Imperial Metropolis Research Articles

Between entertainment and nationalist politics: The uses of folklore in the spectacle of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance

Mineke Bosch begins this expanded history of feminist internationalism with a reexamination of Dutch suffragism in the prewar heyday of European suffragism. As such, she contributes to a revisionist history of its organizational embodiment, the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. In the context of one country, Bosch raises issues which also operated between nations. In particular, she concentrates on the visual representation, especially through folklore and dress, of the internal hierarchy and subnational difference to be found within “Dutchness.” Versions of the representational strategy and visual style that she traces, of the pure peasant woman versus the modern, cosmopolitan suffragist, appeared elsewhere in international feminism, in the more familiar space between imperial metropole and colony. Bosch also introduces another theme of this issue, inasmuch as she challenges the notion that Euro American feminism was not homogeneous. The suffragists of the Netherlands contended with British suffragists even as they borrowed from them; and they used the United States as an intermediate site, a rising world power that allowed for some leverage outside the British Empire.

<em>‘The Better Class’ of Indians: Social Rank, Imperial Identity, and South Asians in Britain, 1858-1914</em>, by A. Martin Wainwright

Reviewed by: 'The Better Class' of Indians: Social Rank, Imperial Identity, and South Asians in Britain, 1858–1914 Shompa Lahiri (bio) 'The Better Class' of Indians: Social Rank, Imperial Identity, and South Asians in Britain, 1858–1914, by A. Martin Wainwright; pp. xiii + 273. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2008, £60.00, $84.95. 'The Better Class' of Indians draws upon two streams of scholarship: David Cannadine's emphasis on the importance of class over "race" as a prism through which British officials interpreted colonial subjects, and the small but growing collection of histories of Indo-British encounters in imperial Britain, developed by, among others, Antoinette Burton, Michael H. Fisher, Satadru Sen, and myself. A. Martin Wainwright's study focuses on how British civil servants, charities, educators, and missionaries sought to translate Indian social hierarchies into the British lexicon of class. Furthermore, according to Wainwright, elite Indian sojourners in Britain also exploited the language of class to claim high social rank in Victorian and Edwardian society. This book is thus concerned with official attitudes and policy towards loyal Indians, rather than the influential but disloyal Indian nationalists, who visited and studied in imperial Britain and went on to govern independent India and Pakistan. 'The Better Class' of Indians is split into two parts. Part 1 examines the background of British administrators and the government and government-sponsored institutions that dealt with the colonial Indian population in Britain. The first three chapters [End Page 751] are devoted to the India Office, the National Indian Association, and the London City Mission. Part 2 explores the "interactions" between a variety of British officials and Indians including Indian oculists, litigants, entertainers, and, most significantly, students. Each chapter treats a different aspect of the relation between social hierarchy and the treatment of Indians. Indians were accepted by British officials and "polite society" when they successfully adhered to a variety of criteria that could be translated into social rank or elite class status, including "wealth and what it could buy," education, professional status, property, and other gentlemanly traits, including suitable dress, prowess on the sports field, demeanour, lifestyle, and charitable giving (234). Above all, according to Wainwright, British officials were keen to attract loyal Indians to Britain. The subject of chapter 1, K. S. Ranjitsinjhi, "the cricketer prince," matched more of these criteria than most of his Indian compatriots in Britain, leading Wainwright to argue that Ranjitsinjhi's class status overcame barriers of "race." While most of the chapters show how Indian social rankings (including caste) translated into British equivalents, there is the occasional mismatch. For example, Indian oculists did not command the professional status and respect in Britain that they had in India. Instead, they were viewed as quacks by the medical profession and taken to court. The book is not just a study of comparable social hierarchies; it also considers the risks and possibilities of "translation," a highly productive concept that could have been fruitfully explored in greater depth and one instance in which the study could have benefited from a more interdisciplinary approach. Instead Wainwright provides a close and very detailed reading of archival sources that will appeal to some historians but shows limited engagement with wider related secondary literature. Wainwright's keen attempt to distinguish himself from previous scholarship is overstated at times. Nevertheless his focus on elite institutional responses, the uniqueness of Indo-British relations in the imperial metropolis in contrast to India, and the importance of the civilising mission in British official attitudes towards Indians in Britain do make departures from existing research. It would be very difficult to argue that class prejudice did not inform official British attitudes to Indians in Britain, as well as popular responses, given the class-conscious nature of Victorian and Edwardian society. However, this emphasis on class works best within the study when it intersects with other variables, in particular gender and "race." As Anne McClintock argues in Imperial Leather (1995), the "articulated categories" of race, class, and gender should be approached not in splendid isolation, but cross-referentially. Wainwright is on shakier ground when class alone is privileged, such as when he discusses how British officials' own class positions were enhanced...

Law, Politics and Analogy in Akan Historiography

Although the early students of African history attempted to break with what they regarded as the hegemony of imperial history, they frequently deployed conceptual language drawn from the histories of the imperial metropoles. The terminology of African historical studies borrowed extensively from the taxonomy of western European history. While part of the reason for this might have been the perceived need to explain strange peoples, places and institutions to an uninformed readership, it is also explained by the wish of many scholars in this field to prove African history's basic similarity to and hence equality with that western narrative. The nature of such analogies was, however, shaped by the focus of the early scholarship. This article attempts to show that the concerns of the earliest scholars engaged in the task of African history were to shape a particular view of the Akan people of the Gold Coast/Ghana and especially their polities. The fact that these nineteenth- and early twentieth-century African intellectuals were lawyers as well as scholars laid down ways of regarding Akan polities – as states with constitutions and as peoples regulated by the rule of law – which have resisted alternative and more plausible readings until relatively recently.

Mohan Rakesh, Modernism, and the Postcolonial Present

Mohan Rakesh, Modernism, and the Postcolonial Present": The fin-de-siécle critical project of redefining the spatio-temporal boundaries of modernism has lately gathered new momentum by taking up the question of modernism's relation to colonialism and postcolonialism. Appearing at the intersection of modernist studies and postcolonial studies, important recent essays by Simon Gikandi, Susan Stanford Friedman, Ariela Freedman, and others argue for a recovery of the global networks of twentieth-century modernism that is predicated on cultural interflows rather than a unidirectional and hierarchical relation between the Western center and its non-Western peripheries. Linked by the emerging concept of "geomodernism," the new approaches, however, continue to privilege Western locations and the European languages, especially English, as the primary sites of modernity, often relegating non-Western spaces and non-Europhone works to the status of "vernacular" art. This essay extends the reach of geomodernism through a discussion of Mohan Rakesh (1925-1972), the iconic post-independence playwright in India's majority language, Hindi, and one of India's leading twentieth-century authors, irrespective of genre and language. As a member of the first generation of Indian-language writers whose careers unfolded after political independence in 1947, Rakesh exemplifies many of the larger literary, political, and cultural relations (and ruptures) that are seminal to any discussion of Indian modernism—those between colonial and postcolonial modernities, indigenous traditions and Western influences, the Indian languages and English, bourgeois-romantic nationalism and ironic individualism, Left ideology and a skeptical humanism, nationalism, and cosmopolitanism, center and periphery, village and city. Approaching him as a paradigmatic figure, the essay first considers the concepts of modernity and modernism as they emerge at the levels of taxonomy, theory, and practice in Indian literature and culture after the mid-nineteenth century, providing a conceptual framework for successive generations of pre- and post-independence writers. It then examines the modernist positions that appear in Rakesh's theory and criticism over the course of his career, especially in his arguments about creativity, authorship, form, content, and language. Finally, the essay offers a reading of Rakesh's last full-length play, Adhe adhure (The Unfinished, 1969), as a drama of urban dysfunction which combines realism with several structural innovations to accommodate the psychodrama of home and family—the privileged narrative of realism in modern Western theatre—to the Indian metropolis. The playwright becomes visible in these sequential analyses as a cosmopolitan modernist fully cognizant of Western movements but also fully committed to an indigenized aesthetic, his cosmopolitanism inhering precisely in the cultural ambidexterity of his vision. If Rakesh's linguistic medium is not that of the Western imperial metropolis, it is a medium with its own thousand-year imperial and metropolitan history; and if his modernism is furthest from the Anglo-European center in terms of geography, language, and cultural codes, it is proximate enough in theoretical, aesthetic, and political terms to constitute an important formation within geomodernism.

Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717-1927 (review)

Reviewed by: Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717–1927 Vahid Fozdar Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717–1927. By Jessica L. Harland-Jacobs. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Jessica Harland Jacobs’ Builders of Empire explores the reciprocal relationship between British imperialism and the institution of Freemasonry over two centuries. She argues that eighteenth-century Freemasonry’s transformation from a cosmopolitan and politically inclusive institution into a loyalist, Protestant, white, middle-class fraternity had, by the early nineteenth century, made it a fit instrument and key bulwark of British imperialism. In turn, the imperial government, through officials and royal family members who were Masons, helped protect and extend the Masonic network throughout the empire. Masonry also nurtured in its members overlapping and compatible identities-respectable middle-class, national, and imperial-that helped consolidate a diverse empire through bonds of sentiment. Unlike P.J. Rich’s works examining Freemasonry, British imperialism, and the public school system through the prism of ritualism (e.g, Elixir of Empire and Chains of Empire), Builders of Empire seeks to uncover the complex symbiosis that existed between imperialism and Freemasonry. Tracking a single institution like Freemasonry in both the metropole and the colonies over a period of two hundred years, claims Harland-Jacobs, “presents a viable way to ‘do history’ outside the restrictive framework of the nation state” (8). Following Thomas Metcalf and others, she does not view imperialism only as a creator of difference or solely as an “affinity-builder” (e.g., David Cannadine). Rather, Masons in the empire “had to negotiate a disjuncture between their universalist ideology… and their duties and assumptions as imperialists” (239). Harland-Jacobs writes lucidly, and each chapter transitions smoothly into the next. However, her habit of using one endnote to cite multiple and disparate sources for a whole paragraph can be confusing. Also, in some instances, endnotes reveal that events in the text that appear to have transpired closely in time actually happened years apart, causing the reader to arrive at skewed conclusions. Another frustration is the book’s dearth of numbers-crucial to supporting the large claims being made. Total lodge figures for the year 1887, and a few tables tallying lodges in the empire (3–5, 242–244, 255) do not reveal how many men participated in this institution, since as few as seven Masons could found a new lodge. Indian lodge membership-which could be sizeable, as the author notes (52)-was also very unstable. Other numbers reveal little: “Of the approximately one hundred lodges at work in India during the early 1870s, at least one-fifth included indigenous members” (230). That could translate to twenty Indian Masons in all of India: a gross underestimate. Harland-Jacobs’ best sections are on Britain, Ireland, and Canada, and a fair amount of the book is taken up with developments there (not surprising, since her doctoral dissertation was on Freemasonry in Britain and North America from 1751 to 1918). Yet even Canada was divided by much more than the class resentments or Anglophone-Francophone rivalry that she discusses. There existed intra-Protestant strife, too. And well into the twentieth century Canadian Orangeism (under the Grand Orange Lodge of British America) appears to have been more Protestant, more loyalist, and much more politically significant than Freemasonry. Also, the author does not sufficiently interrogate the changing nature of loyalism. Maintaining it in the white dominions, for example, required concessions by the imperial metropole that led to home rule and, finally, the 1931 Statute of Westminster. Without these, would Masons have stood apart from their fellow colonials as loyalist holdouts? Even Harland-Jacobs acknowledges that they pioneered their own version of home rule by establishing sovereign grand lodges from the 1850s onwards. Not only fraternal sentiment, but the promise of parity implicit in brotherhood made white settler, Caribbean black, and Indian Masons loyal to the empire. When parity was not forthcoming, loyalism waned, as in India. The book’s two most problematic areas are India and religion. India is crucial for any empire-wide analysis of Freemasonry, but here it undermines Harland-Jacobs’ thesis that Freemasonry became a white, Protestant phenomenon in the nineteenth century. Mid...

Empire, postcoloniality and diasporas: The Portuguese case

The text analyzes the contradictions, ambiguities and accommodations underlying the remodelling of Portugal from an imperial metropolis into a European post-colonial nation. It focuses on two interrelated and contradictory facets of national redefinition – namely, the incorporation of Portuguese transnational migrants into the nation and Portugal’s transformation into a receptor of immigrants from its former colonies.

Empire by Invitation: Greek Political Strategies and Roman Imperial Interventions in the Second Century B.C.E.

Greek politicians in the second century b.c.e. increasingly turned to Roman authorities in order to defeat their political opposition. Charges of demagoguery and socio-economic revolution became commonplace in these political struggles in the presence of Roman authority. This evidence provides a key to understanding a famous inscription dating to 144/143 b.c.e. (Syll. 684), which records a letter from the Roman praetorian proconsul to Macedonia, relaying his ruling on recent civil unrest in Achaean Dyme. More importantly, Greek appeals to Roman power, such as we find in Syll. 684, support a model of second-century Roman imperial expansion in Greece focusing on the imperial periphery rather than the imperial metropole.

Excluding and Including “Natives of India”: Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain

he British, Ottoman, and other empires, in contrast to nation-states, claimed by their very nature authority over a variety of subject peoples. This condition drove empires toward contradictory goals: making subject peoples feel they had a stake in the empire while simultaneously differentiating them from the rulers and excluding them from full participation in the actual exercise of state power. The broad bifurcating concepts these empires constructed to distinguish between ruler and ruled often appeared to work adequately overall. In practice, however, such discriminating criteria changed over time and often broke down in particular cases as a result of the defi nition’s inherent contradictions and volatility, the competition among elite groups, and also the resistances and adaptations by individuals subject to such classifi cations. Both the British and the Ottomans, priding themselves on their “modernity” and “rule of law,” sought to separate peoples through legal and administrative regulations, based on allegedly objective criteria. Yet these criteria shifted over time. India and the other British colonies in Asia lay at some remove, encouraging the British to establish distinctions based on “race” (variously defi ned), reinforced by the spatial distance between rulers and ruled. In contrast, the contiguous nature of the Ottoman domains made it more diffi cult for the Ottoman state to carry out similar regulatory action. Instead, the Ottomans applied religion as a major measure of difference between ruler and ruled, stressing the role of Islam as defi ned by the Ottoman sultan, who was simultaneously the Sunni caliph. For both empires, however, diffi culties in applying exact legal boundaries arose from the changing cultural constructions asserted by rival imperial authorities with disparate interests. Simultaneously, these emerging rules were also challenged—for the British in particular—by people of “mixed race,” religious converts, and immigrants from the colony who settled in the imperial metropolis. Such marginal or anomalous examples reveal the constructed nature of imperial binary differentiations and their inconsistent putative underlying principles.

COMIC ACTS OF (BE)LONGING: PERFORMING ENGLISHNESS INWONDERFUL ADVENTURES OF MRS. SEACOLE IN MANY LANDS

THE POWER THAT COMES FROMbeing English in the Victorian period is crucially dependent on a categorizing imperative that establishes and structures a series of distinctions such as those between citizen and foreigner, colonizer and colonized, and metropole and colony. These distinctions have epistemological borders that require policing, as do all cross-border interactions that threaten to muddy the imperial landscape with unsanctioned forms of knowledge and affiliation. It is against such a framework of constraints for understanding the regulation of Englishness that the story of the Jamaican-born Mary Seacole and her self-styled role as “Mother” Seacole to British soldiers during the Crimean War appears particularly pregnant with bothersome possibilities. Seeking self-consciously to identify herself with the “mother” country and the imperial metropole, she constantly tests the waters of reception by English society in the mid-nineteenth century. Seacole deploys the image of her racially different body in various noticeably frontier places, mainly Panama and the Crimea, to induce a recognition of herself, if not as English, then as at least functionally so. In so doing, she disrupts the claim to cultural or national identity that is frequently grounded in racial and geographical specificity. She puts strain on the idea of Englishness as foreclosed essence, demonstrating through performance and reiteration its irreduciblyperformativenature as discourse.

Disorienting Modernism: National Boundaries and the Cosmopolis

Dorothy Richardson's Pilgrimage is often neglected in current studies that emphasize the role of colonialism and empire in experimental modernist novels. Following the work of Simon Gikandi, Bruce Robbins, and Melba Cuddy-Keane, this article argues that cosmopolitan sites are built upon an intimate connection between Western empires and the colonies, whose contributions make possible the development and the growth of the imperial metropole. Richardson's text demonstrates the role of objects and cultures as the local costume of the modern cosmopolitan. The early volumes of Pilgrimage apply the model of the British colonial looking for financial opportunities to the modernist seeking intellectual pursuits and thereby create a cosmopolitan identity that can deploy the cultural capital of both colony and empire. Just as exports provide a source of wealth for the business classes, narratives and images serve a similar purpose for experimental modernist fiction.

Rose Quong becomes Chinese: An Australian in London and New York

The story of Rose Quong (1879–1972) reveals how an Australian learned to use the pervasive Orientalism of the early twentieth century to her own ends. Quong claimed an essential ability to interpret Chinese culture, forging a career out of lecturing and writing on Chinese literature and traditions, and performing her own Chineseness. She juggled her mixed Australian, British and Chinese heritage in both London and New York, showing the plasticity and transportability of ethnic identities. Quong's story points to the role of London as imperial metropolis in the staging of an Australian's transnational career, even for an Australian whose imaginary homeland was China. The fact that Quong was embraced by the Australian community in London adds a new perspective on White Australia, even though that community was instrumental in steering her towards Chineseness and Orientalism.

Ethnography in FictionDisorienting Fiction: The Autoethnographic Work of Nineteenth‐Century British Novels. By James Buzard. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 320 pp.Before Cultures: The Ethnographic Imagination in American Literature, 1865–1920. By Brad Evans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 244 pp.

Ethnography in Fiction<i>Disorienting Fiction: The Autoethnographic Work of Nineteenth‐Century British Novels</i>. By James Buzard. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 320 pp.<i>Before Cultures: The Ethnographic Imagination in American Literature, 1865–1920</i>. By Brad Evans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 244 pp.

Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Thaine Stearns's article, ‘“Others Wanted to Travel”: Woolf and “America Herself”.’ The full text of Martha Klironomos's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:‘Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,’ Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x‘Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,’ Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x‘The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,’ Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x‘“Street Haunting”: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,’ Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x‘Hyde Park Gate News,’ Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x‘The Art of “Scene‐Making” in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,’ Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x‘A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,’ Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x‘Woolfian Resonances,’ Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x‘Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,’ Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x‘“Others Wanted to Travel”: Woolf and “America Herself”,’ Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x

‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Martha Klironomos's article, ‘Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf.’ The full text of Thaine Stearns's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:‘Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,’ Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x‘Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,’ Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x‘The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,’ Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x‘“Street Haunting”: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,’ Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x‘Hyde Park Gate News,’ Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x‘The Art of “Scene‐Making” in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,’ Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x‘A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,’ Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x‘Woolfian Resonances,’ Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x‘Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,’ Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x‘“Others Wanted to Travel”: Woolf and “America Herself”,’ Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x

Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration

This paper introduces a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x

Woolfian Resonances1

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Emily Setina's article, “A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron.” The full text of Anne Fernald's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x

Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x

A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Anne Fernald's article, “Woolfian Resonances.” The full text of Emily Setina's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x

The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Sara Gerend's article, “‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis.” The full text of Benjamin Harvey's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x

“Street Haunting”: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis1

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Benjamin Harvey's article, “The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room.” The full text of Sara Gerend's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x