE ROBOT PROTOTYPE WITH AN INTERACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM

One of the most urgent tasks of robotics is to perform work in conditions where a person cannot work, in extreme conditions. At the same time, the goal is to find a person at a distance, often a considerable distance, in safe conditions. From this follows the need to create robots that will be able to work by themselves either in autonomous mode or in remote control mode. At the same time, the task of detecting sources of combustion, which can be solved by a mobile robot equipped with specific sensors, is extremely urgent. Therefore, the task of developing an interactive control system for such a robot becomes urgent. The subject of this study is a mobile robot control program. The purpose of this article is to improve the efficiency of the fire safety system through the development of a mobile robot with appropriate sensors, as well as an interactive control system. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: analyze the methods of creating prototypes of mobile robots, develop a structural diagram of a mobile robot, choose components, choose the necessary sensors based on the goals of ensuring fire safety, develop an automated control system based on a modern single-board computer and intuitively develop clear operator interface. Conclusions: as a result of research, a structural diagram of a mobile robot was developed, its components were selected, it was assembled, equipped with sensors, and software was created that allows you to control it interactively. The developed prototype of a mobile robot will reduce the risk of fires and the need for human intervention, ensuring an operational response to danger. In addition, a mobile robot with the ability to independently navigate and recognize danger will ensure the optimization of work processes at various enterprises, or to check dangerous areas, improve the safety of workers or people around and reduce material costs. The result of the work is a functioning robot prototype with an implemented interactive control system

Analisis Sistem Pengendalian Internal Atas Pemberian Kredit Multiguna dalam Mengurangi Kredit Bermasalah pada PT. BPD Sultra Cabang Utama

This study aims to determine the application of the internal control system over the provision of multipurpose loans in reducing non-performing loans. The type of research used is a type of qualitative descriptive research. The data used is primary data, namely data collected through interviews. The results of this study show that the implementation of the internal control system at PT. BPD Sultra Main Branch is very adequate, namely by implementing 5 internal control components according to COSO consisting of: (1) Control environment, (2) Risk assessment, (3) Control activities, (4) Information and Communication, and (5) Monitoring activities

Accountability and Internal Control of Religious Organizations (Study on GKPB Immanuel Tabanan)

Religious organizations require accountability practices in managing their funds. These accountability practices are reinforced through the implementation of internal controls. The discovery of fraud in religious organizations shows that their internal controls are weak and their management lacks accountability. This research focuses on GKPB Immanuel Tabanan, aiming to understand the implementation of accountability and internal controls in managing acquired funds. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approach, involving the collection of primary data through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. Data validity is tested using triangulation techniques. The research shows that accountability at GKPB Immanuel Tabanan has been effective. This is evident from the assignment of tasks and responsibilities to the church administrators, clear procedures in the selection of church administrators, and the church treasurer's role in overseeing all cash expenditures. Furthermore, the church has also implemented a code of ethics. The implementation of the internal control system has been effective. Procedures for cash receipts and disbursements have been established. Steps to mitigate risks are in place. Each cash expenditure requires authorization from the relevant authorities. Information regarding the church's financial reports is presented openly and accessible to the congregation, and internal audits are being conducted. the church has also implemented a code of ethics. The implementation of the internal control system has been effective. Procedures for cash receipts and disbursements have been established. Steps to mitigate risks are in place. Each cash expenditure requires authorization from the relevant authorities. Information regarding the church's financial reports is presented openly and accessible to the congregation, and internal audits are being conducted. the church has also implemented a code of ethics. The implementation of the internal control system has been effective. Procedures for cash receipts and disbursements have been established. Steps to mitigate risks are in place. Each cash expenditure requires authorization from the relevant authorities. Information regarding the church's financial reports is presented openly and accessible to the congregation, and internal audits are being conducted

Deep learning based model predictive control of active filter inverter as interface for photovoltaic generation

AbstractBy increasing the photovoltaic (PV) systems capacity worldwide, the requirement for a fast, reliable, and efficient control system is becoming more crucial. To this end, model predictive control (MPC) is known as one of the potential solutions. Although MPC is an easily implemented control system, it needs a high computational complexity due to the dependency on solving an iterative optimization problem. To overcome this problem, this study develops an artificial intelligence‐based on one‐dimensional convolutional neural network (1D‐CNN) based MPCs. While 1D‐CNN benefits from the inherent strong feature extraction/selection capability and lower computational complexity than other deep methods, it still cannot properly track the dynamic changes due to fixed weights during the training process. Thus, this paper integrates the dynamic weighting training process and proposed dynamic weighing 1D‐CNN for the implementation of intelligent MPC for the PVs. The numerical results based on different load types show an efficient performance of the proposed system and verify the superiority of the proposed method in comparison with the conventional MPC and several state‐of‐the‐arts shallow and deep based MPC for the PVs in terms of the total harmonic distortion (THD) and frequency switching.

INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEMS IN OIL REFINING PROCESS

The oil refining industry is an industry with high requirements for process control. Nowadays, an important problem is the creation of the concept of control systems for oil companies and enterprises. Oil is one of the Earth's most important resources. Its extraction and processing have become relevant for mankind. However, in the modern environment, the tasks of extracting oil with the latest equipment, as well as the use of cleaning and processing with minimal losses, have become important. This paper discusses intelligent control systems and their use in the oil refining industry. The purpose of the abstract is to create a structure that will be useful in the respective enterprises. But in order to achieve the goal of the work, it will be necessary to take into account such common problems as the instability of demand; restrictions imposed by the state and many others. That is why the features of each enterprise, which may bring various risks in the future, are considered at the design stage. Also, (it is necessary to indicate that,) the implementation of intelligent control systems in various industries is a time-consuming process. In these situations, the heads of enterprises need to take into account the human factor and help their employees adapt to new systems in every possible way. Among these methods, there are incentives with awards, the introduction of a team to train how to work with intelligent systems, and others. To delve into this topic, it is initially necessary to consider intelligent control systems separately from the oil refining industry. Keywords: automated control systems, deposits, oil refineries, quality of intelligent systems.

Advanced process automation of a pharmaceutical continuous wet granulation line: Perspectives on the application of a model predictive control from solid feeders to dryer

Pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing provides the appropriate tools (e.g. the understanding of process dynamics and appropriate and adaptable control strategy) in order to deal with Quality-by-Design expectations and even to the future smart manufacturing described by Quality-by-Control. Those tools form part of the given framework of the regulatory agencies led by an effective quality risk management. Soft sensors and control algorithms such as model predictive control are stepping stones for more agile processes and increased robustness by keeping the quality attributes of the final drug product in their acceptable ranges and by mitigating undesired events. The implementation of a model predictive control (MPC) system on a pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing plant for the wet granulation process is described. The control objectives and strategy are presented as well as the selected variables, the process dynamics identification, the MPC performance and its specific tuning where a commercial software has been used, setting the framework of this study. MPCs have been applied successfully on two pharmaceutical drug products (Diclofenac and Paracetamol): an accurate control of the API content and of the LOD was achieved in order to produce a constant quality of tablets on both drug products. In addition, some of the process parameters have been identified as mandatory to be step tested for each change of drug product, leading to a simplified MPC implementation.

Design and Implementation of Control System for Underwater Robot under Artificial Intelligence Background

Design and Implementation of Control System for Underwater Robot under Artificial Intelligence Background

The frequency control system of the screw unit with a solid rotor

This paper examines the features of construction and hardware implementation of the work control system of the screw-type multifunctional energy converter (MFEC). MFEC is an atypical electric machine, which is an induction motor with an external hollow solid rotor. Due to the presence of a ferromagnetic rotor, when power is supplied to the stator winding, the rotor is heated due to eddy currents and simultaneously rotates. In this way, it is possible to combine several functions at the level of the principle of operation in one device. However, such an electric machine as MFEC requires a special approach to management and ensuring the stability of operation. Thus, the task is complicated by the mechanical connection of several MFEC rotors into a single structure. The task of the control system includes not only ensuring a low speed of rotation of the general rotor of the MFEC, but also ensuring the value of the torque at the nominal level without losing the intensity of heating the rotor. Prerequisites for the practical solution of the given problems are preliminary theoretical studies of the authors and simulation modeling. The practical implementation of theoretical developments is considered in detail in this work. In particular, one MFEC module is supposed to be powered by a frequency converter in the mode of maintaining the specified rotation speed. The power supply of the second MFEC module is provided by an unregulated three-phase power source, which creates a torque opposite to that of the first MFEC module. The characteristics of this mode of operation, its purpose and influence on the initial characteristics of the screw unit are explained in detail in the relevant sections of this paper.

Analisis Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Penjualan Kredit Di PT. Nusa Andhalan

Every business is founded with the aim of making a profit for the owner in the future. Various strategies must be implemented, evaluated, modified, and developed continuously so that the company can maintain its existence. Not only in product marketing, but also aspects of human resources, information systems and management which are supported by the implementation of an internal control system must be the main concern of every business owner.
 In order to expand market share and sales volume, the Nuansa Karya Banyuwangi Store does not only serve cash sales, but also sells on credit. So that sales transactions increase. It's just that, the obstacle that is still being faced today is the continued increase in the number of uncollectible accounts every year. If this is not handled properly, it will cause losses for the company. So it is necessary to support data management based on Accounting Information Systems, which can support owners in making decisions.
 This qualitative descriptive study aims to determine the application of SIA at Nuansa Karya Store and its effectiveness in controlling receivables. The data were extracted from primary and secondary data sources. Both through the method of observation, interviews, and document analysis. Any data collected by researchers will be tested for validity through the triangulation method and extension of observations. The data were analyzed through three stages, namely: data presentation, data reduction, and drawing conclusions.
 From the results of field findings and discussions, it was concluded that Nuansa Karya's shop has not maximized the application of the Accounting Information System in managing sales transactions on credit. Receivables transaction data is recorded manually on the accounts receivable ledger and transaction evidence is not properly archived. In addition, there are dual duties of employees in carrying out the credit sales function. So that this condition does not optimally support the effectiveness of accounts receivable control and sales decision making.