Fixation Of Implants Research Articles

Comparison of different internal fixation implants in the treatment of talar neck fractures: A finite element analysis.

This study aimed to analyze the biomechanics of cannulated screws (CS) with or without a lateral locking plate (LLP) in talar neck fractures through a finite element analysis. The computed tomography image of the talus from a healthy volunteer (adult male) was used to reconstruct a three-dimensional talar model. The method for fixing talar neck fractures with CS and an LLP was planned using computer-aided design software. Afterward, the three-dimensional models of comminuted talar neck fractures were used to simulate fixation with anteroposterior parallel dual CS, single CS+LLP, and dual CS+LLP. Finally, finite element analysis was carried out to compare the outcomes of dual CS+LLP to those of single CS+LLP and to those of using dual CS alone. The displacement and von Mises stress values of the three groups with different internal fixation were analyzed. For a simple talar neck fracture, the lowest amount of displacement was obtained with CS+LLP (0.407 mm), while dual CS (0.459 mm) showed the highest amount of total displacement; the lowest amount of peak stresses was obtained with CS+LLP (5.38 MPa), while dual CS (8.749 MPa) showed the highest amount of total peak stresses. For a comminuted talar neck fracture, the lowest amount of displacement was obtained with CS+LLP (0.398 mm), while dual CS (0.408 mm) showed the highest amount of total displacement; the lowest amount of peak stresses was obtained with CS+LLP (129.9 MPa), while dual CS (205.9 MPa) showed the highest amount of peak stresses. Compared to the other two groups, the dual CS+LLP group had better biomechanics properties in the displacement and stress peak of the talus and implant. Thus, the use of dual CS+LLP fixation is recommended for the surgical treatment of comminuted talar neck fractures.

Lamina-Lifting Suspension Modification in Bridge Crane Technique in Treatment of Severe Thoracic Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum (TOLF).

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and potential complications of combining a lamina-lifting suspension system with the bridge crane technique in treating thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (TOLF) with thoracic myelopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS A patient with severe TOLF and myelopathy was treated using a lamina-lifting suspension system combined with bridge crane technique. The brief surgical procedure involved implantation of internal fixation, separation of laminae, installation of cross-bridges, reverse lifting, and fixation of cross-bridges. The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale, Hirabayashi recovery rate, and ASIA grade of the patient were recorded. The canal occupation ratio (COR) and spinal cord status were evaluated by imaging data. RESULTS The surgical intervention significantly enhances the patient's lower limb function, as evidenced by an increase in mJOA score from 5 preoperatively to 11 at terminal follow-up. The Hirabayashi recovery rate after surgery ranges between 25% and 50%. Additionally, ASIA classification improved to grade E. Imaging data showed that the ossification of the thoracic vertebrae had subsided, while the volume of the local spinal canal had recovered and the spinal cord injury had been completely relieved. No adverse effects or complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS The lamina-lifting suspension system preserves the benefits of bridge crane technique while also augmenting the traction of a post laminae-OLF complex (LOC) suspension, rendering it more secure and manageable. Nevertheless, further sample analysis and research are required in the future.

Damage-Based Assessment of the Risk of Cut-Out in Trochanteric Fractures for Different Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-Rotation (PFNA) Blade Positions

Cut-out of the hip blade of fracture fixation implants, defined as the perforation of the femoral head by the blade due to the collapse of the neck-shaft angle into varus, is the most relevant mechanical complication in the treatment of trochanteric fractures. Among the factors that contribute to cut-out, the blade positioning in the femoral head is reported as one of the most relevant. Since the optimal blade position in the superior–inferior and medial–lateral directions is unknown, the goal of this work was to investigate the impact of blade positioning in these directions, using three-dimensional finite element models of two femora with an unstable trochanteric fracture (31-A2.2 in the Müller AO classification system with an intrusion distance of 95% of the fracture line length). The finite element models developed were coupled with a stiffness-adaptive damage model for the evaluation of the risk of cut-out. The Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-rotation (PFNA) blade was placed in each model at four discrete distances from the femoral head surface in central and inferior positions. The damage distribution in bone resulting from a gait loading condition was visually and quantitatively assessed to compare the performance of the eight positions and predict the relative risk of cut-out for each. The results suggest that the closer the tip of the blade to the femoral head surface, the lower the risk of cut-out. In the superior–inferior direction, contradicting findings were obtained for the modelled femora. The depth of placement of the blade in the medial–lateral direction and its superior–inferior position were shown to have great influence in the risk of cut-out, with the medial–lateral position being the most relevant predictor. The optimal blade positioning may be subject-specific, depending on bone geometry and density distribution.

A Modified Technique for All-Inside Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR): True Femoral Socket

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) performed via arthroscopy is the primary treatment for anterior cruciate ligament injury. In traditional ACLR, the surgeon must create bone tunnels in both the femur and tibia, which increases the risk of bleeding and pain. The advent of all-inside technology has introduced the concept of bone sockets. However, the femoral socket created by the traditional all-inside technique is not a true femoral socket since the tunnel ends are still connected to achieve suspensory fixation. We are dedicated to achieving a true femoral socket in the all-inside ACLR technique. The AperFix Implant fixation system offers the potential for a genuine femoral socket by securely holding the ligaments in place through compression fixation. In this report, we present an all-inside ACLR using the AperFix Implant fixation system, which allows for a single exit of the femur side tunnel. This technique effectively reduces “windshield wiper” effect, “bungee cord” effect, as well as surgical time and minimizes the risk of bleeding, pain, and local microfractures.

Surgical navigation for guidewire placement from intraoperative fluoroscopy in orthopaedic surgery.

Objective. Surgical guidewires are commonly used in placing fixation implants to stabilize fractures. Accurate positioning of these instruments is challenged by difficulties in 3D reckoning from 2D fluoroscopy. This work aims to enhance the accuracy and reduce exposure times by providing 3D navigation for guidewire placement from as little as two fluoroscopic images.Approach. Our approach combines machine learning-based segmentation with the geometric model of the imager to determine the 3D poses of guidewires. Instrument tips are encoded as individual keypoints, and the segmentation masks are processed to estimate the trajectory. Correspondence between detections in multiple views is established using the pre-calibrated system geometry, and the corresponding features are backprojected to obtain the 3D pose. Guidewire 3D directions were computed using both an analytical and an optimization-based method. The complete approach was evaluated in cadaveric specimens with respect to potential confounding effects from the imaging geometry and radiographic scene clutter due to other instruments.Main results. The detection network identified the guidewire tips within 2.2 mm and guidewire directions within 1.1°, in 2D detector coordinates. Feature correspondence rejected false detections, particularly in images with other instruments, to achieve 83% precision and 90% recall. Estimating the 3D direction via numerical optimization showed added robustness to guidewires aligned with the gantry rotation plane. Guidewire tips and directions were localized in 3D world coordinates with a median accuracy of 1.8 mm and 2.7°, respectively.Significance. The paper reports a new method for automatic 2D detection and 3D localization of guidewires from pairs of fluoroscopic images. Localized guidewires can be virtually overlaid on the patient's pre-operative 3D scan during the intervention. Accurate pose determination for multiple guidewires from two images offers to reduce radiation dose by minimizing the need for repeated imaging and provides quantitative feedback prior to implant placement.

Cells transiently expressing periostin are required for intramedullary intramembranous bone regeneration

Intramembranous bone regeneration plays an important role in fixation of intramedullary implants used in joint replacement and dental implants used in tooth replacement. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of intramembranous bone regeneration in these clinical procedures, the underlying mechanisms have not been well explored. A previous study that examined transcriptomic profiles of regenerating bone from the marrow space showed that increased periostin gene expression preceded increases in several osteogenic genes. We therefore sought to determine the role of cells transiently expressing periostin in intramedullary intramembranous bone regeneration. We used a genetic mouse model that allows tamoxifen-inducible fluorescent labeling of periostin expressing cells. These mice underwent ablation of the bone marrow cavity through surgical disruption, a well-established intramembranous bone regeneration model. We found that in intact bones, fluorescently labeled cells were largely restricted to the periosteal surface of cortical bone and were absent in bone marrow. However, following surgical disruption of the bone marrow cavity, cells transiently expressing periostin were found within the regenerating tissue of the bone marrow compartment even though the cortical bone remained intact. The source of these cells is likely heterogenous, including cells occupying the periosteal surface as well as pericytes and endothelial cells within the marrow cavity. We also found that diphtheria toxin-mediated depletion of cells transiently expressing periostin at the time of surgery impaired intramembranous bone regeneration in mice. These data suggest a critical role of periostin expressing cells in intramedullary intramembranous bone regeneration and may lead to novel therapeutic interventions to accelerate or enhance implant fixation.

In Vivo Studies of Medical Implants for Maxillofacial Surgery Produced from Nanostructured Titanium.

This paper presents the results of comprehensive in vivo studies into the osseointegration behavior of medical implants for maxillofacial surgery produced from nanostructured grade 4 titanium. Special attention is given to the phenomenology of bone tissue formation with consideration of its surface relief features and to evaluating the quantitative parameters of the morphological indicators of osteoblast and endothelial cells in the osseointegration zone. These parameters were compared with their measurement data for standard factory-made implants, and considerable acceleration in the fixation of nanotitanium implants due to osseointegation was found. The obtained results indicate a better osseointegration of implants made of nanotitanium in comparison to similar standard products.

Coupling biomechanical models of implants with biodegradation models: A case study for biodegradable mandibular bone fixation plates

In fracture fixation, biodegradable implant materials are an interesting alternative to conventional non-biodegradable materials as the latter often require a second implant removal surgery to avoid long-term complications. In this study, we present an in silico strategy to design/study biodegradable metal implants focusing on mandibular fracture fixation plates of WE43 (Mg alloy). The in silico strategy is composed of an orchestrated interaction between three separate computational models. The first model simulates the mass loss of the degradable implant based on the chemistry of Mg biodegradation. A second model estimates the loading on the jaw plate in the physiological environment, incorporating a phenomenological dynamic bone regeneration process. The third model characterizes the mechanical behavior of the jaw plate and the influence of material degradation on the mechanical behavior. A sensitivity analysis was performed on parameters related to choices regarding numerical implementation and parameter dependencies were implemented to guarantee robust and correct results. Different clinical scenarios were tested, related to the amount of screws used to fix the plate. The results showed a lower initial strength when more screw holes were left open, as well as a faster decrease over time in strength due to the increased area available for surface degradation. The obtained degradation results were found to be in accordance with previously reported data of in vivo studies with biodegradable plates. The combination of these three models allows for the design of patient-specific biodegradable fixation implants able to deliver the desired mechanical behavior tuned to the bone regeneration process.

Development of a novel PLDLA/β-TCP composite-based biodegradable anterior cervical plate and screw system.

We investigated the effectiveness and safety of a new composite-based biodegradable anterior cervical plate/screw (ACPS) system for the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) fixation. A biocomposite in combination with 30 wt% β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP; a biodegradable ceramic having osteoconductive ability) and 70 wt% poly-l/d-lactide copolymer (PLDLA; a biodegradable polymer) was developed and used in the ACPS device, comprising one plate and four screws for fixation. Based on a literature review, a clinically required period of performance maintenance was set as 16 weeks, and to verify the performance for a period of 16 weeks or more, the test was conducted for 26 weeks. Following ISO 13781:2017 testing protocols, an in vitro degradation test was performed to verify the performance and evaluate the decomposition characteristics of the biodegradable ACPS system. Using an animal model as a preclinical investigation, the prepared ACPS device was implanted into five mongrel dogs weighing over 30 kg to evaluate the detachment prevention effect of the ACPS system on polyether ether ketone (PEEK) cage after ACDF. By week 26, the molecular weight was decreased by 45.35% for the plate and 52.56% for the screw; the bending strength of the plate was decreased by approximately 26.2% when compared with the initial stage. The torsional yield strength and pullout strength of the screw was increased by 52.31% and 5.3%, respectively by week 2 and then subsequently decreased until week 26. No detachment or dislocation of the inserted PEEK cage was observed for 26 weeks in vivo study. These findings recommend that the ACPS system might be a promising biodegradable tool for the fixation of interbody implants and supporting the fusion in an ACDF model. Furthermore, additional clinical trials are planned for the future.

Friend or foe? Inflammation and the foreign body response to orthopedic biomaterials.

The use of biomaterials and implants for joint replacement, fracture fixation, spinal stabilization and other orthopedic indications has revolutionized patient care by reliably decreasing pain and improving function. These surgical procedures always invoke an acute inflammatory reaction initially, that in most cases, readily subsides. Occasionally, chronic inflammation around the implant develops and persists; this results in unremitting pain and compromises function. The etiology of chronic inflammation may be specific, such as with infection, or be unknown. The histological hallmarks of chronic inflammation include activated macrophages, fibroblasts, T cell subsets, and other cells of the innate immune system. The presence of cells of the adaptive immune system usually indicates allergic reactions to metallic haptens. A foreign body reaction is composed of activated macrophages, giant cells, fibroblasts, and other cells often distributed in a characteristic histological arrangement; this reaction is usually due to particulate debris and other byproducts from the biomaterials used in the implant. Both chronic inflammation and the foreign body response have adverse biological effects on the integration of the implant with the surrounding tissues. Strategies to mitigate chronic inflammation and the foreign body response will enhance the initial incorporation and longevity of the implant, and thereby, improve long-term pain relief and overall function for the patient. The seminal research performed in the laboratory of Dr. James Anderson and co-workers has provided an inspirational and driving force for our laboratory's work on the interactions and crosstalk among cells of the mesenchymal, immune, and vascular lineages, and orthopedic biomaterials. Dr. Anderson's delineation of the fundamental biologic processes and mechanisms underlying acute and chronic inflammation, the foreign body response, resolution, and eventual functional integration of implants in different organ systems has provided researchers with a strategic approach to the use of biomaterials to improve health in numerous clinical scenarios.

Vascular Damage Caused by Internal Fixation Implants.

Vascular Damage Caused by Internal Fixation Implants.

The biointegration profile of fiber-reinforced plates following tibial implantation in sheep.

Biointegrative, mineral fiber-reinforced bone fixation implants recently introduced in orthopedic surgery have expanded available treatment options for fractures and bone deformities. This new technology aims to address the disadvantages of permanent metallic implants while overcoming inherent concerns of adverse inflammatory reactions when using polymer-based orthopedic implants. The purpose of this double-arm preclinical study was to evaluate the safety, biocompatibility, and biointegration of fiber-reinforced plates, following implantation on the tibias of eight sheep. Left tibias underwent periosteal elevation, allowing for implant attachment directly onto the cortical surface; right tibia plates were implanted over intact periosteum. Microcomputed tomography and histopathology were performed at 13, 26, 52, 78, 104, and 134 weeks postimplantation. All animals were evaluated clinically at each time point, with no evidence of local adverse reactions. Histopathology demonstrated anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophages and multinucleated giant cells corresponding to implant bioabsorption, similar for both groups at each time point, and indicating expected implant biocompatibility. Inflammatory cells (i.e., eosinophils, lymphophyctes, plasma cells, and M1-like macrophages) were absent throughout the study. The bioabsorption process had started at 13 W, with the highest rate at 52-78 W. At 104 W, only residual polymer material was left (∼5% of implant area). Low amounts of mineral fibers were evident at 78 W and were absent (fully remodeled) by 104 W. At 134 W, implants at both sites were fully bioabsorbed. In conclusion, these new fiber-reinforced implants demonstrated bone remodeling and complete biointegration, with no adverse tissue response. Clinical significance: In this double-arm, 2.5-year study, a biointegrative, fiber-reinforced plate implanted on the tibias of sheep was fully absorbed within 134 weeks, with no adverse tissue reaction. Bioabsorption was similar, with or without periosteal elevation, mimicking conditions like those observed in traumatic injuries disrupting the periosteum, open reduction and internal fixation, or minimally invasive surgeries. These results demonstrate the feasibility, versatility, and safety of this new class of biointegrative bone implants. This newly developed technology avoids the complications of the removal of metal implants.

110. The effect of the shape of the fixation implant on the biomechanics of sacroiliac segment: comparison of triangular vs threaded screw fixation implants: a finite element study

110. The effect of the shape of the fixation implant on the biomechanics of sacroiliac segment: comparison of triangular vs threaded screw fixation implants: a finite element study

Nano‐hydroxyapatite reinforced polylactic acid bioabsorbable cancellous screws for bone fracture fixations

AbstractBioabsorbable polymer implants aid the fracture treatment to overcome the limitations of metallic implants like stress shielding, corrosion, and revision surgeries. The cancellous screw is one of the internal fixation implants more frequently used in fixation procedures. In this work, nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHAp) reinforced polylactic acid cancellous screws were developed for bone fracture treatment. The biocompatibility and mechanical tests were performed before and after in‐vitro hydrolytic degradation studies. The addition of nanofillers (10 wt% nHAp) enhanced the pullout strength, torsional strength, and shear strength by 18%, 48%, and 5%, respectively. The performed thermal studies confirmed that the nanohydroxyapatite facilitates the crystallization process. A mass loss of about 18% in the case of neat PLA and 12% in the case of 10 wt% nHAp was observed for 90 days of in‐vitro hydrolytic degradation studies. So, the developed combination of biocomposite could help fabricate patient‐specific bioabsorbable fixation devices like screws and plates.

Sex-Specific Implant Fixation Can Reduce Revision Rates in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Evidence From the Swiss National Joint Registry

BackgroundPatient’s sex is considered a risk factor for revision following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), but sex-specific treatment guidelines are lacking. The purpose was to assess sex-specificity of risk factors for periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) and aseptic stem loosening (ASL) in a nationwide register study. MethodsAll uncemented and hybrid THAs for hip osteoarthritis registered in the Swiss National Joint Registry were considered. 86,423 THAs were analyzed. Comparable THA subsets for both sexes were obtained through propensity score matching (1:1). A sex-specific analysis of risk factors for early PFF or ASL was performed using recursive partitioning analyses. ResultsIn women, PFFs were most significantly associated with uncemented THA fixation (P < .0001) and age (P < .01, threshold: 70.5 years). The ASLs were solely associated with patient age of <65 years (P = .023). In men, PFFs were associated exclusively with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score >2 (P = .026). The ASLs were not correlated to any of the potential risk factors analyzed. A mathematical simulation indicated that avoiding uncemented THA fixation in women ≥70.5 years of age decreased the number of revisions within the observational period by 21% in this subset and by 4.9% in the entire patient population. ConclusionUncemented THA should be avoided in women >70.5 years due to the increased risk of early PFF, while the mode of stem fixation did not influence revision risk in men. A sex-specific regimen for THA fixation has the potential to markedly reduce early THA revision rates.

Aniridic scleral fixation of intraocular lens: The answer to vision loss with photophobia!

Aniridia is defined as missing iris tissue which can be partial, subtotal, or total. Characteristic clinical symptoms include photophobia and decreased visual acuity due to an increased light perception. In addition to this, disturbing cosmetic problems are prevalent. Even after implantation of an intraocular lens, patients often tend to be unsatisfied. The answer to this problem lies in the implantation of an aniridic scleral fixation of intraocular lens (SFIOL), which has a central optical axis that acts as the refractive lens and a peripheral rim of a hyperpigmented area that mimics the iris and hence reduces photophobia. The purpose of the video was to demonstrate the use of black diaphragm intraocular lens (BDIOL) implantation, its surgical steps, and its outcomes. We report one such case where a young patient presented with post-traumatic aniridia with subluxated total cataract and spillover vitreous hemorrhage. He was subjected to a vitrectomy, cataract removal, and placement of an aniridic SFIOL with prolene 9-0 using the four-point fixation method. This gave an extremely gratifying outcome and solved both problems, that is, vision and photophobia. Highlight: Before implantation of the SFIOL, the patients had reduced visual acuity from aphakia and intolerable glare from aniridia. In this case-based approach and with relevant example, we tried to provide a solution for tricky scenarios like co-existing traumatic cataract and traumatic aniridia. The patient showed improved visual acuity and marked glare reduction after black diaphragm SFIOL implantation. https://youtu.be/atl60WetFsM.

Metal-organic Zn-zoledronic acid and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid nanostick-mediated zinc phosphate hybrid coating on biodegradable Zn for osteoporotic fracture healing implants.

Zn and its alloys are increasingly under consideration for biodegradable bone fracture fixation implants owing to their attractive biodegradability and mechanical properties. However, their clinical application is a challenge for osteoporotic bone fracture healing, due to their uneven degradation mode, burst release of zinc ions, and insufficient osteo-promotion and osteo-resorption regulating properties. In this study, a type of Zn2+ coordinated zoledronic acid (ZA) and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) metal-organic hybrid nanostick was synthesized, which was further mixed into zinc phosphate (ZnP) solution to mediate the deposition and growth of ZnP to form a well-integrated micro-patterned metal-organic/inorganic hybrid coating on Zn. The coating protected noticeably the Zn substrate from corrosion, in particular reducing its localized occurrence as well as suppressing its Zn2+ release. Moreover, the modified Zn was osteo-compatible and osteo-promotive and, more important, performed osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo of well-balanced pro-osteoblast and anti-osteoclast responses. Such favorable functionalities are related to the nature of its bioactive components, especially the bio-functional ZA and the Zn ions it contains, as well as its unique micro- and nano-scale structure. This strategy provides not only a new avenue for surface modification of biodegradable metals but also sheds light on advanced biomaterials for osteoporotic fracture and other applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Developing appropriate biodegradable metallic materials is of clinical relevance for osteoporosis fracture healing, whereas current strategies are short of good balance between the bone formation and resorption. Here, we designed a micropatterned metal-organic nanostickmediated zinc phosphate hybrid coating modified Zn biodegradable metal to fulfill such a balanced osteogenicity. The in vitro assays verified the coated Zn demonstrated outstanding pro-osteoblasts and anti-osteoclasts properties and the coated intramedullary nail promoted fracture healing well in an osteoporotic femur fracture rat model. Our strategy may offer not only a new avenue for surface modification of biodegradable metals but also shed light on better understanding of new advanced biomaterials for orthopedic application among others.

Is a Washer a Mandatory Component in Young Trauma Patients with S1-S2 Iliosacral Screw Fixation of Posterior Pelvis Ring Injuries? A Biomechanical Study.

Background and purpose: Cannulated screws are standard implants for percutaneous fixa-tion of posterior pelvis ring injuries. The choice of whether to use these screws in combination with a washer is still undecided. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical competence of S1-S2 sacroiliac (SI) screw fixation with and without using a washer across three different screw designs. Material and Methods: Twenty-four composite pelvises were used and an SI joint injury type APC III according to the Young and Burgess classification was simulated. Fixation of the posterior pelvis ring was performed using either partially threaded short screws, fully threaded short screws, or fully threaded long transsacral screws. Biomechanical testing was performed under progressively increasing cyclic loading until failure, with monitoring of the intersegmental and bone-implant movements via motion tracking. Results: The number of cycles to failure and the corresponding load at failure (N) were significantly higher for the fully threaded short screws with a washer (3972 ± 600/398.6 ± 30.0) versus its counterpart without a washer (2993 ± 527/349.7 ± 26.4), p = 0.026. In contrast, these two parameters did not reveal any significant differences when comparing fixations with and without a washer using either partially threaded short of fully threaded long transsacral screws, p ≥ 0.359. Conclusions: From a biomechanical perspective, a washer could be optional when using partially threaded short or fully threaded long transsacral S1-S2 screws for treatment of posterior pelvis ring injuries in young trauma patients. Yet, the omission of the washer in fully threaded short screws could lead to a significant diminished biomechanical stability.

Stemless reverse humeral component neck-shaft angle has an influence on initial fixation

Stemless anatomic humeral components are commonly used and are an accepted alternative to traditional stemmed implants in patients with good bone quality. Presently, little literature exists on the design and implantation parameters that influence primary time-zero fixation of stemless reverse humeral implants. Accordingly, this finite element analysis study assessed the surgical implantation variable of neck shaft angle, and its effect on the primary time-zero fixation of reversed stemless humeral implants. Eight CT-derived humeral finite element models were used to examine a generic stemless humeral implant at varying neck shaft angles of 130°, 135°, 140°, 145°, and 150°. Four loading scenarios [30° shoulder abduction with neutral forearm rotation, 30° shoulder abduction with forearm supination, a head-height lifting motion, and a single-arm steering motion] were employed. Implantation inclinations were compared based on the maximum bone-implant interface distraction detected after loading. The implant-bone distraction was greatest in the 130° neck shaft angle implantation cases. All implant loading scenarios elicited significantly lower micromotion magnitudes when neck shaft angle was increased (P = 0.0001). With every 5° increase in neck shaft angle, there was an average 17% reduction in bone-implant distraction. The neck shaft angle of implantation for a stemless reverse humeral component is a modifiable parameter that appears to influence time zero implant stability. Lower, more varus, neck shaft angles increase bone-implant distractions with simulated activities of daily living. It is therefore suggested that humeral head osteotomies at a higher neck shaft angle may be beneficial to maximize stemless humeral component stability.

Biodegradable Implants for Internal Fixation of Fractures and Accelerated Bone Regeneration.

Bone fractures have always been a burden to patients due to their common occurrence and severe complications. Traditionally, operative treatments have been widely used in the clinic for implanting, despite the fact that they can only achieve bone fixation with limited stability and pose no effect on promoting tissue growth. In addition, the nondegradable implants usually need a secondary surgery for implant removal, otherwise they may block the regeneration of bones resulting in bone nonunion. To overcome the low degradability of implants and avoid multiple surgeries, tissue engineers have investigated various biodegradable materials for bone regeneration, whereas the significance of stability of long-term bone fixation tends to be neglected during this process. Combining the traditional orthopedic implantation surgeries and emerging tissue engineering, we believe that both bone fixation and bone regeneration are indispensable factors for a successful bone repair. Herein, we define such a novel idea as bone regenerative fixation (BRF), which should be the main future development trend of biodegradable materials.