Imphal West District Research Articles

Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among Adolescents In Imphal West District, Manipur

Background: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by preoccupation with a perceived flaw(s) in one’s appearance, leads sufferers to engage in repetitive behaviours to try to hide or fix the flaw(s) causing significant distress and interference. BDD is an unrecognized and undiagnosed problem among adolescents. Therefore, conducting a study in the Imphal West will identify the adolescents at risk. The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of BDD among higher secondary students in Imphal West, Manipur. Methodology: This study was conducted among higher secondary students during Aug 2019 -Feb 2020. Sampling was done by stratified two stage cluster design and self-administered validated Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire was used. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Chi-square test was used for comparing proportions. Results: Out of the total 1207 students, 52% were female. Almost 92.2% of the students were concerned about some aspect of their appearance. About 2.6% met the DSM-V criteria for BDD. Females were significantly dissatisfied with their skin (71.3%), nose (59.3%), hair (34.7%), whereas men with their muscle build (54.8%) and eyes (40.3%). Conclusions: The study revealed BDD was prevalent but many individuals were unaware about the condition and its treatment.

SELF-MEDICATION PATTERN OF ANTIBIOTICS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF IMPHAL WEST DISTRICT OF MANIPUR, INDIA

Background and aim: Self-medication with antibiotics is one of the growing issues in developing countries. Irrational use of antibiotics leads to development of resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat in management of infectious disease which leads to morbidity and mortality. Our study is to assess the self-medication pattern of antibiotic among the people of Imphal West district of Manipur. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1980 randomly selected people from populations of Manipur during September 2020. Data was collected using modified pre-structured questionnaire. Using SPSS software version 21, descriptive data analysis was done and expressed in frequencies and percentages. Result: In the study, female participants were more than male participants and majority were from the age group 18-30 years, educated and low-income group. Azithromycin was the most commonly used antibiotics followed by amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination. Majority of them obtained the antibiotics from local pharmacies and was mainly recommended by the pharmacists. Only 16.92% of them faced mild adverse reaction. Around 65.04% of the participant considered that self-medication with antibiotics is not a safe practice. Conclusion: This study showed that antibiotics were easily accessible and many people were not aware about the antibiotic usage and risk of developing its resistance in Imphal West. Higher authorities need to enlighten the public about the rational use of antibiotics and the dangerous effects of self-medication to overcome the antibiotic resistance.

Development of a Scale to Analyze the Perception of Aromatic Black Rice Growers towards Mission Organic Value Chain Development Scheme

Background: An attempt is made in the present study to develop and standardized scale to analyse the perception of aromatic black rice growers towards the Mission Organic Value Chain Development Scheme (MOVCDS) which is implemented in North Eastern states of India. Methods: A perception scale was developed and administered to 35 aromatic black rice growers in Imphal West district of Manipur. Based on the cumulated score, the aromatic black rice growers were categorized as poor, good and better level of perception towards MOVCDS considering mean and half standard deviation as a measure of check. Result: The developed perception scale was found to be highly reliable and valid. The final perception scale consists of 18 statements, of which 13 statements are positive and the remaining five statements are negative. The results revealed that an equal number of aromatic black rice growers (34.29% each) had good and better perception towards MOVCDS, whereas the remaining 31.42 per cent of the aromatic black rice growers had poor perception towards MOVCDS.

Ethnobotanical Study of Plant Resources and Identification of Reasons for Degradation of Vegetation by using Matrix Ranking and Paired Matrix Comparison on Lamdeng Forest Area under Langol Reserve Forest, Manipur, India

Lamdeng Forest in Imphal West District, Manipur, India had severely degraded due to overexploitation. At present, the forest is rejuvenated with constant efforts to revive it by the joint approach of the State forest department and the nearby inhabitants of the forest. A paired comparison matrix study was undertaken to identify the possible reason for the loss of the vegetation in which setting fire on the forest for hunting wildlife emerged as the top reason. There were other five reasons which contributed to the loss of vegetation in the past. The study also documented 37 important trees, bamboo, and shrub species by using the matrix ranking method on the basis of 6 identified utilities provided by them. Among all the plant species, the highest point was assigned to Castanopsis hystrix with 273 points attributed by the 20 respondents. From the utility points, it had also 5 numbers of applications. Other important species were Lannea grandis, Mesua ferrea, Meyna spinosa, and Vitex negundo.

The Role of Dance Education for Personality Development of Upper Primary School Students

This paper studies the history of dance education in Manipur and social value, psychomotor domain, and creative development of students at the school curriculum in Manipur (India). Dance education plays an essential role in molding a person into a perfect human being with good health and behaviour in society. It also furnishes the essential elements humans need to live in our society other than imparting knowledge and skills. In overall development, Manipuri dance plays the most crucial role in the school curriculum. The descriptive research method used in this study revealed the importance and the role of dance education for the four upper primary school students, i.e., class VI to class VIII of Imphal West District and Imphal East District, where dance class had been adopted as one of the subjects in these schools. The 915 students have been taken from the following four schools: Kendriya Vidyalaya-Lamphelpat, Tolchou Ibeton Memorial Academy-Hiyangthang, Rajkumari Sanatombi Devi Vidyalaya-Haotal Pangei, and SL Arena of Learning-Khurai Khaidem Leikai. The researcher collected 70% of students’ respondents, of which 287 are males and 343 are females out of 630 students. Finally, the investigator has found that the social value of students is significantly improving due to dance education. Dance education helped in realizing one’s own potential for self-enhancement, confidence, problem-solving, and creativity among the students. Moreover, it also developed and enhanced the psychomotor domain and the students’ creativity to a certain extent. Thus, dance education should be made compulsory as a curriculum subject at all levels of schools.

Diversity of Zooplankton in the Paddy Fields of Imphal West District

Diversity of Zooplankton in the Paddy Fields of Imphal West District

Bullying among middle school students: a cross sectional study

Background: Bullying is threat or physical use of force, aiming at the individual, another person, specific community or group which can result in injury, death, physical damage or some development disorders or deficiency. These actions can consist of physical contact, verbal, through obscene gestures, or through intentional exclusion from group. Despite the common assumption that bullying is a normal part of childhood and encompasses minor teasing and harassment, researchers increasingly find that bullying is a problem that can be detrimental to students’ well-being. Bullying is a psychological problem connected with public health. Keeping this background in mind, this study was conducted to find out the prevalence of bullying and its association with socio-demographic characteristics in school going children.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 921 students of Class VII and VIII, belonging to both Government and Private schools in Imphal West District, Manipur in 2017, using a self administered questionnaire. Data was entered in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp software for windows. Descriptive statistics like mean, SD and percentage was used. Chi square test was used to test for association between proportions of the data. A probability value of <0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Out of 921 participants, 32.4% were victims of bullying, 16.7% participants were both bully and victim. Decrease in self-confidence, reluctance to go to school and feeling unsafe at school were the consequences after getting bullied.Conclusions: Almost half of the students were victims of bullying. The high prevalence of bullying and victimization shown in this study suggests the need of prevention and intervention programs at the start of elementary school.

Recall Menarcheal Age among the Adolescent Girls-A Comparative Study

Background:Age at menarche is the last major event of sexual development. This major event in the life of an adolescent girl is influenced by nutritional status and the prevailing environmental conditions. Objective: To examine the recall age at menarche among the adolescent girls of Scheduled caste (SC) and neighboring Meitei girls of the Imphal west district, Manipur. Setting: The study was conducted in four different villages, i.e. Sekmai, Potshangbam, Tengdongyang, and Khonghampat in Imphal district, Manipur. Design: The present study was a cross-sectional study. Subject and Method:A total of 417 (Scheduled caste) and 409 (Meitei) girls ranging in age 10-18 years were randomly selected from the above-mentioned villages of Manipur. Pre-tested interview schedule forms were used to collect the data of the present study. Result: Among the participants, the maximum number of SC girls (33.76%) and Meitei girls (34.10%) reported to occur menarche at age 14 years and 13 years,respectively.

Preliminary study of prevalence of urolithiasis in North-Eastern city of India.

Introduction:Urinary tract stone is one of the major urological problems globally and has changed significantly in the last few decades. The epidemiology differs according to geography, socioeconomic status, and diet. The primary care physicians are initially consulted rather than urologists because of increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis and saturation of health facilities.Objectives:To study the prevalence of urolithiasis in the urology department of a tertiary care centre, Manipur, India.Methods:A total 621 patients of urolithiasis were studied. After history and physical examination of each patient, urolithiasis was confirmed by X-ray Kidney Ureter Bladder (KUB) or Ultrasound (USG) KUB.Results:The male to female ratio was 1.01:1. 30.8% patients came from Imphal West district. 63.1% of studied population had single stone and commonly seen in the 31–40 years of age, whereas multiple stones (n = 59) were found most commonly in the 41–50 years of age group. The difference of number of stones according to age group was statistically significant (P = 0.000). The most common location of stones was in kidneys (67.4%) and stones in urethra were the least common (P = 0.000).Conclusion:In this preliminary study, we report the prevalence of urolithiasis in Manipur, India. The better understanding of the epidemiology of urolithiasis is important to plan the effective treatment and prevention strategies in general practice. There is a shift in gender distribution of urolithiasis. Aging demographics, number of stones, obesity; all were associated with increased prevalence of urolithiasis.

Mobile phone use pattern among registered women vendors in ima market Imphal West District of Manipur

The present study was carried out in Ema market of Imphal West district to study the mobile phone use pattern among registered women vendors. A sample of 120 registered women vendors were selected from Ema market by taking 56, 40 and 24 registered women vendors through proportionate random sampling from market segments namely Purana bazaar, New market and Laxmi bazaar respectively. Findings revealed that majority (93.33%) of the women own feature phone, popular service providers were Vodafone (52.5%) and Airtel (48.33%), all respondents agreed that cellular mobile service to them was useful, all the respondents use only prepaid mode of payment, Vodafone is the most preferred choice of mobile service provider.

Critical limits of nitrogen for rice in soils of Imphal West district, Manipur, India

The critical limit of nitrogen in soil and plant (CAU R-1) was determined through a pot culture experiment with twenty five soils of Imphal West district of Manipur, India for predicting the response of rice to nitrogen application. All the soil samples were clayey in texture and acidic in reaction with the mean pH value of 5.16, electrical conductivity ranged from 0.06 to 0.14 dSm-1 with an average of 0.1 dSm-1, organic carbon content from 1.06 to 2.62 % with mean value of 2.03%, cation exchange capacity of the soils from 12.20 to 20.20 meq/100g with mean value of 16.06 meq/100g. Available nitrogen content in soils varied from 185.00 to 331.06 kg N/ha with an average value of 267.24 kg N/ha. Available nitrogen in the soils was positively and significantly correlated with plant N content (r=0.653**), dry matter yield (r=0.556**), plant N uptake (r=0.726**) in control pots. There was also a positive and significant correlation between available N and bray’s per cent yield (r = 0.519**). The critical limit of available N was established at 257 kg N/ha for soil and 1.04 % for 45 days old rice plants. Soil containing N below this critical limit may respond economically to N fertilization for growing rice.

English

English

Physicochemical analysis of some dug well ground waters of Imphal West district of Manipur during pre-monsoon

Physicochemical analysis of some dug well ground waters of Imphal West district of Manipur during pre-monsoon

Analysis of Socio-personal Characteristics of Adopters of Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs) Under Rice Cultivation in Manipur

ABSTRACTThe present study with the primary objective to ascertain socio-personal, economic, communication and psychological characteristics of the farmers who have been practicing resource conservation technologies in rice cultivation was carried out in the Imphal West district of Manipur state in India. A total of 120 rice growers were selected as respondents through proportionate random sampling from 10 selected villages of the district. Data collection from the selected respondents was made with the help of pre-tested structured schedule through personal interview method. The study shows that out of 120 respondents, the majority was of middle age with medium education level and high social participation in case of their personal characteristics. Majority respondents were marginal farmers and they belonged to medium category of annual income, that is, between INR 32,285 to INR 165,066 under economic characteristics. In case of communication variables, most of the respondents had medium level of extensio...

Assessment of ground water qualities of some areas of Imphal west district of Manipur during Pre-Monsoon – 4th Phase

Fifteen ground water samples (S-1 to S-15) were collected from 12 hand pumps and 3 dug wells of Imphal West district of Manipur during pre-monsoon period(May) of 2015. They were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as temperature, p H , TDS (total dissolved solids), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TA) (and hence CO 2- 3 and HCO - 3 ), total hardness (TH), Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + and Cl - . Ground waters represented by S-1,S-2,S-10,S-11 and S-13 to S-15 are found to be fit for drinking purpose from physicochemical analysis point of view. But TDS values for S-3 and S-4, total alkalinity values for S-3 to S-9 andS-12, total harness value for S-8, concentration of Mg 2+ for S-8, and concentrations of Na + for S-3 and S-4 are above their corresponding acceptable limits but below the permissible limits of BIS standard for drinking water and threshold limit of WHO (in case of Na + ). So, some suitable treatments are necessary so as to keep the values/concentrations of the above mentioned parameters below their corresponding acceptable limits/threshold limit of BIS standard for drinking water and that of WHO. However, ground waters represented by S-3 to S-9 and S-12 are fit for drinking in absence of alternate sources. All the ground waters (S-1 to S-15) are fit for other domestic and irrigation purposes. Further correlation coefficient data reveals that TA shows strong positive correlations with HCO 3 - , Na + and Mg 2+ (r= 1, 0.892 and 0.649 respectively) but moderately strong positive correlation with Ca 2+ (r=0.541) showing that the total alkalinity of such ground waters is due to the presence of NaHCO 3 , CaHCO 3 and MgHCO 3 . Strong positive correlations of TH (total hardness) with Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and HCO 3 - (r = 0.944, 0.970 and 0.629 respectively) show that total hardness for these different ground waters, is due to the presence of CaHCO 3 and MgHCO 3 .

Dysmenorrhea among higher secondary schoolgirls of Imphal West district, Manipur: A cross-sectional study

Background: Dysmenorrhea is one of the common problems experienced by many adolescent girls after the onset of menarche. Objectives: This study had the following objectives: 1. To determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls; 2. To determine the association between dysmenorrhea and selected variables of interest; 3. To assess the effect of dysmenorrhea on quality of life; 4. To assess treatment-seeking practices for dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among higher secondary schoolgirls of Imphal West district, Manipur from December 2012 to September 2014. The sample size was calculated to be 660. Participants were selected by stratified two-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20 (Armonk, New York, USA). Analysis was done using chi-square test and chi-square test for trend. Results: Among the 703 respondents, the prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 76.0%, and about one-fifth (21.2%) of the respondents were suffering from severe dysmenorrhea. Painful menstruation caused school absenteeism, poor exam grades, and poor interpersonal relationships, decreased concentration in class and affected daily physical activities in the majority of respondents. Only 37.5% of the dysmenorrheic girls were receiving treatment for painful menstruation, of which medication was the common, but only 13.1% of the dysmenorrheic girls took medication on prescription by a doctor. Conclusion: Health education on issues related to reproductive health should be incorporated early enough in the school curriculum to prepare girls for menstruation and inform them about available treatment options for dysmenorrhea.

Assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of ground water quality of some areas of Imphal West district of Manipur during monsoon-2ndphase

Thirteen (13) ground water samples were collected from the hand pumps of different sampling sites located within Imphal West district of Manipur during monsoon of 2014. They were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS (total dissolved solids), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TA), CO32-, HCO3−, total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and Cl−. In case of ground water (S-12) of Wangdei Meitei Leikai, Langol, the values of all the physico-chemical parameters are within the desirable limits of BIS standards for drinking water as well as that of WHO and it is found to be fit for drinking from physico-chemical analyses point of view. However, in case of other remaining twelve (12) ground waters (S-1 to S-11 and S-13), the values of total alkalinity are beyond desirable limit (200mg/L) but below the permissible limit (600 mg/L) of BIS standards for drinking water. Again in case of ground water represented by S-2, the concentration of Mg2+ is beyond the desirable limit (30mg/L) but below the permissible limit (100mg/L) of BIS standards for drinking water. So, such ground waters (S-1 to S-11 and S-13) may also be used for drinking purpose in absence of alternate sources. However, some suitable treatments are necessary so as to keep the values of total alkalinity for ground waters S-1 to S-11 and S-13 and concentration of Mg2+ for ground water S-2 within the corresponding desirable limits of BIS standards for drinking water. Again, all the ground waters (S-1 to S-13) are found to be fit for other domestic purpose as their TDS values are less than 1000mg/L. On the basis of values of RSC(residual sodium carbonate), electrical conductivity and SAR(sodium adsorption ratio), all the thirteen (13) ground waters (S-1 to S-13) are found to be fit for irrigation purpose.

Determinants of Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs) Adoption in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Cultivation under Rainfed Farming Condition

The study for assessing the determinants of adoption of resource conservation technologies in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation was conducted in Imphal West district of Manipur state, India with 120 sample size selected through proportionate random sampling from 10 villages in the district during January-March, 2012. Data collection from the selected respondents was made with the help of pre-tested structured schedule through personal interview method. The study reveals that nearly half of the respondents had medium level of adoption of resource conservation technologies in rice cultivation followed by low and high. Investigation reveals that a formidable proportion of farmers in the study area although had good knowledge on resource conser- vation technologies in agriculture, could not adopt them with full recommendations. Except the practices like seed selection and water management, all other practices were with partial adoption by almost every respondents in rice cultivation The study further shows that out of 12 selected independent variables under study, except age and size of operational land holding, all the variables were found having positively significant relationship with the adoption level of the respondents. While three variables namely; innovation proneness, attitude towards RCTs and knowledge towards RCTs had emerged as the most dominant factors influencing to the adoption level of farmers of resource conservation technologies in rice cultivation. © Kamla-Raj 2013

Analysis of Factors Influencing Farmers’ Knowledge on Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs) in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivation

This study to analyse the factors affecting farmers’ knowledge towards RCTs was conducted in Imphal West district of Manipur state, India with 120 sample size selected through proportionate random sampling from 10 villages in the district. Data collection from the selected respondents was made with the help of pre-tested structured schedule through personal interview method. The study reveals that over half of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about resource conservation practices in rice cultivation followed by low and high levels. Except the practices like seed selection, sowing and transplanting, soil fertility and nutrient management and water management, majority respondents had no knowledge on the various recommendations of the remaining five practices related to resource conservation in rice cultivation. The study further shows that out of 11 independent variables under study, except age all the variables were found having positively significant relationship with the knowledge level of the respondents. While four variables namely, annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure and innovation proneness had emerged as the most dominant factors influencing to the increase of knowledge level of farmers towards resource conservation technologies in rice.

Groundwater quality in Imphal West district, Manipur, India, with multivariate statistical analysis of data

The aim of this paper was to analyze the groundwater quality of Imphal West district, Manipur, India, and assess its suitability for drinking, domestic, and agricultural use. Eighteen physico-chemical variables were analyzed in groundwater from 30 different hand-operated tube wells in urban, suburban, and rural areas in two seasons. The data were subjected to uni-, bi-, and multivariate statistical analysis, the latter comprising cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA). Arsenic concentrations exceed the Indian standard in 23.3% and the WHO limit in 73.3% of the groundwater sources with only 26.7% in the acceptable range. Several variables like iron, chloride, sodium, sulfate, total dissolved solids, and turbidity are also beyond their desirable limits for drinking water in a number of sites. Sodium concentrations and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) are both high to render the water from the majority of the sources unsuitable for agricultural use. Multivariate statistical techniques, especially varimax rotation of PCA data helped to bring to focus the hidden yet important variables and understand their roles in influencing groundwater quality. Widespread arsenic contamination and high sodium concentration of groundwater pose formidable constraints towards its exploitation for drinking and other domestic and agricultural use in the study area, although urban anthropogenic impacts are not yet pronounced.