Imperial Estate Research Articles

Evaluation and Position in Terms of Policy of the Conversion of an Imperial Estate to a Public Park by Hyogo Prefecture

Evaluation and Position in Terms of Policy of the Conversion of an Imperial Estate to a Public Park by Hyogo Prefecture

New inscriptions from the Choria Considiana: Çalçak Roman necropolis

AbstractThis paper presents the initial results of an epigraphic survey of a Roman imperial estate, carried out in 2014 in northern Choria Considiana, today encompassing the area of Mihalıççık in Eskişehir, located between the Sakarya (Sangarios) river to the north and the Porsuk (Tembris) river to the south. The paper focuses on ten funerary inscriptions found in situ in the Çalçak Roman necropolis, 4km distant from Dinek village in Mihalıççık. All these inscriptions, found on the northern edge of the Choria Considiana, contain information relating to the social and economic status of the inhabitants of the estate, and also offer evidence about stone quarries and stonemasonry in the region. The paper begins with a presentation of the historical geography of the region, and then evaluates the new inscriptions against the existing evidence about the Choria Considiana with reference to the social and economic infrastructure of the area; important questions about the social, economic and cultural life of the region are posed. The article concludes with a catalogue of the inscriptions.

Influence of historical manmade alterations on soil-forming processes in a former imperial estate (Shirogane-goryouchi), the Institute for Nature Study: Development of a soil evaluation technique and importance of inventory construction for urban green areas

The influence of historical land use on soil-forming processes was assessed in a former imperial estate (Shirogane-goryouchi), the Institute for Nature Study, as one of the urban green areas where many records on land use and vegetation history have been maintained. The area of study was divided into several subsections and categorized based on land use history. Results from a soil survey in each categorized area showed that Andosols were dominant across all areas, and that past construction activities, creation of artifacts, and soil cutting and banking resulted in a disruption of horizon sequences and shifts in soil components. Soil was characterized using chemical analyses of oxalate-extractable Al (Alo) and Fe (Feo), the melanic index (MI) of soil organic matter (SOM), and the carbon stable isotope ratio (δ13C) of soil. These parameters helped researchers assess the influence of land use on soil and vegetation over time. After land use ceased, newly accumulated organic horizons, the development of soil structures, and horizon differentiation due to forest regeneration were apparent. δ13C of soil suggested that SOM in surface horizon (A, A1) was primarily derived from present-day forest vegetation (C3 plants) with MI values >1.7. The origins of SOM in subsurface horizon (A2, AB) were mixed with present-day C3 plants and past grass vegetation from C4 plants. MI values were lower in subsurface horizons due to a higher degree of humification as compared to surface horizon values. The absence of fresh organic matter supply after deforestation and lack of soil material mixing between surface and subsurface horizons after land use changed affected the state of soil organic matter in the subsurface horizon. Alo leached from surface to deeper horizons via large inputs of organic material over the long term (approximately 400 years), even on sections of earthworks. Even though the soil in this urban green area had a complex land use history, it was still possible to evaluate the soils in terms of pedogenesis with a multidisciplinary approach that explored land use and vegetation history, and used soil surveys and soil chemical characteristics to answer our questions.

Some Isaurian and Lycaonian inscriptions in the museum of Karaman

Five funerary inscriptions and an inscribed boundary stone, which were brought from surrounding villages to the Karaman Museum, are introduced. In these inscriptions some new indigenous personal names are documented: Sis (No. 1), Mamoas and Kibadas or Kibas (No. 2), Inne (No. 3), Vitres and Kilamosis (No. 5). In the first inscription Pigramos, which was only known from the Lycian inscriptions, is attested for the first time outside Lycia. A figure of a horseman on the altar (No. 3), represented by the name Cassius, also appears on a very similar tomb stone preserved in the Konya Museum. It is possible that both of these stones were been produced by the same stone-cutter, with the name Cassius on both stones representing the same person, probably a nobleman or a stone-cutter. The fourth inscription documents a scholarios (imperial guard) named Paulos. In the boundary inscription (No. 6) a new place name is recorded as Takseasou in the genitive case. In addition to these, two published inscriptions from the museum are republished with new readings under the heading corrigenda et addenda . In the first (No. 7), a personal name misread as Ilathyia is corrected to Flavia. In the second (No. 8), a certain freedman of the Emperor by the name of M. Ulpius is recorded as tabularius . He was probably an accountant on an imperial estate given the provenance of the inscription (Suduragi).

Όταν οι Μοσχοπολίτες ταξιδεύουν στην κοιλάδα του ποταμού Σίνβα. Οι εγκαταστάσεις των Μοσχοπολιτών στο Μίσκολτς μέσα από το κρατικό αρχείο της ουγγρικής πόλης

Moschopolis was a mountain vlach settlement which rapidly grew to oneof the most important trade and small industry centres of the South Balkanpeninsula by being a part of the Ottoman Empire preferential status. Thecommercial contacts of its inhabitants initially with Venice and, after the signature of the Karlovic and Passarovic Treaties, with many of the developingcentres of the Balkans and Central Europe, marked the turn of theMoschopolis people from a limited stock farming activity to their entering thewider European family of commerce.The study of the Greek communities’ historical presence in the territories oftoday’s Hungary leads directly to the Byzantine Empire era. The ottoman conquest which followed caused the vivid immigration of many Greeks mainly fromWestern Macedonia who arrived in the christian country looking for a refugefrom the muslim conqueror. Their settlement in Miskolc is estimated around theend of the 17th century. Their presence in the city’s bazaars during this timeproves the clearly professional character of their common activities (company).This character will develop to be the basis of a civic community form.From the first quarter of the 18th century onwards the merchants who settled temporarily or permanently to Miskolc came from Moschopolis. Miskolc hadalready been declared an imperial estate thus gaining even more opportunitiesfor rising to wealth. The lists of the census of the area, which were written inLatin, the official language of the Hapsburg administration, clearly depictMoschopolis to be the main place of origin of the merchants who arrived inMiskolc from Turkish grounds. The vlach descent of the people of this former vibrant city of Macedonia is also recorded in the lists of the municipal authorities.In the end, the use of the terms «vlach» and «macedovlach» marked thecommercial community of Miskolc which, according to the census lists, continued to grow significantly until a few years before the end of the 18th century. The number of the community members has been observed to considerablydecrease during the last decade of the 18th century and even more so after thebeginning of the 19th century. From a more general point of view we see thatGreek merchants settled and finally dominated in Miskolc gradually and alwaysin parallel with those elements which guaranteed their economic stability

Making of Muslim Clergy in Russia: а Comparative Study of the Caucasus and the Volga-Ural Region

The article examines аn ambitious рlаn to create а unifiеd imperial estate of Muslim clergy that was launched in the соrе аnd bоrdеrlаnd areas of tsarist Russia during the Great Reforms. Given the аbsеnсе of church аnd clergy as such in Islam, imperial lawmakers from the Ministry of Intеrnаl Affairs invеntеd them in the framework of previously established muftiates, the first of which was established in the Volga-Ural rеgion as the Оrеnbuгg Моhаmmеdаn Spiritual Assembly ассоrding to the edict bу Саthеrinе II in 1788. Under the rеign of Аlехаndеr II two separate muftiates were set ир iп Transcaucasia in 1872. Mosque соngrеgаtiоns were turnеd intо parishes modeled in the Orthodox fashion. Like Orthodox priests in а bureaucratized hierarchy of the Holy Sуnоd, loyal Muslim 'ulama' were intrоduсеd intо the imperial аdministrаtiоn at village, district and provincial levels, which granted them the privileged status of Muslim clergy. There were also орроnеnts of this рlаn in the War Мinistrу which discouraged the сrеаtiоn of new muftiates in аnnехеd Muslim rеgiоns аnd succeeded in саrrуing out the so-called politics of "disregard of Muslim clergy" in the North Caucasus аnd Тurkistan.

Ceramica fine rinvenuta nella villa di San Potito (AQ)

Fine pottery from the Roman villa at San Potito di Ovindoli. The overwhelming majority of the finds published here are Central Italian Samian wares, which could belong to the tableware of the earliest villa. Plates of a Consp. 3 shape, cups of a Consp. 34 shape and plates of Consp. 20.4 were found during the excavations of the recent years. Finds dated from the earliest period from the second quarter of the 1st century to the end of the century are composed of ceramica a vernice nera and Samian wares of a Consp. 37 shape. We have found also so-called late Italian decorated sigillata.. The plain terra sigillata could be the products of yet unlocalised Central Italian workshops. Beside Italian wares, a few Northern African red slip wares (A 1) and an eastern B type Samian ware belonged to the find material of the early villa. The only La Graufesenque bowl of a Drag. 29 shape was not a commercial good: it could be a gift.Significantly fewer fine ceramics were used in the luxurious building complex of the centre of an imperial estate. The products of the declining Italian sigillata workshops were replaced by the wares of Central Tunisian workshops in the Antonine and the Severan period: African A 2, African A/D types or C 1 wares. In the same period, a few types of cooking wares could arrive with crop or other African goods from Central and Northern Tunisia.

'Ropsha, where Peter III was murdered …': Faces and Façades of an Imperial Estate

The article traces the history and development of the Imperial estate of Ropsha, near St Petersburg, from its incorporation into the Russian state after the Great Northern War up to the present day. It gained lasting notoriety as the place where Peter III was murdered in 1762, and had an interesting history under Grigorii Orlov (1764-83). Developed according to plans by Eropkin, Rastrelli and Porto by a succession of elite owners, it was sold back to the Crown in 1801. A centre of fish-breeding during the Soviet period, its palace now in a ruined state, it awaits redevelopment, while 1762 is not forgotten.

Pepuza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate (review)

Reviewed by: Pepuza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate Stephen Mitchell William Tabbernee and Peter Lampe, Pepuza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008 Pp. xx + 338; numerous figs.; two fold-out maps. In July 2000, appropriately marking the beginning of a new millennium, William Tabbernee, author of the authoritative Montanist Inscriptions and Testimonia (1997), was shown a bilingual inscription in the Turkish museum of Uşak including a Latin rescript of the emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla addressed to the community of the Tymii at the beginning of the third century C.E. This clue led him to the identification of Tymion, which was named with Pepuza as being at the center of the Montanist movement and the location of the New Jerusalem, prophesied in Rev 21, by the virtually contemporary Christian writer, Apollonius (cited in Eusebius, h.e. 5.18.2). Two days later Tabbernee and his companions identified a highly plausible site for Pepuza itself, a large Roman and late Roman settlement, alongside an apparent monastic complex cut into [End Page 490] the cliff face, on the northern bank of the Banaz Çay, the ancient river Senaros, in western Phrygia. This book is a report of these discoveries and of four seasons of archaeological fieldwork between 2001 and 2004, mainly concentrated on the town and monastic site of Pepuza, directed by Professor Peter Lampe of Heidelberg, in close collaboration with Tabbernee. The presentation is lavish, tending to redundancy. The entire text is presented in English and German versions, printed in parallel columns, with a Turkish translation at the end of each chapter. These translations are not always entirely accurate. Moreover, much of the content of the book, in a strict sense, is not new. The crucial Latin inscription, containing the Severan rescript, has been published: an editio princeps by the Turkish epigrapher C. Tanriver, with detailed commentary by Tor Hauken (Epigraphica Anatolica 36 [2003]: 33–44) and an edition by Lampe and Tabbernee themselves (Epigraphica Anatolica 37 [2004]: 169–78), which corrects a number of minor faulty readings in ed. pr. Chapter Four now presents further discussion by Tabbernee. The topographical information regarding Tymion in this text is incontestable. It was addressed to the colonis Tymiorum et Simoen[sium], a restoration that corrects Simoen[tium] which was preferred in EA 2004. It must be said, however, that none of the published editions offers a convincing restoration and interpretation of the rescript, which requires longer discussion elsewhere. The topographical implications of this discovery have already been explored in an excellent article by Tabbernnee (JECS 11 [2003]: 87–93), including the intriguing suggestion that the whole table-land which stretched about twelve kilometers from Pepuza to Tymion might have been seen by Montanists as the literal extent of the New Jerusalem, which would descend from heaven according to the prophecy of Rev 21. The second half of the book, largely written by Lampe, covers the discoveries of the field seasons. The aims are ambitious: to use interdisciplinary approaches to account for remains of all periods in the region (134), and sensitive survey techniques as tools for exploring not only the social and economic history, but also the religiosity of the inhabitants of ancient Phrygia (143). This is methodologically challenging and there is a long way yet to go. Chapters Nine through Twelve are simply preliminary reports of the archaeological survey, including geophysical prospecting of underground remains, without excavation. In fact they correspond closely to the series of preliminary reports presented at the annual symposia of the results of archaeology in Turkey, published respectively in Araştirma Sonuçları Toplantısı 20 (2003), 1–9 (in English), 21 (2004), 109–18 (German), 22 (2005), 151–57 (Turkish), and 23 (2006), 385–88 (German), with many of the same illustrations as are used in the book. These accounts, as might be expected at this stage, are descriptive rather than analytical. Few of the finds, including the pottery, are chronologically diagnostic, and the buildings are badly ruined. The identification (167–69) of a supposed basilica as...

Estate interest vs. state service: the (un)easy integration of the Bessarabian nobility into the Russian imperial system

This article discusses the process of the integration of the regional local elite of Bessarabia into the Russian imperial estate system during the first half of the nineteenth century. Presenting the Bessarabian case in a comparative perspective, this case study examines two sets of problems. The first deals with the question of social identification and the specific pattern of centre–periphery relations that emerged in the Russian Empire by the early nineteenth century. The local noble elites were not just passive recipients of central policies, but attempted to articulate a political autonomist agenda that was frequently at odds with the centralist designs of the government. These attempts amounted to an alternative project for the province's organisation. The corporate identity of the Bessarabian nobles was rather fluid and uncertain due to the incongruity of the traditional Moldavian social hierarchy with the orderly structure of the Russian ‘first estate’. Centre–periphery relations were determined by the willingness of the empire to rely on a model of indirect rule in the borderlands. The nobility was viewed as an indispensable intermediary stratum carrying out administrative functions at the local level, but it frequently did not correspond to the model of imperial dvorianstvo elaborated by the government. The second block of issues focuses on the mechanisms of cultural interaction that determined the outcome of the negotiation between the centre and the regional elite, causing the failure of the autonomist experiment in Bessarabia. Using the concept of ‘cultural misunderstanding’, the article suggests that differing interpretations of social and cultural categories were at the root of the conflict that prompted the centre to curtail the previously granted privileges of the local elite. Finally, the article proposes a more complex approach to issues of resistance and mutual influence that are often interpreted in simplistic and dichotomous terms.

Pepouza and Tymion. The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate

Pepouza and Tymion. The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate

A Study on the Establishment of Companies and the Economic-Social Movements of Inland Brokers(Gaek-ju, 客主) on Gunsan in the Period of Korean Empire

This study aims to examine the establishment of companies and the economic-social movements of brokers(Gaek-ju, 客主) on Gunsan in the period of Korean Empire.BR Gunsan and Okgu which had the representative inlets in the Geum River Estuary, became the important market in the late period of Chosun Dynasty. And the inland brokers(Gaek-ju, 客主) on these regions expanded the commercial boundary and seized the center of commerce. They also collected the commercial tax.BR The opening of Gunsan in 1899 was the result of the measures that the Korean Empire government took in order to promote the commerce and expand the Imperial estate. The government also protected and encouraged the commerce so that the commercial activity of inland brokers expanded greatly. In this background the organization of inland brokers such as the commercial companies(Yeongheungsa, 永興社 and Changseongsa. 昌盛社) displayed many activities positively. There is no doubt that a few inland brokers and small brokers took a defiant attitude toward these commercial companies. But these companies seized the commercial power on Gunsan and Okgu as the the Imperial House hold supported them.BR After the Russo-Japanese war. the commercial pursuits of inland brokers on these regions was going to shrink. Japanese Imperialism captured the right of finance, then under the mask of financial arrangement deprived Korean merchants of a great amount of capital, abolished Korean bill system. As Japanese Imperialism precedeed, the Japanese merchants on Gunsan firmly grasped but Korean brokers on Gunsan was excluded from commercial structure.BR The plunder of Japanese merchants on Gunsan strengthenning their commercial, Korean brokers on these regions endeavored to unify the divided companies and modernize the organization. And they inaugurated the economic-social movements. Especially, they participateded in the Movement to redeem the national debs (Gukchaebosangundong, 國債報償運動). Also many inland brokers of them established the modern trading company(Hosangkwansanghoe, 湖商館商會) in order to protect the commercial power.BR After the compulsory occupation in 1910, Japanese Imperialism enforced the Company Law, the Market Regulation, the Chamber of Commerce Law. Therefore Korean brokers on Gunsan as many Korean brokers on the other regions could not realize the modern company system. But their efforts influenced the national movements on Gusan under the rule of Japanese Imperialism.

Die montanistischen Tymion und Pepouza im Lichte der neuen Tymioninschrift

An edition of the new Tymion inscription from Uşak is given, including German translation and commentary of the content. The edition for the first time provides a fully supplemented text of the fragmentary epigraph. The inscription represents an imperial rescript to the tenant farmers of the imperial estate of Tymion and Simoe (205 / 208 C.E.). The historical importance of the stone is discussed, including consequences for the localisation of Montanism’s Tymion and Pepouza.

東京中心部における皇室御料地の形成過程

The purpose of this study is to clarify the forming process and the distribution of the Imperial Estates in central Tokyo since the Meiji Era, and to examine the importance of these lands in the formation of modern capital. The study is based on the investigation of documents and materials, and is mainly refered to the description on "Teishitsu-Rinyakyoku Gojunenshi" [fifty years history of Imperial Forestry Bureau]. First of all, we made the list of "the first category" of the Imperial Estate, mostly consisted with palaces, which existed in pre-war period in the central Tokyo. Secondly, we made the distribution map at 3rd, 14th and 23rd year of Meiji, 12th year of Taisho and 12th year of Showa Era, and analyzed its transition. Pointing out that the Imperial Estates had relations with the Europeanization of the capital at the middle of Meiji Era and the establishment of Scenic Zone and Aesthetic Zone, We examined the importance of the Imperial Estates in the urban history at Tokyo.

Les Metrokomiai de Syrie du Sud

Some metrokomiai are attested in Southern Syria during the Hnd-IVth century B.C. This official status, unknown elsewhere, was given by the Roman authorities to the main villages of Northern Batanea and Trachon instead of the status of polis because this part of the country was an imperial estate as a new Greek inscription from Sanamein testifies. These urban communities became episcopal sees as early as the IVth century, like the other cities of Arabia. But Rome did not want to give them the rank of city to save the emperor' s income.

Geophysical investigations at the Charlton Villa, Wiltshire (England)

The work reported in this article was undertaken to investigate a possible Roman villa site on the edge of Salisbury Plain in central southern England. Preliminary fieldwalking evidence had indicated the presence of Romano-British finds including building material. However, aerial photographic evidence merely showed the presence of ring ditch features. Therefore as part of the Salisbury Plain Training Area project, under the auspices of the RCHME, a program of geophysical work was undertaken to investigate the nature of this site. Techniques used included coarse volume magnetic susceptibility sampling, detailed fluxgate gradiometry and resistance survey. Enhanced susceptibility measurements coincided with the general spread of artefactual material, although in contrast no correlation could be made with the aerial photographic evidence. Detailed fluxgate gradiometry identified a series of ditched enclosures and suggested discrete areas of increased noise. The latter were interpreted as likely positions of structural remains. This was confirmed by Twin Probe resistance survey; the complex consisted of three buildings including a possible bath house. The confirmation of the site as a villa now challenges the traditional view of the region as an Imperial Estate and has implications for the understanding of the broader landscape. Methodologically, this paper illustrates the value of complementary geophysical techniques in all archaeological research projects and highlights the limitations of magnetic susceptibility as a primary prospection tool.

A Roman building in the Cambridgeshire Fens, and some parallels near Rome

Abstract Two Hadrianic‐early Antonine buildings, one in an administrative complex for a vast Imperial Estate in the Fenland of England, the other just north of Rome, can be shown to be remarkably similar. It is suggested that they follow a trend set by Hadrian himself in the building of prestigious tower‐like structures, a type of ‘display architecture’.