Implementation Of Children Research Articles

Obrona nowożytnej koncepcji praw dziecka. Kilka refleksji w kontekście myśli pedagogicznej Jana Jakuba Rousseau

The presented text focuses on the normative concept of the rights of the child. The inspiration to re-read this currently dynamic pedagogical and legal category is the persona and ideas of Jean- Jacques Rousseau. The presented reflections are an attempt at a new interpretation of the category of children’s rights in the context of pedagogical naturalism and the rationalism of a philosopher of the Enlightenment. This text may become an argument in defense of the concept of basing the relations between adults and children on the ideas of children’s rights. We are faced with the following question: To what extent does the category of children’s rights, as determined by positive law, and its ensuing implications in terms of children’s status and their relations with adults, result from the nature of man and society, and to what extent do they constitute a mere “pretence of decency”, becoming an enslaving category? Given the degraded nature of man, how can we justify the need to regulate children’s rights and develop education based on these rights, and to what extent do these rights in fact contribute to this degradation, becoming a source of children’s suffering? Contrary to appearances, the answers to these questions are not unequivocal. This text attempts to re-read and re-analyze the fundamental rights of the child set forth in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the main legal regulations that form its basis with reference to the ideas of the Enlightenment philosopher. The defense of the contemporary concept of children’s rights with reference to the thought of J.J. Rousseau is also a critical voice in the debate on the assumptions, form, and implementation of children’s rights in modern society.

La gingivopériostoplastie avec substitut osseux : technique et premiers résultats

Ortho dontico-surgical coverage of alveolar crack is essential in reason of its repercussions on facial growth and implementation of children's teeth set. We proposed to realize a premature gingivo periosto plastic surgery from 4 years old by osseous substitute to lower age of alveolar cracks closure and decrease the morbidity of patients. We conducted a retrospective study over one year (January, 2012 to December, 2012), with six months postoperatively outcomes, on 23 cases of gingivo periosto plastic sugary with osseous substitute type glass by bone transplant at infantile plastic surgery service of Timone-Children teaching hospital of Marseille, France. We held 23 patients. Seventeen children, 12 boys and 5 girls presented unilateral cracks. Twenty patients required a quantity of glass bone under 1cc for the narrow cracks. Prevalence of the mucous cracks was low (4 cases on 23). Technique of gingivo periosto plastic surgery with osseous substitute is simple and our results are globally satisfactory. We observed less morbidity of the operating site. The first results of this study showed that gingivo periosto plastic surgery with osseous substitute glass bone is a simple, reliable and reproducible technique, with promising results. Reduction of site's morbidity by osseous transplant, accessibility of glass bone cost and simplicity of surgical gesture justified adoption of this technique.

Minority Children and Education in the Work of the Advisory Committee

This article seeks to analyse the relevance of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Framework Convention) for minority children in the field of education. It does this with a comprehensive analysis of primary sources, namely opinions of the Framework Convention’s Advisory Committee, which monitors the treaty’s implementation. The article therefore also analyses the role of this independent monitoring body in protecting minority children’s rights. It argues that the Framework Convention provides a very relevant structure for children’s rights, and demonstrates that perhaps the most valuable contribution of the Advisory Committee to the field of children’s rights has been, firstly, in identifying various obstacles that are preventing the full implementation of children’s rights in the field of education; secondly, in recommending measures for removing those obstacles or mitigating their effects; and, thirdly, in identifying best practices with regards to the rights of children to education.

Critical Analysis of the Supportive and Suppressive Factors for the Children’s Literature Program in Malaysia

Literature in Education (LIE) is aimed at enhancing the pupils’ linguistic competence by providing an early beginning to a foundation in literature and literary works. In 2006, the literature component was introduced to pupils in Malaysian primary schools through two programs: Contemporary Children’s Literature (CCL) and Extensive Reading Program. The literature program is viewed as a vehicle to provide an early exposure to pupils on literary genres to enhance their understanding and appreciation of people’s cultures, values, and traditions. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the provision of support, resources, training, and time allocation in the implementation of children’s literature among upper primary school teachers in Malaysia via the utilization of survey questionnaires, classroom observations and interviews. This study was conducted in a district in the state of Selangor. A sample of 56 upper primary school teachers from 19 schools were selected to answer the survey questionnaires. Interviews were conducted in one selected school in the District. The school was chosen based on the highest academic performance in the Malaysia Standard Examination for Primary Schools. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19, and coded manually. Findings from survey indicated that 75% of the school management understand the objectives and goals of CCL in order to provide effective support to the program. Majority of the respondents (82%) agreed that the school management has allowed the English Language Department to manage its own expenses or resources for the program. Almost three-fourths (71.4%) of the respondents agreed that the provision of training and resources has produced capable and knowledgeable teachers to teach literature. However, the majority of the respondents (76.8%) disagreed that the time allocation provides sufficient time for them to fulfil the requirements of teaching two textbooks in a year. Interview data confirming the survey data reveal that the respondents were less satisfied with the time allocation to conduct their lesson for literature.

Early impact of PCV7/PCV13 sequential introduction to the national pediatric immunization plan, on adult invasive pneumococcal disease: A nationwide surveillance study

BackgroundPCV7 was introduced as a universal childhood vaccination in Israel on July 2009 and was gradually replaced by PCV13 from November 2010. We report data on adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), two years post PCV13 implementation. MethodsAn ongoing nationwide active surveillance (all 27 laboratories performing blood/CSF cultures nationwide), initiated in 2009, providing all blood/CSF Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from persons ≥18 years. Capture-recapture method assured reporting of >95% cases. All isolates were serotyped in one central laboratory. Medical history and outcomes were recorded in ∼90%. ResultsOf 1809 IPD episodes, S. pneumoniae was isolated from the blood in 95% and most cases had pneumonia. Predisposing comorbidities were present in >70%. During the four study years, overall IPD incidence decreased from 9.2 to 7.2/100,000, incidence of pneumonia and particularly severe pneumonia cases decreased significantly from 6.6 to 4.7/100,000, (p=0.029). Vaccine type (VT7/VT13) serotypes decreased by 70%/57% within 4 years. This was accompanied by a 52% increase in non-VT13 strains. These changes were most apparent in winter. PCV impact was most pronounced in younger adults (39% decrease in overall IPD with only a non-significant increase in non-VT13 cases) while in those >65 years a non-significant decrease in overall IPD was observed with a 64% increase in non-VT13 cases. Non-VT13 serotypes that increased significantly were 12F, 15A 10A and 6C. A continuous reduction in isolates with penicillin MIC>0.06μg/ml was observed (26% to 11%, p<0.001). ConclusionsFour years after PCV7 and 2.5 years after PCV13 universal implementation in children, incidence of adult IPD caused by VT7 and VT13 decreased in all ages, mainly in younger adults. Despite increase in non-VT13 IPD, overall IPD decreased. Additional follow-up is needed to determine the long-term impact of PCV13.

Children's Participation, Childhood Publics and Social Change: A Review

Progress in the implementation of children's participation rights in England is reviewed and situated within a broader agenda of social change. The article argues that much of the energy for ‘change for children’ has resided within a governance pathway across policy, practice and research. An alternative perspective is offered by re‐connecting children's rights debates to those of social movements and asking whether childhood publics are possible, what they might look like and where they might be found. It is concluded that a cross‐national and longitudinal perspective grounded in everyday life is likely to provide a more nuanced understanding of the change for children.

Children’s rights in post-Soviet countries: The case of Russia and Belarus

The article constructs children’s rights as a social institution relevant to the multifunctional nature of the contemporary child. In line with the interpretivist approach, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is viewed as a soft law, which requires the pluralization of practices towards international regulations. The juxtaposition of two key approaches to the UNCRC, the double status of the child and the dilemma of public versus private, frames the investigation of the current issues in Russia and Belarus through the discourses operating around children’s rights. The comparison highlights the common shortcomings and the peculiarities, clarifying the possible strategies for refining the implementation of children’s rights in post-Soviet countries.

ABSTRACT 4

Background and aims: Continuous Venovenous Haemofiltration (CVVH) is an extracorporeal treatment whose implementation in children with sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction illustrates significant variation in UK PICUs. Aims: Systemic herpes infection is a rare but important cause of sepsis related mortality in PICU. We describe our centre’s recent CVVH experience in children with systemic herpes. Methods: 31-bedded PICU with 1500 admissions/year. We analysed the PICU admission database and CVVH database from 2010–2013 for neonates with a final diagnosis of systemic HSV. The demographic details, inpatient course, RRT data and outcomes were reviewed. Results: 11 neonates were identified with an age range of 8 – 17 days at admission. Most were profoundly ill at admission with coagulopathy, inotrope resistant septic shock, severe metabolic acidosis, acute hepatic and renal failure. CVVH was commenced in 7 but despite early initiation and high dose, 6 patients died. 2 underwent liver transplantation but both died. The overall mortality was 54%.Table: No title available.Conclusions: Treatment with CVVH in systemic neonatal HSV infection remains unclear in the absence of expert consensus. A paediatric RRT database similar to ELSO registry would be a useful reference guiding clinicians and assisting with counselling families.

EVALUATION OF PERIODONTAL TISSUES CONDITION IN CHILDREN WITH BLOOD COAGULABILITY PATHOLOGY

Background. Actuality of the problem is determined by the high prevalence of periodontal tissues inflammatory diseases in children with blood pathology (100%). Primary prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases has the exceptional importance in the dentist’s work with children who have blood coagulability disorders. Prevention of dental diseases of the oral cavity in this category of patients has a number of features because there is risk of bleeding during both home oral hygiene and professional hygiene. Exogenous prevention (fluoride-containing gels, varnishes, solutions, sealants) also has its own peculiarities in these children. On the other hand, the impossibility of preventive measures implementation is the significant factor in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and subsequently periodontitis in children with disorders of blood coagulability.Aim. To examine the status of oral hygiene in children with blood coagulability disorders. To examine the severity of inflammatory and destructive changes in the periodontal tissues in children with disorders of blood coagulability. To investigate timing and frequency of oral hygiene implementation in children with disorders of blood coagulability. To reveal the interrelations between the intensity, prevalence of periodontal tissues disorders in children with blood coagulability pathology and the periods of tooth development, taking into account the influence of risk factors and frequency of oral hygiene.Materials and methods. 120 children between 2 and 18 years old with blood coagulability disorders (hemophilia A, B, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy) were examined. Children were divided into following age groups: I – 2-5 years old (40 children), II – 6-10 years old (40 children), III – 11-18 years old (40 children), according to the periods of tooth development, with an equal number of children in groups according to diagnoses. Hygiene index value was determined according to Fedorov and Volodkina, PMA index (papillary-marginal-alveolar index) was determined by standard methods. Visual presence of inflammation clinical signs and periodontal tissue condition was determined in each group. During interviews with parents the timing and frequency of oral hygiene were studied on the proposed scheme.Results. During clinical examination of children with pathology of blood coagulability unsatisfactory level of oral hygiene was revealed. When evaluating PMA index in different age groups it should be noted that mild gingivitis is observed in all groups (5%). The most numerous group was one with gingivitis of moderate severity (71%) and severe course (24%). Diffuse catarrhal gingivitis dominates in the structure of inflammatory diseases of gums, gingival papillae and gingival margin. Analysis of the data of PMA index and visual examination shows that diffuse inflammation prevails in 99% of cases. It was found out that everyday teeth cleaning was carried out by 25% of children in group I and 40% of children in group III. Obviously, the obtained data indicate the untypical inflammatory process and the high prevalence of gingival and periodontal inflammation in the examined children.Conclusions. It was found out that low indicators of the oral hygiene level are registered in all groups of examined children; oral hygiene in these children was not carried out because of the risk and fear of bleeding. Prevalence of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues in examined children was 100%. Treatment of gingivitis or visit to the dentist due to gingival bleeding were not carried out. Search and use of adequate oral hygiene products for children with pathology of blood coagulability, development of hygiene programs and supporting activities taking into account the underlying disease were put on the agenda by this fact.

The Role of National Courts in Promoting Children’s Rights

National courts have a central role to play in the implementation of children’s rights. In this article, decisions of the Norwegian Supreme court in criminal cases and immigration cases are discussed. They shed interesting light on issues under article 3, such as whether the courts should base their judgment on the present facts, the balancing of the child’s best interests against other considerations, and whether article 3 is self-executing and justiciable. The consequences of a child not being heard are considered. Criminal and immigration cases both contain strong societal interests, but the willingness to give priority to children’s rights seems to differ in the two areas.

Emerging Nigerian Muslim Fear over the Implementation of Child’s Rights Act

This paper examines the Nigerian Muslims’ apprehension on the implementation of the child’s Rights Act. This is due to the fact that Islam being the religion of the significant segment of Nigerian population has exposed them to the rights of children other than the child Rights Act. Such rights as provided by Islam include right to proper upbringing, right to education, right to caring, right to equal treatment, right to love and affection, and right to life and equal life chances. The Muslims in Nigeria therefore express fear that if the Child Right Act is implemented, it will affect negatively their Islamic religious practices and promulgations on the Rights of the child based on Shari’ah (Islamic law). The paper recommends the domestication of the child Rights Act to allow for religious and cultural understanding of the act.

Turning the UNCRC upside down: a bottom-up perspective on children's rights

Children's rights have been studied from several perspectives. The implementation of children's rights has been argued in a corpus of seminal works seeking to problematise ways in which rights may be integrated and visible, with a particular focus on children's participation. Research also exists in the areas of policy, democratic practice and methodological considerations, particularly in the field of early childhood education. Although the obligation to realise children's rights has been repeatedly argued in the literature, there are few (if any) studies that have examined rights from the child perspective as seen through the lens of their everyday experiences of life. This paper will present some of the significant early findings around a potential disjunction between rhetorical rights and lived rights. The authors will argue that the implementation and action around children's rights should be positioned from a bottom-up perspective, rather than constrained to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Articles.

Implementation in Children 10-14 Age Group of Problem Solving Inventory

AIM: This study was conducted with elementary school students, 10-14 years of age, for the purpose of determining their problem-solving skills. METHOD: The study was carried out at an elementary school located in the provincial center of Zonguldak with a group of pupils, ages 10-14. The research was designed as a descriptive study; data was collected over the period April-May 2011. A group of 312 children were included in the study, all of them being in attendance at the elementary school where the study took place on the days on which data was collected. RESULTS: Significant differences were seen between the students\' avoidance scores according to their gender, between their self-control scores according to the grade they were in, between their self-control and avoidance scores according to their fathers\' vocation, between their avoidance scores according to their fathers\' education, between their self-control scores according to how they spent their leisure time, between their avoidance scores according to their participation in school clubs, between problem-solving skills according to the person they confided in about their problems, and between problem-solving skills, self-control and avoidance scores according to the people the students felt understood them (p

Child’s Life, Step-Family and Decision-Making Process

Step-families are included within the concept of “family” used by both Art. 8 of the Rome Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and Art. 7 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights of 2010. According to the OECD and EUROSTAT figures children that are living in step-families are between 8 and 12 years old, that is, they could be considered as preadolescents or in some cases adolescents at all. Thus, they are individuals with a certain grade of maturity that allow them to form their own views and express them. Today, there is an inevitable link between family and children’s participation rights (Art. 12 CRC; Art. 24 EU Charter). Nevertheless, European Law refers to the step-family from the “adult’s rights” viewpoint concerning the assignment of the parental responsibility to the step-parent neglecting children’s perspective. As said by Art. 6(1) EU Treaty of Lisbon and by Art. 52(2) EU Charter, the last legal instrument has the same legal recognition as the EU Treaties, which implies that the bedrock for direct and vertical application of the fundamental rights of children by both the EUCJ and national Courts is settled. Since 2006 one of the strategic objectives of the communitarian institutions is prioritizing the effective implementation of children’s rights.

Towards child versus adult brain mechanical properties

The characterization of brain tissue mechanical properties is of crucial importance in the development of realistic numerical models of the human head. While the mechanical behavior of the adult brain has been extensively investigated in several studies, there is a considerable paucity of data concerning the influence of age on mechanical properties of the brain. Therefore, the implementation of child and infant head models often involves restrictive assumptions like properties scaling from adult or animal data. The present study presents a step towards the investigation of the effects of age on viscoelastic properties of human brain tissue from a first set of dynamic oscillatory shear experiments. Tests were also performed on three different locations of brain (corona radiata, thalamus and brainstem) in order to investigate regional differences. Despite the limited number of child brain samples a significant increase in both storage and loss moduli occurring between the age of 5 months and the age of 22 months was found, confirmed by statistical Student’s t-tests (p=0.104,0.038 and 0.054 for respectively corona radiata, thalamus and brain stem samples locations respectively). The adult brain appears to be 3–4 times stiffer than the young child one. Moreover, the brainstem was found to be approximately 2–3 times stiffer than both gray and white matter from corona radiata and thalamus. As a tentative conclusion, this study provides the first rheological data on the human brain at different ages and brain regions. This data could be implemented in numerical models of the human head, especially in models concerning pediatric population.

Multiple Response System: Evaluation of Policy Change in North Carolina's Child Welfare System

Systemic challenges within child welfare have prompted many states to explore new strategies aimed at protecting children while meeting the needs of families, but doing so within the confines of shrinking budgets. Differential Response has emerged as a promising practice for low or moderate risk cases of child maltreatment. This mixed methods evaluation explored various aspects of North Carolina's differential response system, known as the Multiple Response System (MRS), including: child safety, timeliness of response and case decision, frontloading of services, case distribution, implementation of Child and Family Teams, collaboration with community-based service providers and Shared Parenting. Utilizing Child Protective Services (CPS) administrative data, researchers found that compared to matched control counties, MRS: had a positive impact on child safety evidenced by a decline in the rates of substantiations and re-assessments; temporarily disrupted timeliness of response in pilot counties but had no effect on time to case decision; and increased the number of upfront services provided to families during assessment. Qualitative data collected through focus groups with providers and phone interviews with families provided important information on key MRS strategies, highlighting aspects that families and social workers like as well as identifying areas for improvement. This information is useful for continuous quality improvement efforts, particularly related to the development of training and technical assistance programs at the state and local level.

Development of a Measure to Assess the Implementation of Children’s Systems of Care: The Systems of Care Implementation Survey (SOCIS)

The children's system of care framework has been extensively implemented in the U.S. Since its inception in 1993, the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program has invested in excess of $1 billion supporting the development of systems of care in 164 grantee sites across the country. Despite these efforts to implement children's systems of care nationally, little is known about the extent to which the principles and values actually have been put into practice outside of the funded grantee sites. This paper describes the development of the Systems of Care Implementation Survey, a measure designed specifically for the first ever study assessing the level of implementation of factors contributing to effective children's systems of care in a nationally representative sample of counties throughout the U.S.

Implementation of children's rights: what is in ‘the best interests of the child’ in relation to the Individual Education Plan (IEP) process for pupils with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD)?

The concept of children's rights evolved during the 1980s giving prominence to the role of children as active participants in the construction of their lives. The rhetoric of children's rights has emerged as an important consideration in all policy and practice relating to children. Implementation of children's rights in practice is necessary to maximise their potential to improve the lives of children. This paper presents an argument for the importance of giving meaning to the implementation of children's rights in the Individual Education Plan (IEP) process for pupils with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) in Ireland. The study, on which this paper is based, was conducted in two stages using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first stage focused on the development of a set of indicators for the IEP process based on a children's rights framework and informed by the perspectives of children, parents and teachers, alongside the literature on best practice on IEPs. In the second stage, a survey questionnaire was designed, based on the children's rights indicators, to evaluate current IEP practice in Ireland for pupils with autistic spectrum disorder. This article outlines the development of a set of indicators for the IEP process. It also presents findings of the survey which evaluates current practice in relation to the IEP process for pupils with ASD in Ireland. The article focuses specifically on Article 3(1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which stipulates that in all actions concerning children, ‘the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration’.

The Impact of Financial Crises on the Human Capital Accumulation Process of Young People and How to Best Protect Such Investments: The Impact of Financial and Food Crisis on the Implementation of Children and Youth Right to Education in Benin - A Decade Long Situation Analysis

Poor performance in the cotton driven agriculture export sector, the major export earner in BENIN, affected the country potential income; the ensuing economic downturn increased the vulnerability of poor households (more than 70%) of which are involved in the primary (mostly agricultural) sector; Government reduced expenditure into school infrastructure caused a gap of 6000 school classes as from 2007; the reduced income of the poorest households made access to basic education difficult for the vulnerable children and youths belonging to this category of households; Results : policy reforms yielded more than 100 millions USD mobilized into the education sector; government introduced a measure of suppression of school fees for early childhood and primary schools, therefore achieving as a result, 98% usual access to basic education for children and youth in 2009.

Dilemmas in the Implementation of Children's Right to Equity in Education in the Swedish Compulsory School

In order to illustrate and discuss the impacts of neo-liberal educational policies on equity, this article analyses the effects of different kinds of decentralisation strategies on the implementation of children's right to an equitable education in Sweden. It begins with a comprehensive overview of the changes implemented in the Swedish compulsory school system during the last two decades. It analyses the processes of transfer of authority and responsibility and discusses the complexity of interpreting these processes in terms of equity. This article examines the complex and contextual nature and consequences of decentralisation and centralisation strategies in order to better understand the implementation of children's right to equity in school practice. Although this analysis is based on the Swedish experience, it can contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of neo-liberal educational policies on equity in other European contexts.