Imperfective Verbs Research Articles

Verbal aspect in the acquisition of Latvian as a foreign language

The article addresses verbal aspect in the acquisition of Latvian as a foreign language. Latvian textbooks both in Latvian and in other languages, as well as Japanese learners’ writings are analysed to explore this topic. The main issue is the use of verbs expressing the aspectual opposition perfective / imperfective, as well as the opposition inchoative / stative, and other Aktionsart prefixed verbs. Verbal aspect in Latvian is an implicit category. It is one of the few categories described in Latvian grammars but less frequently addressed in the textbooks of Latvian as a foreign language. The analysis shows that in the initial stage learners may use mostly imperfective non-prefixed verbs when denoting habitual situations in the present tense. The necessity of perfective prefixed verbs arises in the preterit, when learners describe a concrete, single situation that has taken place in the past. Without knowing the notion of aspectual opposition and corresponding perfective prefixed verbs, learners often use imperfective verbs. A similar situation is observed for the inchoative prefixed verbs, which learners replace with the imperfective stative verbs that they have already acquired. The use of other Aktionsart prefixed verbs seems difficult for learners and requires a higher, “native-like” level of proficiency.

The Spread of Potential Mood Marking in Conditionals in Standard Macedonian

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the consequences of the reintroduction of the potential mood marker bi-construction into the system of conditional marking in standard Macedonian. This marker had been almost lost from the Balkanized conditional patterns in Macedonian dialects which were based on the opposition hypothetical vs. counterfactual. The counterfactual was realized by the isomorphic Balkan conditional type: subjunctive mood in the protasis and a construction based on the future marker ḱe + imperfect verb in the apodosis. Under the influence of the neighboring Slavic languages the bi-construction reentered the conditional system penetrating into existing patterns and creating new ones. The spread of the bi-patterns is confirmed by the results of the quantitative analysis of the examples from literary works belonging to different periods. It is highly possible that this “comeback” was enabled by the imported conditional patterns with koga ‘when’ and dokolku ‘in case/if’ realized in potential mood. The main hypothesis is that the borrowed conditional patterns enriched the system of conditional marking in Macedonian causing its partial realignment. Although semantically overlapping with the Balkan conditional pattern, these two patterns typically code present and future unrealizable situations, often endowed with special discourse functions.

The Influence of the Dagbani Imperfective Verb Form on Dagomba‟s Use of the English Tense

This paper analyses the influence of the imperfective verb form of Dagbani a Mabia (Gur) language, spoken in Northern Ghana- on the English tense. Dagbani and English have been in contact for decades; they exhibit differences grammatically and phonologically. Scholars have discussed the grammar of Dagbani. However, no scholar addressed the influence of Dagbani imperfective on the use of English. Considering the fact that there is a strong interplay between English, as the official language of Ghana, and Ghanaian languages in the socio-economic, political and educational sectors of the country, teachers and curriculum developers need to pay attention to how these languages influence each other with specific focus on how to cater for these influences during classroom interactions. This paper, therefore, analyses the influence of the Dagbani imperfective form on English tense, taking into consideration the progressive aspect and the habitual present tense of Dagbani. The study sets to find out if educational levels of people affect the influence of the Dagbani imperfective on English tense. Data for the study were collected through sentence translation and picture description from (89) students in Tamale and Yendi. The data were analysed within the framework of grammatical replication theory by Heine and Kuteva, based on Weinreich languages in contact. The data are analysed based on the respondents’ levels of education (Basic, Secondary, and Tertiary). Findings indicated that the progressive aspect of Dagbani imperfective verb form overshadows the habitual present, as Dagomba(s) speak English. Irrespective of Dagomba’s educational level, they replicate the Dagbani imperfective use in English; however, the influence minimally reduces as speakers climb the academic hierarchy.

Input effects in the acquisition of verb inflection: Evidence from Emirati Arabic.

This study investigates the acquisition of the Imperfective verb inflection paradigm in Emirati Arabic (EA), to determine whether the learning process is sensitive to the phonological and typological properties of the input. We collected data from 48 participants aged 2;7 to 5;9 years, using an elicited production paradigm. Input frequencies of inflectional contexts, verb types and tokens were obtained from corpora of child-directed and adult EA. Children's accuracy was inversely related to the input frequency of inflectional contexts, but not related to type and token frequency or phonological neighborhood density. Token frequency interacted with age, such that younger children performed considerably worse on low-frequency tokens, but older children performed equally well on high- and low-frequency tokens. We conclude that learning is input-driven, but that a sufficiently regular paradigm allows children to eventually generalise across all items earlier than in previously studied European languages.

Hybrid imperative forms in Polish: Problems of translations into German and English

The article deals with the grammatical constructions expressing the imperative in Polish with particular focus on the variations used in spoken language. Colloquial Polish often uses structures which could be described as verb + pan/pani! They can be used for any perfective as well as imperfective verb. One of the most popular phrases according to this pattern is the phrase daj pan/pani spokój! Phrasemes of this type are used mostly in slang and are characterised by brevity. The research material consists of two different databases: the National Corpus of Polish as well as the online translator Reverso Context. The article presents a number of difficulties experienced by German and English translators. It also shows why the process of translation is a balancing act between remaining true to the original content on the one hand, and creating a translation complying the requirements of the medium for which the translation is being made, on the other hand.

When three is company: The relation between aspect and metaphor in Russian aspectual triplets

Abstract The focus of the present study is the relation between metaphor and aspect: are certain grammatical forms more prone to be used metaphorically? We approach this issue through a puzzling case of Russian aspectual triplets. The study is based on the distributions of the unprefixed imperfective verb gruzit’ (IPFV1) ‘load’, its perfective counterparts (PFVs) and prefixed secondary imperfectives (IPFV2s) with the prefixes na-, za-, and po-. The data collected from the Russian National Corpus offers support for the Telicity Hypothesis according to which IPFV2s become more “oriented towards a result” due to the presence of a prefix. We show that, although characterized by similar semantics, all verbs in a triplet have different distributions among constructions and metaphorical patterns. The difference is particularly noticeable in metaphorical contexts, where IPFV2s have a higher frequency of metaphorical uses. The prefix seems to play a more crucial role than aspect as metaphorical patterns of IPFV2s are more similar to the patterns attested for the perfective counterparts. Based on this study, we can assume that the resultative state more often serves as a source for conventional verbal metaphors than the process itself, which results in IPFV2s being more often used metaphorically than IPFV1.

Translation of the grammatical meaning of past tense forms in a professional text (on the example of the railroad theme)

The subject of this article is the grammatical category of tense. The majority of linguists tend to define tense, the ratio of action to the moment of speech. The object of this research is the ways of translating past tense forms from English to Russian. The goal of this article consists in the analysis of functionality of the forms of expression of past tense in a professional text and translation techniques. The sentences selected via method of continuous sampling from online publications dedicated to the topic of transport, served as the material for this research. Analysis is conducted on 5,680 sentences. Examination of the language material employs the method of continuous sampling and quantitative analysis is used. Despite the fact that the grammatical category of tense in both English and Russian languages is well studied, translation of the category of tense has not been scrutinized within the framework of linguistic translation studies, which substantiates the relevance of this work. The novelty lies in systematization and quantitative description of the techniques of translation past tense forms from English to Russian. It is established that there are three main techniques of translating past tense forms into Russian: 1) using nonverbal means or infinitive verbs; 2) using nonpast tense forms; 3) using past tense forms. The choice of perfective or imperfective verb in translation is determined by the presence of additional grammatical meanings in the tense, as well as the context

КАТЕГОРИЯТА ВИД НА ГЛАГОЛА И МЕТОДИЧЕСКИ АСПЕКТИ НА ПРЕПОДАВАНЕТО Ѝ В БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ УЧИЛИЩА ЗАД ГРАНИЦА / THE CATEGORY OF VERB ASPECT. METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES IN TEACHING ASPECT IN BULGARIAN SCHOOLS ABROAD

The article views aspect as a semantic category where members of the aspects pairs represent not word forms but distinct lexemes. Following the theoretical account, the author discusses methodological aspects of teaching the category of aspect to students in Bulgarian schools abroad with a view to the consistent representation of knowledge and the ways of introducing the perfective and imperfective verbs and their forms in the different tenses.

СЪДЪРЖАНИЕТО НА КН. 1 ЗА 2021 Г. НА СПИСАНИЕ „БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК“ / ISSUE 1/2021 OF BALGARSKI EZIK

Issue 1/2021 of Balgarski ezik features three papers dealing with research presented at the Scientific Forum on Research Approaches in Bulgarian Lan¬guage Teaching (2019) organised by the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in the last five years. Katya Charalozova’s paper titled The Category of Verb Aspect. Metho-do¬logical Perspectives in Teaching Aspect in Bulgarian Schools Abroad discusses methodological aspects of teaching the category of aspect to students in Bul¬ga¬rian schools abroad from the standpoint of interpreting verb aspect as a semantic category. The author addresses the consistent representation of knowledge and the ways of introducing perfective and imperfective verbs and their forms in the different tenses. Luchia Antonova-Vasileva discusses The Need for Selection and Adaptation of Texts for People Studying Bulgarian Literature Abroad and presents success¬sful examples of adapted editions of works of literature for the purposes of lan¬guage teaching. The author proposes a model for text adaptation for the purpo¬ses of teaching Bulgarian language and literature to Bulgarians living abroad and illustrates it with an excerpt from Ivan Vazov’s novel Under the Yoke. The paper by Reni Manova and Elena Hadzhieva is dedicated to Intercul¬tural Communication and Equality between the Participants in the Dialogue in Bulgarian. On the basis of analysis of the peculiarities of intercultural commu¬nication as an exchange of culturally conditioned information between people from different cultures, the authors conclude that the significant stock of know¬ledge about the foreign culture and the skills to apply specific communicative behaviours adapted to the host culture are of crucial importance. Mariyana Tsibranska’s paper The World of Nuns according to Lexical Data compares data on female monasticism in two types of sources – hagiographic works and canon law – in order to bring monastic everyday life in the focus of cultural conceptology and the study of the diachronic linguistic picture of the world. Everyday life at the monastery is presented by means of specific ranges of concepts (mental constructs) and the respective linguistic nominations. The paper Is there a Pomak Dialect in Bulgaria? by Georgi Mitrinov pre¬sents a critical look at a study by Emel Balakchi titled The Rhodope Dialects. Their Richness and Magic. By adducing compelling linguistic arguments, the author disproves Balakchi’s attempt at representing the Rhodope dialects as Po¬mak dialects. Using numerous examples, Georgi Mitrinov demonstrates the lack of scientific competence and objectivity of the study under consideration in presenting the characteristic features of the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. In her article The General Designations for a Female Relative in the Bulga¬rian Language Presented as Heteronymic Rows Tsvetelina Georgieva presents in a structured way the designations for female relatives excerpted from the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Bulgarian Family and Kinship Lexis. Using an onomasiological approach, the author argues convincingly that the names for female relatives in Bulgarian are heteronyms and not synonyms.

Суффиксальная вариативность русского глагола (по данным НКРЯ)

This article is devoted to the analysis of the suffixes variability of the Russian verb on the example of prefixed imperfective verbs. The empirical material was based on the Russian National Corpus. The use of the corpus analysis method made it possible to distinguish all prefixed verbs with variable suffixes: -ыва-/-ива- and а-/-я- (e.g. замеривать – замерять, заготавливать – заготовлять ). The results of the study showed that the formation of verbs with suffixes variability determine many problems of the modern Russian language – from phonetics (e.g. взрезать – взрезать – взрезывать), and lexical semantics, to stylistic and aspectual semantics.

Children’s comprehension of the verbal aspect in Serbian

The aim of the study was to investigate how Serbian native speaking preschool children comprehend perfective and imperfective aspect in comparison to adults. After watching animated movies with complete, incomplete and unstarted actions, the participants were asked questions with a perfective or imperfective verb form and responded by pointing to the event(s) that corresponded to each question. The results converged to a clear developmental trend in understanding of aspectual forms. The data indicate that the acquisition of perfective precedes the acquisition of imperfective: 3-year-olds typically understand only the meaning of perfective; most 5-year-olds have almost adult-like understanding of both aspectual forms, while 4-year-olds are a transitional group. Our results support the viewpoint that children?s and adults? representations of this language category differ qualitatively, and we argue that mastering of aspect semantics is a longterm process that presupposes a certain level of cognitive and pragmatic development, and lasts throughout the preschool period.

Middle Russian Future Periphrastic Constructions in the Light of Language Contacts

ABSTRACT This paper examines periphrastic constructions with future time reference in Middle Russian, focusing on constructions with an inchoative verb and an infinitive clause: počnu ‘begin’ + inf, načnu ‘begin’ + inf, imu ‘take > begin’ + inf, učnu ‘begin’+ inf, and stanu ‘rise > begin, become’+ inf. The author compares these periphrastic constructions and establishes that the verb učati ‘begin’ differed from the rest of the inchoatives (počati, načati, jati, stati) in that its distribution was functionally restricted and its derivational potential limited (i.e. no verbal nouns, participles, or imperfective verbs derived from this stem). On the 1 I am grateful to the two anonymous reviewers from Scando-Slavica, the editors of the volume for their valuable comments, and Dr. Katie Sykes for her professional English language editing. basis of these features, the author argues that učnu + inf emerged due to contact influence: specifically, the borrowing of a pattern from a Finno-Ugric language spoken in the eastern or northern part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow at the time. It is likely impossible to identify the construction which served as a source for učnu + inf. The author’s hypothesis is further supported by data from contemporary dialects and early attestations in official documents from eastern and northern areas.

A CONTRASTIVE ACCOUNT OF PHASE VERBS BEGIN AND START IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN

The paper focuses on contrastive semantics of phase verbs or aspectualizers in English and Serbian, taking into account both typical and atypical phase verbs. Following Piper (Piper et al. 2005), we adopt the class of atypical aspectalizers in Serbian which are primarily lexical verbs but yield an aspectual meaning when combined with an aspectual complement. We specifically consider phase verbs BEGIN and START in English and their Serbian equivalents POČETI and KRENUTI. Alternatively to both traditional and more contemporary linguistic approaches to phase verbs in English and Serbian, we claim that the true overall linguistic equivalent of the English phase verb START is not Serbian phase verb POČETI, but another, atypical aspectualizer KRENUTI. We base this claim on the equivalency of contrastive syntactic complementation of the inspected aspectualizers, as well as their argument structure, taking into account Freed’s (Freed 1979: 31) traditional view of the aspectual event, where the event is segmental, containing the onset, the nucleus, and the coda. Freed’s account is combined with the lexical-projectionist model proposed by Levin (Levin 1993) alongside the grammar of constructions (Goldberg 1995, 2006). Additionally, alternatively to the generally accepted claim that all phase verbs in Serbian as a rule take imperfective verbs as their complements (Ivić 1970: 44), we claim that KRENUTI with additional, phase-related meanings frequently and productively allows for perfec- tive complementation. The present analysis is backed up by a parallel corpus of English and Serbian sentences compiled from the British National Corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English, and the Corpus of Contemporary Serbian Language.

A comparison of biaspectual verbs borrowed from Latin into Dutch, Czech and Polish

West Germanic languages such as Dutch have a temporal system, but a typical feature of the Slavonic verb system is aspectuality. Most Slavonic borrowed or newlyformed verbs in the technical sphere are based on Latin, however, a language with a rather strict temporal system. Typically, such verbs are mostly borrowed as imperfective (durative) verbs. This paper examines several such verbs and compares their integration into Dutch, Czech and Polish. Dutch has no morphological forms showing aspectuality. However, aspectuality is present, the difference is there a semantic one, between a dynamic or a static character. In this article, ten potentially bi-aspectual verbs borrowed from Latin are discussed, all of them having in Dutch a dynamic character. In Czech and Polish, such verbs will have after borrowing initially a bi-aspectual character. Depending on frequency of use, the verbs will become integrated by adding aspectual prefixes. This integration is illustrated for both Slavonic languages by sentences from recent press articles. Where in the Czech dictionaries, the majority of the analysed verbs are still described as bi-aspectual, it seems that Polish is much faster at changing Latin borrowed verbs into aspectual pairs. One should be, however, cautious as it is often dependent on which dictionary one consults whether a verb is marked as bi-aspectual or as imperfectivum tantum. Nevertheless, the general tendencies are clear.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL ASPECTS IN THE RUSSIAN AND SPANISH LANGUAGES AS A BASIS FOR PREPARING ETHNO-ORIENTED EXERCISES

In this article, we conduct a comparative analysis of the category of verbal aspect in the Russian and Spanish languages. We assume that a comparative analysis of linguistic phenomena in different languages is important in teaching Russian as a foreign language, since taking into account the students’ native language makes it easier to teach certain linguistic features when such features are identical in two languages. At the same time, it helps students avoid negative linguistic interference, which is the cause of many typical errors. The relevance of this topic is due to the constant increase in the number of Spanish-speaking students coming to study at preparatory faculties for foreign citizens at Russian universities. The topic Verbal Aspects is one of the most difficult ones to understand for foreigners, including those who speak Spanish. First of all, it is due to the peculiarities of the use and perception of this category in the students’ native language. The purpose of this article is to identify the peculiar features of conveying aspectual meanings, the similarities and differences in the use of the category of verbal aspect in both languages in order to subsequently develop ethno-oriented exercises for Spanish-speaking students, as well as to develop recommendations for providing ethno-oriented materials for a Hispanic audience. The following research methods are used in the article: the method of systemic-functional analysis, the method of complex theoretical analysis of the phenomenon under study, the method of comparative analysis that allows us to observe similarities and differences in the grammatical category of verbal aspect in Russian and in Spanish. In this article, we analyzed three possible ways for conveying Russian verbal aspects in Spanish: lexical, peripheral and morphological. However, if in Russian it may be enough to replace an imperfective verb with a perfective verb in order to change the meaning of a sentence, then in Spanish the structure of the entire sentence often changes. Thus, we cannot talk about the existence of a Spanish grammatical category analogous to the verbal aspect in the Russian language. The analysis will help us take into account the difficulties and cases of negative linguistic interference faced by Spanish-speaking students when studying the Russian verbal aspects, and create ethno-oriented exercises aimed at minimizing the students’ errors.

Глаголы эмоционального состояния в контроптативных инфинитивных высказываниях

The paper is focused on infinitive utterances (IU) expressing the meaning of undesirability, or counter-optative IU (Ne spuskat’sya by k dvorniku), with verbs of the lexical-semantic group (LSG) of emotional state (according to the classification by L. G. Babenko). Special attention is paid to the verb aspect, the temporal vector of the IU, and the presence of the potential seme of a negative evaluation of the denoted situation in the meaning of the verb. The selectivity of the syntactic model under consideration towards verbs of the LSG of emotional state is investigated. The following prerequisites for a verb of emotional state to be used in a counter-optative IU were determined: the presence of the potential seme of a negative evaluation of the denoted situation in the meaning of the verb, the imperfect aspect of the latter, and the future temporal perspective of the whole utterance. Also, counter-optative infinitive utterances were found to demonstrate quite a high degree of selectivity in using the words of LSG of emotional state. The results show that when selecting verbs to be the main component of counter-optative infinitive utterances, preference is given to imperfective verbs of emotional state. The future temporal perspective (the prospective and prospective-consequent temporal vector) is a condition that enables selecting the verbs of emotional state in counteroptative infinitive utterances. The factors contributing to the use of verbs of the LSG of emotional state in counter-optative infinitive utterances, or conversely, preventing their use, are to be studied further.

Спонтанність діалектних текстів про житлові та господарські будівлі

The article analyzes the features of uncluttered spontaneous dialect texts about the construction of housing, outbuildings, interiors, recorded at different times in the Ukrainian East Slobozhan dialects. The author focuses on identifying features of their cognitive and lexical-semantic structure. It is proved that dialect text (DT) is a semantic phenomenon. That is why, depending on the content of the report, you can select several parts. Consequently, it is analyzed in terms of semantics and structure. This allows you to combine dialect texts depending on the topic in them. It is noteworthy that in the texts of one topic can be identified micro-themes that unfold more broadly or more narrowly. Memorable texts are generally characterized by ease of communication, generalization of information associated with the use of imperfective verbs of the past tense plural or singular, which convey long repetitive actions, processes or states, dissected or undissected, occurring in a certain period of time before speech. Usuality, generalization are also conveyed by present tense verbs of the third person plural with indefinite-personal meaning. Spontaneously modeled texts update the nominative chain of vocabulary associated with common names of housing, farm buildings, their parts, etc. The meaning of tokens is usually specified in relation to the features of the denotation, time slice, syntagmatics, formal structure. These units make up the lexical-semantic matrix of the text, which is closely connected with the culture and way of life of the inhabitants of the region. DT accumulates and transmits information about the patterns of spontaneous (without external interference) text and demonstrates the trends of its development. In general, the structure of the text, trends in its creation and selection of structural elements often show patterns of systemic organization of speech, consisting in a verbal presentation of collective and individual experience of housing, farm buildings, established forms of mutual assistance, production of building materials, management principles.

What is a word?

AbstractPractices of word segmentation in French and Moroccan Arabic by beginning and advanced bilingual writers in two historically and linguistically divergent settings are analysed in a threefold perspective: (1) In the different sociocultural contexts of linguistically heterogeneous France in the 1870’s and a town with remarkable immigration from Morocco in Germany in 2000, dictations constitute monolingual settings of language policy and normativity; (2) structurally, open and closed spellings of (clitic) function and content words indicate constraints of different orthographies, focussing either phonology or morphosyntax; (3) in the framework of contact linguistics, bilingual students write in one of their languages (French, Moroccan Arabic) with resources of other languages (like Breton, German, Classical Arabic).The results show that the students’ writings are influenced by graphematic structures not directly related to the language dictated. In French Brittany, a great importance of closed spellings may be supported by the agglutinative feature of the Breton language, while the apostrophe as a striking feature of French orthography is used primarily, but often only emblematically, by the students in Gascony. Moroccan Arabic writers in Germany are influenced indirectly by their first school language, German, in the way they mark word boundaries in prepositional phrases (PP) and imperfective verb forms. Classical Arabic, however, remains of marginal influence although both varieties are historically and structurally closely related.

Czasowniki niekoniecznego skutku na tle czasowników telicznych. Próba charakterystyki

Aspectual oppositions of verbs of an unnecessary result are noted for a special presupposition of the negated perfect verb which is conditioned by the truthfullnes of the un-negated imperfective verbs. The sentence “Nie namówiłem go na wycieczkę” ‘I did not pesuade him to go for excursion’ has sense only than if we can say “Namawiałem go na wycieczkę” ‘I tried to persuade him to go for excursion” where the meaning of the imperfective is ‘to attempt’. Similar verbs are called “conatives” by Padučeva (2008), they form the type III of among 4 semantic types of telic oppositions described by Glovinskaya (1982). The explication of the imperfective in this type of opposition is ‘to pursue a goal’ the explication of the perfective – ‘to achieve the goal’. The explication of the imperfective is opposed to the most common type of imperfectives of the type I which expresses an incremental pursuing the goal, where on every stage of an action a goal is partially achieved.The term “verbs of an unnecessary result” is narrower than “conatives”, it refers only to these aspectual oppositions, where the attempt as a part of the presupposition of the negated perfective is expressed literally with the imperfective partner of this perfective. By other conatives the attempt can be expressed other way, e.g. with the verb próbować ‘to try’ and the perfective „próbował mnie namówić’. The explication of perfective conatives comprise the element “udało się” ‘sb. managed to’.In the group of conatives sensu largo the presupposition does not comprise an attempt of an action expressed by the perfective, but only the speaker’s expectation for such action. The attempt or expectation presupposition of conatives is refers to a general, rhematic negation of the perfective verb and to an object which undivided.In order to characterise lexical groups of verbs belonging to the above mentioned classes the most frequent perfective infinitives following ‘udało się’ have been found in the National Corpus of Polish.The first group of conatives sensu stricto: the verbs of an unnecessary result – comprises first of all volitive speech act verbs, e.g. namówić: Similar verbs in Russian are listed under Glovinska’s type III of telic oppositions, but tehe is no direct correspondence between Polish and Russian.The second and biggest group of conatives sensu stricto without the imperfective aspect partner in the presupposition of the negated perfective contains first of all verbs with meaning ‘escape’: uciec, ‘win’: eg. zwyciężyć or general meaning ‘success’, as well as some transitive motion verbs.The third groups of conatives sensu largo with the presupposition “expectation” contains situations not controlled by the agent, e.g. przeżyć ‘survive’ or uratować ‘to save one’s live’. The oppositions of an unnecessary result are languages specific and depend on specific meanings of the imperfective aspect. The above-presented analyses is restricted only to Polish. The nature of conative verbs. can be seen as universal.

An autosegmental analysis of the derivation of weak active participles from triconsonantal verbs in modern standard Arabic

This study aims to analyze the derivation of weak active participles (APs) from triconsonantal imperfective verbs within the X-slot model of autosegmental phonology. The first stage of the research involves building a corpus of APs from a well-established corpus-based dictionary, namely mucdʒam ʔalluɣah ʔalcarabijjah ʔalmuca:sirah ‘Dictionary of Modern Arabic Language’. The corpus contains 620 APs which are categorized, in accordance with the position of the glide in their stems, into initially, medially, finally and doubly weak APs. The analysis reveals that despite having irregular surface representations, the underlying representations of weak APs are parallel to those of their strong counterparts. The surface irregularities of these APs are attributable to the inherent instability of the glides which causes them to be susceptible to diverse phonological rules. These phonological rules are given accurate and simple representations in autosegmental phonology due to the autonomy that elements on different tiers have in this approach.