Surface Of Implants Research Articles

Influence of surface topographic morphologies and nanoparticle incorporation on surface properties of pure Ti implants for oral applications

One common problem in using titanium (Ti) dental implants is peri-implantitis. To prevent peri-implantitis on Ti implants in an oral environment, we introduced novel topographic microstructures onto the surfaces of pure Ti implants via sandblasting, acid etching, and hydrothermal treatment before adding ZnO nanocomposite coatings and TiO2 nanocomposite coatings via magnetron sputtering. We comprehensively investigated the influence of surface topographic morphologies and elemental composition of coatings on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial efficacy of the specimens. Our results indicate that the novel topographic surfaces and magnetron sputtered coatings both exhibit good cytocompatibility. Our results also suggest that coating composition, rather than surface topographic morphology, is the primary factor influencing the antibacterial performance of Ti implants. Therefore, the magnetron sputtering of ZnO and TiO2 coatings onto surfaces can be an effective technique for improving the antibacterial properties of Ti implants for oral applications.

Clinical efficiency and stability of surface-modified implants: acid modification versus photoactivation.

. Aim: To study the stability of surface-modified dental implants, with the usage of sandblasting/acid modification vs. photoactivation. Materials and Methods: In the observation were included 164 patients with dental defects. All patients had digital impressions taken by scanning the oral cavity with an intraoral scanner 3Shape TRIOSR. Group A (80 subjects) included implants whose surface was modified with a combination of sandblasting and acid. Group B (84 subjects) - implants after modification with photoactivation. The implant stability quotient was recorded using an Osstell MentorTM device. Results: The reliable effectiveness of the photoactivation method in complex treatment of the surface of dental implants in improving the stability of fixed dentures in the short and long-term periods of observation was proven. When assessing immediate clinical outcomes, there was no significant difference in the frequency of hyperemia, algesia, hyperthermia, soft tissue edema, regional lymphadenitis, depending on the classical method of treating the implant surface and the complex method with photoactivation. Of the long-term clinical outcomes with classical surface treatment, the absolute risk of implant failure was 1.2%, relative risk - 0,99 [CI%0,96-1,0]. The average value of the implant stability coefficient (ISQ) and the data of the Periotest study at the time of surgery probably did not differ in the observation groups, after 3 months, a higher index was proven in the treatment of the surface by the method of photoactivation and greater stability of the mandibular implants. At the time of implantation, there were no statistically significant differences in implant fixation between the groups, however, during prospective observation in group A, secondary stability indicators based on periotestometry results were significantly lower. Conclusions: It was proved the reliable effectiveness of the photoactivation-method for surface modification in the short and long-term periods of observation for improving the results of orthodontically treatment.

Evaluation of bone apposition on surface modified titanium implant in experimental animal model: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the response of peri-implant bone to smooth (machined) surface and surface-modified dental implants in healthy experimental animal models. Systematic electronic search was done for using PUBMED, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, and EMBASE databases for potentially relevant records from the last 20 years. Duplicate screening and data extraction were performed to formulate the evidence tables and meta-analysis following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The outcome criteria were: 1. Bone Implant Contact (BIC) in percentage, 2. Removal Torque Values (RTV) in Ncm, 3. Implant stability Quotient (ISQ), Quality assessment was done using the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines and SYRCLE RoB (Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias) tool. Results were expressed as pooled mean difference for the respective groups viz. sandblasted and acid etched, laser modified, acid etched and anodized surface. The surface modified implants revealed somewhat higher BIC over machined surface (P < 0.01). Forest plot were drawn for all the outcome variables. Within the limitations of this study, the authors found a higher degree of osseointegration pertaining to bone to implant interface, RTV, and implant stability quotient (ISQ) with surface modified procedures which seemed to promote bone formation around peri-implant tissue during the early stages of healing. After analyzing all 37 included publications for the outcome of interest (BIC%, RTV, ISQ), a positive outcome was obtained for both subtractive and additive implant surface modifying procedures over machined implant surfaces when the data were pooled together. More advanced research work on healthy animal models needs to be investigated to review the impact of surface modifications on dental implant osseointegration.

Smooth versus Textured Tissue Expanders: Comparison of Outcomes and Complications in 536 Implants.

Background Increasing concerns regarding the safety of textured surface implants have resulted in surgeons transitioning from textured tissue expanders (TEs) to smooth TEs. Given this change has only recently occurred, this study evaluated outcomes between smooth and textured TEs. Methods Women who underwent two-stage breast reconstruction using TEs from 2013 to 2022 were included. TE-specific variables, perioperative information, pain scores, and complications were collected. Chi-squared, t -test, and linear regression analyses were performed. Results A total of 320 patients received a total of 384 textured and 152 smooth TEs. Note that 216 patients received bilateral reconstruction. TEs were removed in 9 cases. No significant differences existed between groups regarding comorbidities. Smooth TEs had a higher proportion of prepectoral placement ( p < 0.001). Smooth TEs had less fills (3 ± 1 vs. 4 ± 2, p < 0.001), shorter expansion periods (60 ± 44 vs. 90 ± 77 days, p < 0.001), smaller expander fill volumes (390 ± 168 vs. 478 ± 177 mL, p < 0.001), and shorter time to exchange (80 ± 43 vs. 104 ± 39 days, p < 0.001). Complication rates between textured and smooth TEs were comparable. Smooth TE had a greater proportion of TE replacements ( p = 0.030). On regression analysis, pain scores were more closely associated with age ( p = 0.018) and TE texture ( p = 0.046). Additional procedures at time of TE exchange ( p < 0.001) and textured TE ( p = 0.017) led to longer operative times. Conclusion As many surgeons have transitioned away from textured implants, our study shows that smooth TEs have similar outcomes to the textured alternatives.

Implant Surface Changes Observed with Confocal and Electron Microscopy After Probing with Metal and Plastic Periodontal Probes

Implant Surface Changes Observed with Confocal and Electron Microscopy After Probing with Metal and Plastic Periodontal Probes

THE PERSPECTIVE OF N-CHLOROTAURINE INFLUENCE ON MULTI-DRUF RESISTANT MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH DENTAL IMPLANTATION FAILURE

Introduction: Microorganisms colonizing the surface of dental implants can form biofilms that protect their microcolonies from mechanical impact, antimicrobial compounds, and immune factors. Prophylactic use of antibiotics during dental implantation can exert selective pressure on the development of antimicrobial resistance. In this context, N-chlorotaurine (NCT) is a promising compound to combat resistant agents.&#x0D; The aim is to investigate the efficacy of NCT against pathogens associated with dental implant complications.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A buffered 1% NCT solution adjusted to pH 7.1 was used for the study. Multidrug-resistant cultures (MDR) were identified. Determination of NCT activity was carried out by the agar and suspension method.&#x0D; The results. After standard antibiotic susceptibility testing, cultures classified as MDR were selected. 12 cultures were included in the MDR group, including seven S. aureus, three K. pneumoniae and three A. baumannii. MDR cultures of S. aureus had MRSA profile. Production of carbapenemases was confirmed in all MDR K. pneumoniae isolates, 2 of them showed production of metallo-β-lactamases. MDR isolates A. baumannii were also producers of metallo-β-lactamases. All 12 investigated MDR cultures were sensitive to NCT, the diameter of the zones of growth retardation was at least 15 mm. No significant difference was found between the effectiveness of 1% NCT solution against microorganisms with different mechanisms of drug resistance (t-test, p&gt;0.05). When conducting studies in a liquid environment, a 1% NCT solution showed similar results, all MDR cultures were sensitive and showed a decrease in the microbial load (CFU/ml) by at least 2 log10 steps already 15 minutes after the start of the study. Notably, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of NCT against conditionally susceptible and MDR agents.&#x0D; Conclusions. Reducing the threat and burden of MDR pathogens is one of the goals announced by WHO and the Centres for Disease Control. Our study clearly confirms that various antibiotic resistance mechanisms do not affect the bactericidal activity of NCT, making it promising for the treatment of resistant infections.

Mechanical Properties of the Carbonized Layer Formed by Ion Flow Orientated at Different Angles to the Polyurethane Surface.

Polymer materials are widely used in medicine due to their mechanical properties and biological inertness. When ion-plasma treatment is used on a polymer material, a carbonization process occurs in the surface nanolayer of the polymer sample. As a result, a surface carbonized nanolayer is formed, which has mechanical properties different from those of the substrate. This layer has good biocompatibility. The formation of a carbonized nanolayer on the surface of polymer implants makes it possible to reduce the body's reaction to a foreign body. Typically, to study the properties of a carbonized layer, flat polymer samples are used, which are treated with an ion flow perpendicular to the surface. But medical endoprostheses often have a curved surface, so ion-plasma treatment can occur at different angles to the surface. This paper presents the results of a study of the morphological and mechanical properties of a carbonized layer formed on a polyurethane surface. The dependence of these properties on the directional angle of the ion flow and its fluence has been established. To study the surface morphology and elastic properties, methods of atomic force microscopy and methods of elasticity theory were used. The strength properties of the carbonized layer were studied using a stretching device combined with a digital optical microscope.

Surface implantation of ionically conductive polyhydroxyethylaniline on cation exchange membrane for efficient heavy metal ions separation

Extraction of heavy metal ions from aqueous could enable recycling of wastewater and reusing of high-value ion resources. Recently, electrodialysis (ED) technology has been applied in the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater, however, developing high-efficient and stable heavy metal ions selective cation exchange membrane (CEM) remains an elusive challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of high-efficient cations selective CEM with the surface implantation of ionically conductive polyhydroxyethylaniline (PANI-OH) on a commercial CEM membrane (CTG) containing sulfonic acid groups via the electrostatic attraction. Implanted hydrophilic and positively charged PANI-OH facilitates fast and selective transfer of Cu2+ over Zn2+ cations through the membrane. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of rigid conjugate structure and hydrogen-bond interaction of PANI-OH renders the resultant membrane CTG-PANI-OH with stable structure and separation performance. As such, the Cu2+/Zn2+ permselectivity of CTG-PANI-OH membrane is ~1.70, which is about 190 % of that of the pristine CTG membrane. This work provides a facile design and strategy for the construction of high-efficient cations selective CEMs with great application prospects in the purification and extraction of heavy metal ions from wastewater.

Clinical and CBCT Assessment of Role of Bisphosphonate on Osteotomy Site and Implant Surface.

To assess the role of bisphosphonate on osteotomy site and implant surface. Twenty patients with adequate width and height of edentulous space and a single missing posterior tooth between the ages of 25 and 55 were incorporated in this research. Ten participants received implant therapy alone; the other ten patients received implant therapy and bisphosphonate application to osteotomy site and the implant surface. Changes in the crestal bone level were seen in both the study and control groups. At 1 year, crestal bone loss was less in the bisphosphonate-treated group than in the control group. The quantity of crestal bone loss was reduced when bisphosphonate (sodium alendronate) was applied locally near the implant and osteotomy site.

Biomechanical comparative finite element analysis between a conventional proximal interphalangeal joint flexible hinge implant and a novel implant design using a rolling contact joint mechanism

BackgroundThe rolling contact joint (RCJ) mechanism is a system of constraint that allows two circular bodies connected with flexible straps to roll relative to one another without slipping. This study aims to compare the biomechanical characteristics between the conventional proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) flexible hinge (FH) implant and the novel PIPJ implant adopting a RCJ mechanism during PIPJ range of motion using finite element (FE) analysis.MethodsThe three-dimensional (3D) surface shape of a conventional PIPJ FH implant was obtained using a 3D laser surface scanning system. The configuration and parameters of the novel PIPJ implant were adapted from a previous study. The two implants were assumed to have the same material characteristics and each implant was composed of a hyperelastic material, silicone elastomers. The configuration data for both implants were imported to a computer-aided design program to generate 3D geometrical surface and hyperelastic models of both implants. The hyperelastic models of both implants were imported into a structural engineering software to produce the FE mesh and to perform FE analysis. The FE analysis modeled the changes of mechanics during flexion–extension motion between 0° and 90° of two PIPJ implants. The mean and maximum values of von-Mises stress and strain as well as the total moment reaction based on the range of motion of the PIPJs were calculated. The mean values within the PIPJ’s functional range of motion of the mean and maxinum von-Mises stress and strain and the total moment reaction were also determined.ResultsThe maximum values for the von-Mises stress, and strain, as well as the total moment reactions of the conventional PIPJ FH and novel PIPJ implants were all at 90° of PIPJ flexion. The maximum value of each biomechanical property for the novel PIPJ implant was considerably lower compared with that of the conventional PIPJ FH implant. The mean values within the PIPJ’s functional range of motion of the maximum von-Mises stress and strain for the novel PIPJ implant was approximately 6.43- and 6.46-fold lower compared with that of the conventional PIPJ FH implant, respectively. The mean value within a PIPJ’s functional range of motion of the total moment reaction of the novel PIPJ implant was approximately 49.6-fold lower compared with that of the conventional PIPJ FH implant.ConclusionsThe novel PIPJ implant with an RCJ mechanism may offer improved biomechanical performance compared with conventional PIPJ FH implant.

Microstructural and tribological properties of TiO2/Ag multilayer coatings using magnetron sputtering technique for potential applications in non-permanent implants

The development of ideal surfaces for metal implants and osseous stabilization devices requires consideration of various phenomena. These include the formation of bacterial biofilms on the surface, which can lead to infections or rejection of the device. Additionally, the overgrowth of bone material around these devices can create a barrier to their removal once their function has been fulfilled. Due to this, the development of multilayer antibacterial coatings of TiO2/Ag on Ti6Al4V substrates was studied for potential use in non-permanent implants. Magnetron Sputtering technique, which provides significant control over the microstructural features was used to deposit 10 and 15 TiO2/Ag bilayers, resulting in coatings with a uniform and packed structure. Additionally, TiO2 monolayer was used as a comparative sample. Consequently, the properties of the developed systems were characterized using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, tribologic assays and surface properties such as rugosity and wettability. Experimental results confirm the presence of crystalline anatase in all systems and an increase both in thickness and roughness as the bilayer number increases compared to TiO2 monolayer coatings. Multilayer coatings evince decreased wettability and crystallinity with higher bilayer counts compared to the highly hydrophobic nature of Ti6Al4V substrates (>90°). Both systems, 10 and 15 multilayer coatings present a thickness of approximately 730 nm and improved hydrophilicity with contact angles of 68.5° and 55.2° respectively, while the TiO2 monolayer grew around 1300 nm and had a contact angle of 86.3° Finally, the tribological properties improve as the silver content on the surface increases as the noble metal tends to accumulate in nanoparticles on the outermost layers of the multilayer systems, exhibiting its solid lubricating effect, however, the wear rate increases for 15TiO2-Ag sample, as more Ag migrates, altering the coating microstructure.

Biomimetic Chiral Nanotopography for Manipulating Immunological Response

AbstractImmune response regulates implanted biomaterial−tissue integration and tissue regeneration, in which macrophages play a key role due to their plasticity and polarization. Chirality, an inherent property of carbon‐based life, can also exist in biomaterials such as gold monolayer. Constructing chiral nanostructured surfaces of implants can imitate the chirality of extracellular environment in a biomimetic manner, but the manipulation and mechanism of chiral nanotopography on macrophages remain poorly understood. Here, highly ordered gold nanoparticle arrays with 300 or 900 nm spacing are fabricated and modified with L‐ or D‐chirality. The D‐nanoarrays can promote M2 polarization and related cytokine secretion of macrophages, thus facilitating the reduction of inflammatory reaction and promoting tissue healing and regeneration. The mechanistic analysis further suggests that D‐nanoarrays proceeded these regulations through enhancing the expression of integrin αv/α8/β3‐p‐FAK pathway in macrophages, which may be largely attributed to its higher stereo‐affinity for fibronectin as revealed by quantitative experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. Overall, this study demonstrates that biomimetic chiral nanotopography can promote biomaterial−tissue integration by manipulating macrophage phenotype, bringing a novel strategy for immunomodulation.

Influence of chitosan and Cissus quandrangularis coating on osseointegration in titanium implants in rabbits: A preclinical in vivo study

BackgroundTitanium (Ti) implants has been criticized for the tiring wait for osseointegration, often making the patient reconsider implant treatment. Surface treated Ti implants are emerging as a promising solution with superior osseointegration, early loading protocols and shortened period of edentulousness. The aim of this study is to assess the osseointegration of Ti surface coated with novel Cissus quandrangularis Chitosan Hydrogel (CqChH) compared to Commercially pure (Cp) implants. Methods24 Cp Ti implants were divided into 2 subgroups (n = 12). The test group consisted of Ti implants surface treated with the novel hydrogel and control group consisted of Cp Ti implants. 3 % CqChH was prepared and was coated on the Ti implants prior to placement in the femur and tibial heads of rabbits. Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) was recorded at the 6th and 12th week. Animals were sacrificed and subjected to Removal Torque Quotient (RTQ). The samples were retrieved en bloc and stained for histopathologic analysis. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis using Unpaired student t-Test. ResultsAt the end of 6th week CqChH coated implants did not show any statistically significant difference in both ISQ and RTQ values compared to Cp ones. However, at the end of the 12th week CqChH coated implants demonstrated significantly higher ISQ (73.91 ± 4.39) and RTQ (75.96 ± 14.10) compared to Cp ones. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the novel hydrogel coating applied to the implant's surface exhibited not only enhanced bone regeneration but also elicited a new bone formation.

Anti-TLR4 biological response to titanium nitride-coated dental implants: anti-inflammatory response and extracellular matrix synthesis.

Osteointegration is a key process during dental implant placement and is related to titanium surface topography. Implant coating and surface modification methods ameliorate the bone production and the osteogenic process. The current work aimed at evaluating the biological outcomes of two different surfaces of dental implants, machined and titanium nitride (TiN) coated, at an inflammation level using an in vitro model of human periodontal ligament stem cells. The TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65/NLRP3 pathway induced by the Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide was studied by means of gene- and protein-level expression. Moreover, the expression of vimentin, vinculin, and fibronectin was evaluated to investigate their effects on the cell adhesion and extracellular matrix deposition. The results of the present study suggest that TiN-coated titanium disks may modulate inflammation by the suppression of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65/NLRP3 pathway and accelerate extracellular matrix apposition.

ENHANCEMENT OF SOFT TISSUE SURROUNDING DENTAL IMPLANTS – AN OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE

Dental implants have traditionally been focused on bone quality and quantity to house the dental implant for successful restoration of the edentulous ridge. Rough surface implants provide predictable osseointegration but results in the development of peri-implantitis when exposed to the oral environment. The peri-implant mucosa provides protection to the underlying bone via its immune response and protection from apical biofilm migration. An adequate band of keratinized mucosa also improves comfort with performing oral hygiene, limit early marginal bone loss and improved aesthetic outcomes around implant prostheses. The purpose of this article is to provide a literature review on the importance of attached keratinized mucosa around dental implants. It also shares simple strategies to improve the peri-implant mucosa before, during and after implant placement

Antioxidation effect of coatings prepared by helium-ion implantation of copper surfaces

The antioxidation effect of a shallow alloying layer introduced by ion implantation is inadequate for many oxidizable metals, limiting its application in antioxidation technology. In this work, the feasibility of preparing an antioxidation coating using ion implantation is explored with the aim of producing copper (Cu) surfaces with strong antioxidation properties. A coating consisted of amorphous carbon and silica is prepared on a Cu surface by helium-ion implantation with pump oil. The formation of the coating is attributed to the bombardment effect of ion implantation and ion beam scanning, which dissociates the bonds of the precursor coating material and drives the redistribution of dissociated species on the Cu surface. During He+ implantation, the C–C and C–O bonds are more likely to break down, resulting in the formation of amorphous carbon. The Si and O combine to form silica because of the high bonding energy of Si–O. The prepared coating exhibits a strong antioxidation effect by blocking the diffusion of Cu cations and enhancing the adhesion of the overlying oxidized film to the substrate. This study demonstrates the feasibility of preparing antioxidation coatings using ion implantation, which could advance the application of ion implantation in antioxidation technology and Cu in microelectronics.

Implant Surface Technologies to Promote Spinal Fusion: A Narrative Review.

The technology surrounding spinal fusion surgery has continuously evolved in tandem with advancements made in bioengineering. Over the past several decades, developments in biomechanics, surgical techniques, and materials science have expanded innovation in the spinal implant industry. This narrative review explores the current state of implant surface technologies utilized in spinal fusion surgery. This review covers various types of implant surface materials, focusing on interbody spacers composed of modified titanium, polyetheretherketone, hydroxyapatite, and other materials, as well as pedicle screw surface modifications. Advantages and disadvantages of the different surface materials are discussed, including their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and radiographic visibility. In addition, this review examines the role of surface modifications in enhancing osseointegration and reducing implant-related complications and, hopefully, improving patient outcomes. The findings suggest that while each material has its potential advantages, further research is needed to determine the optimal surface properties for enhancing spinal fusion outcomes.

Biocompatible Nanostructured Silver-Incorporated Implant Surfaces Show Effective Antibacterial, Osteogenic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in vitro and in Rat Model

Biocompatible Nanostructured Silver-Incorporated Implant Surfaces Show Effective Antibacterial, Osteogenic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in vitro and in Rat Model

Effect of Laser Treatment of Implant Surface on Bone changes in Implant-Retained Over Denture

Effect of Laser Treatment of Implant Surface on Bone changes in Implant-Retained Over Denture

Implant Surface Technologies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Spine Surgery.

Spine surgeries are occurring more frequently worldwide. Spinal implant infections are one of the most common complications of spine surgery, with a rate of 0.7% to 11.9%. These implant-related infections are a consequence of surface polymicrobial biofilm formation. New technologies to combat implant-related infections are being developed as their burden increases; however, none have reached the market stage in spine surgery. Conferring antimicrobial properties to biomaterials relies on either surface coating (physical, chemical, or combined) or surface modification (physical, chemical, or combined). Such treatment can also result in toxicity and the progression of antimicrobial resistance. This narrative review will discuss "late-stage" antimicrobial technologies (mostly validated in vivo) that use these techniques and may be incorporated onto spine implants to decrease the burden of implant-related health care-acquired infections (HAIs). Successfully reducing this burden will greatly improve the quality of life in spine surgery. Familiarity with upcoming surface technologies will help spine surgeons understand the anti-infective strategies designed to address the rapidly worsening challenge of implant-related health care-acquired infections.