Impending Crisis Research Articles

Tilting relationalities: Exploring the world through possible futures of agriculture

Demography has driven increases in agricultural productivity and is in the limelight once again with questions about how we intend to feed 9 billion people on the planet. The scale of this challenge and the ecological threat from collapsing resources has generated a sense of impending crisis, but remarkably little action. The frames of reference tend towards climate change and the Anthropocene, but perhaps a more fruitful approach is to reflect on developments in agriculture and agroecology to examine the scale and significance of the ecological challenges we face. In this article, we use agriculture as a nodal point through which to engage with the emerging and dislocating human–planetary relations of the contemporary world, reflecting on past, current and future notions of ‘progress’, and on how ongoing developments and experiments in making a living with others (human, non-human and more-than-human others) might offer potential pathways for positive social transformation and future flourishing. As we argue throughout the article, reassessing notions of progress does not mean the mere return to traditional forms of knowledge and practice, nor embracing a form of luddite politics absent of advances in modern science and technology. Instead, we propose this is about opening spaces where diversity, pluralism and contending perspectives and agencies are engaged on their own terms, creating and sharing alternative knowledge and ways of doing and being. Here, the role for the social sciences and humanities is not to describe or pretend to represent these emerging relationalities, but instead to enable and actively engage them. Doing this responsibly and effectively will require us to inhabit the disorienting and discomforting ruins of progress, eschewing the turn towards finalised solutions and outcomes.

A study on torrefaction of spent coffee ground to improve its fuel properties

Excessive use of fossil fuels has contributed significantly to global warming and the impending energy crisis, necessitating the promotion and development of alternative energy sources to achieve green energy or energy neutrality. Converting waste biomass into energy has a significance impact in solid waste management. Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are the primary residue from the coffee industry generated during the coffee brewing process. This study, therefore, aims to improve the fuel properties of SCG via torrefaction and investigates the characteristics of torrefied products. A horizontal tubular reactor, at temperatures ranging from 250 °C to 350 °C at 20 °C intervals, and residence times ranging from 0 to 30 min with 10-min intervals, were utilized for torrefaction. The associated physical and chemical transformations in SCG torrefaction were investigated using proximate and ultimate analysis, gas composition, thermogravimetric and derivative analyses along with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The mass and energy yields decreased while the higher heating value increased with the increase in torrefaction temperature. Additionally, the decrease in the oxygen content and increase in the fixed carbon content helped to improve the fuel properties of the SCG. A torrefaction temperature of 290 °C and a residence time of 10 min was found to be the optimal conditions for SCG torrefaction.

POLICY IMPERATIVES FOR MULTIPLYING ENERGY OPTIONS

This is a conceptual discussion on possible challenges and options to prepare for the impending energy crisis. India has to prepare itself for the rising energy requirements and prepare for the future. The paper explores different possibilities and recommends the use of agriculture waste in bio-fuel production.

Principal Drivers and Conservation Solutions to the Impending Primate Extinction Crisis: Introduction to the Special Issue.

Nonhuman primates are facing an impending extinction crisis with over 65% of species listed as Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered, and 93% characterized by declining populations. Primary drivers of primate population decline include deforestation, principally for industrial agriculture and the production of food and nonfood commodities, much of which is exported to wealthy consumer nations, unsustainable bushmeat hunting, the illegal pet trade, the capture of primates for body parts, expanding road and rail networks, mining, dam building, oil and gas exploration, and the threat of emerging diseases. Over the next several decades, human population increase, agricultural expansion, and climate change are expected to contribute significantly to the loss of additional suitable habitat and a reduction in the viability of local primate populations. If we are to avoid this impending extinction crisis, primate researchers must prioritize projects designed to mitigate the effects of habitat change on ecosystems health and biodiversity, and play a greater role in conservation and environmental policy by educating global citizens and political leaders. In addition, the international community will need to work with governments in primate habitat countries to expand the number of protected areas that contain primate species (94 primate species have < 10% of their range in protected areas). In this special issue of the International Journal of Primatology, we bring together researchers from a wide range of disciplines to examine the current and future threats to primate population persistence, and present local, country, and regional solutions to protect primate species.

Surveillance for Violent Deaths - National Violent Death Reporting System, 39 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2018.

Surveillance for Violent Deaths - National Violent Death Reporting System, 39 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2018.

A comparative study of various fatty acids as phase change material to enhance the freshwater productivity of solar still

The scarcity of potable water due to rapid growth in population, industrialization, and the continuous extraction of groundwater has led to an impending crisis. Researchers have invented numerous techniques to obtain freshwater in order to fulfill the increased requirements, and solar desalination using a solar still is one of the low-cost methods to generate freshwater. In a solar still, the usage of PCM (Phase Change Material) storage under the absorber plate enhances the productivity during the nighttime so that the still continues to generate freshwater even in the absence of solar energy. The present study undertakes the experimental, energy, exergy and economic analysis for a conventional solar still and solar stills using different types of fatty acids as PCM storage along with pin fins for enhanced heat transfer. For a comparative study of different organic fatty acids as PCM storage materials- lauric acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid were used along with high-conductive aluminum pin fins which were inserted in the PCM storage to enhance the rate of heat conduction. The results obtained using the PCM along with pin fins were compared with the output from the conventional solar still (CSS). Thus, four different cases were considered for the current study, namely: the conventional solar still (CSS); the solar still with lauric acid and pin fins (SSLA); the solar still with palmitic acid and pin fins (SSPA), and, the solar still with stearic acid and pin fins (SSSA). The experiments were performed in the months of January (representing the winter season) and May (representing the summer season), at the location Gandhinagar, Gujarat (23.22°N 72.650°E), India, with variation in the depth of water (1 cm, 2 cm and 3 cm) in the basin of solar still. The accumulated productivity, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency were observed as 4.43 L/m2, 47.9% and 2.23% for SSLA in January, which was the maximum amongst all cases in January. The accumulated productivity, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency were 5.74 L/m2, 56.2% and 2.96% for the case of SSSA in the month of May, which was the maximum amongst all the cases. The SSSA was the economical solar still amongst all cases; the payback period and cost per liter of SSSA were 72 days and 0.016 $/L/m2, respectively.

Publicity as the Marker of Political Processes in English Society in the Middle of the 15th Century

A dichotomy of government and society in the exploration of the State’s transition from Medieval to Ētat modern opens new opportunities to understand the Kingdom of England’s history on the eve of the early modern period. On the one hand, gentry remained its importance under unstable political authority, arbitrariness and lawlessness from country’s nobility. On the other hand, political evolution of power was determined by growing role of king’s prerogative. The development of ideas about the function of serving the authority was reflected in a number of anonymous tractates of that time and isolated events. Government used a figure of wise and righteous monarch against the background of serious political-military failures of the 30s in Hundred Years&amp;apos; War. One of the tractate states that the King and his Council assumed the burden of service and responsibility in difficult time for the kingdom with minimal focus on commons. The other one of that time has the phenomenon of publicity filled with nostalgia, represented through discourses of historic memory. An anonymous author from the king’s inner circle describes an alternative of country’s political course of Anglo-French opposition. The author calls for the restoration of kingdom’s past glory as strong military Power, above all, at sea, rather than the war on the mainland. He brings back the reader images of famous monarchs, where sea power guaranteed prosperity of the realm and its subjects. An understanding of a new place and the role of England in the last phase of Hundred Years&amp;apos; War, somehow, that favoured public interests and expectations, is formed. An understanding of monarch’s duty and responsibility underwent significant changes in anonymous tractate of the late 40s. The ruler must promote well-being and prosperity of his nationals, know their needs and requirements, listen for their opinion, which is the wisdom and justice of the monarch. Dialogue between government and society developed by participants’ demands of Jack Cade rebellion. King cannot be above the law and commons are always ready to support him. England’s socio-political processes of that time are characterized by the increase of publicity, strengthening of authority’s representation. Nevertheless, keeping faith with the figure of wise and righteous monarch, the patron and protector of his subjects could not stop impending socio-political crisis of the second part of the century.

Urban History: between History and Social Sciences

The article analyzes the formation and development of Urban History as a branch of historical science before and immediately after the era of the Urban Crisis of the 1950s and 1960s. The concept of the article suggests that urban history was formed in a constant dialogue with the social sciences. At the beginning, academic urban historians appeared in the 1930s as opponents of American “agrarian” and frontier histories. Drawing their ideas from the Chicago School of sociology, they reproduced the national history of civic local communities that expressed the achievements of Western civilization. However, in the context of the impending Urban Crisis, social sciences, together with urban historians, have declared the importance of generalizing social phenomena. A group of rebels soon formed among historians. They called their movement ‘New Urban History’ and advocated the return of historical context to urban studies, and were against social theory. However, in an effort to reconstruct history “from the bottom up” through a quantitative study of social mobility, new urban historians have lost the city as an important variable of their analysis. They had to abandon the popular name and recognize themselves as representatives of social history and interested in the problems of class, culture, consciousness, and conflicts. In this situation, some social scientists have tried to try on the elusive brand ‘New Urban History’, but their attempt also failed. As a result, only those who remained faithful to the national narrative or interdisciplinary approach remained urban historians, but continued to remain in the bosom of historical science, rushing around conventional urban sociology and its denial.

ЦЕЛИ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ И СОПУТСТВУЮЩИЕ РИСКИ

The article considers the risks connected with the practical attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In the circumstances of the complex world crisis, the SDG can be used as a cover on the way to quite different goals, as one of the means of the struggle for power and influence. It is suggested among other things by the very origin of the idea of sustainable development which was put forward in the 1970s by the Club of Rome with its underlying globalist agenda. In the 21st century, the problems of the SDG acquire special importance in connection with the fall of Western world dominance. The SDG can in fact be used by a part of Western elites among methods of imposing of Western world view onto all countries. For instance, the agenda of “green energy” connected with a number of the SDG, in reality, can be used to set to zero the successes of the industrial competitors of the West. In fact, it is one of the West’s responses to the intention of other centers of power (first of all Russia and China) to quit the Bretton Woods system in the circumstances of the impending financial crisis and the change of economic paradigm. Also, in connection with the SDG, the West can use such an instrument of geopolitical struggle as the imposition of its values (democracy, human rights, tolerance, etc.) onto the whole world. That said, the West not only pretends to have the monopoly right to interpret these values but also pushes them forward selectively, having a blind spot for its client states. However, the intrusion into other civilization spaces proves to be counterproductive. The understanding of Western “double standards” has been rising in the world, as well as of the fact of Western centuries-old aggressiveness. The consequence is the strengthening of regional and national institutions and processes. A detailed analysis of the SDG with consideration to risks for world stability and human nature itself may prove indispensable for peoples’ defence of their cultural identity, their state sovereignty, and the human being as an ethical creature.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ РЕЗЕРВОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ОПЕРЕЖАЮЩИМ УСТОЙЧИВЫМ РАЗВИТИЕМ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

The article deals with the theoretical and methodological problems of studying the reserves for improving the management of advanced sustainable development (ESD) in the socio-natural-economic space of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas (SNES agro-industrial complex and RA) based on new technological paradigms and associated externs (external effects). The author's definition of the concept of ESD and the main components and methodology of regional state strategies in the context of the blocks of the conference ESD SNES AIC and RA are proposed. Measures are proposed to facilitate the transition of the SEP of the agro-industrial complex and the RA to the ESD based on active and targeted state support, investment-targeted programs and schemes for the development and deployment of the productive forces of agro-industrial production. In the context of global challenges, threats and new risks associated with political and economic sanctions and embargoes, the impending global food crisis, growing competition in the level of development at the regional level, the issue of forming an intersectoral integrative management of advanced sustainable development (ESD) of the socio-natural-economic space is being updated (SNES agro-industrial complex and rural areas of the RA) - the driver of the socio-economic development of Russia and ensuring its national security and sovereignty, "building" the state of development. At the same time, the existing low-management, costly and non-systemic approach, traditionally used in the implementation of the strategy of "integrated sustainable development of rural areas", has been criticized due to contradictions in the theory and methodology of integrative management of reserves and development factors, which led to excessive cost, low quality and competitiveness of the agro-industrial sector of the country, the need to strengthen import substitution in the agro-industrial complex. This article proposes the author's modification of the theoretical analysis of the reserves and factors of ESD SNES AIC and RA, with the help of which the process of evolutionary views on the management of the spatial advanced development of ST based on new technological modes and associated externs is modernized. To form a holistic view of the ESD SNES AIC and RA, it is proposed to use a system-complex-reserve-factorial approach, in which the problem of theoretical and methodological contradictions is solved and the endogenous and exogenous parameters of the construct under consideration are solved more comprehensively and systematically. The author's definition of the concept of ESD is given. The recommendations for solving the problems of state regulation in the management system of ESD SNES AIC and RA are substantiated, the issues of increasing competitiveness and technological leadership in the context of ESD, the application of program-target methods in the management of ESD are considered. The author's model of successively implemented managerial decisions in achieving the goals of the ESD strategies SNES AIC and RA has been developed. The results of the study can be applied by state and local authorities in the development and implementation of a socially-oriented and environmentally-saving strategy for ESD in the agro-industrial complex and the RA.

Entrepreneurship and SMEs under COVID-19 crisis: A literature review

Objective: The article aims to summarize the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on SMEs, considering both its positive and negative effects. Also, the study seeks to summarize the response approaches usable for SMEs to face a crisis. Research Design &amp; Methods: This article uses a critical literature review to summarize the international literature developed on the COVID-19 crisis topic. It considers scientific papers published from 2017 to February 2022 with a focus on specific keywords, English language, from the open access sources on (i) Emerald, (ii) JSTOR, (iii) ScienceDirect, and (iv) Springer, (v) IER, and (vi) EBER. Findings: The paper sheds light on how the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 crisis can impact SMEs. The paper tries to summarize the literature on how SMEs can reverse the uncertainty caused by a crisis and benefit from it. Also, the paper reviews the fact that some SMEs cannot cope quickly enough with the changes in the environment and forcibly shut down their business. The most damaging impact of the COVID-19 crisis is also reviewed in this paper which is the business closure due to lack of resources or disconnection of SMEs from their partners. Implications &amp; Recommendations: This study provides an overview of the positive and negative effects that the COVID-19 crisis had on SMEs. Three approaches were reviewed, uncertainty, resilience, and opportunity, which the decision-makers can use to plan their strategies more effectively and face impending crises more efficiently. This paper also introduces gaps such as the lack of evidence of how COVID-19 affects the entrepreneurship phenomena, which is worth being studied. Contribution &amp; Value Added: This study summarizes the three approaches mentioned in various research papers that SMEs can take during crises and presents gaps worth researching. While many other studies study entrepreneurship at macro levels, the approach in this study is unique as it considers a particular piece of entrepreneurship area and looks at it in terms of small and medium-sized enterprises, describes why COVID-19 is a crisis to the business environment and contributes to the literature to explain how entrepreneurship and SMEs are influenced by COVID-19 situation. I summarized some of the issues SMEs face during a crisis and mentioned the approaches to be taken by business owners during such times using articles conducted in the last five years.

Contemporary Overstimulation in the Age of Information: The Blurring of The Personal and Political in Ben Lerner’s 10:04 and Olivia Laing’s Crudo

Olivia Laing’s Crudo and Ben Lerner’s 10:04 depict the constant interruption of the personal by global concerns and politics. Both novels are concerned with the decision between the personal and the global selves, and how these impending social, environmental, or political crises cloud the narrators’ minds. Their structure reflects this confusion and dislocation of the personal self, as the novels contain non-sequiturs, urban noise, and unrelated sections that have been pieced together deliberately. These novels capture the overstimulation of contemporary life and mass media or the information age while trying to navigate how art can reflect that and encapsulate a reality that is at once absurd and (seemingly) not contrived. While the barrier between the personal and global collapses, Lerner and Laing find a space in between where a realist yet raw (or ‘crudo’) retelling of contemporary media-addled experience can be represented. This essay incorporates commentary on how these texts engage with the idea of the troubled personal and the demise of individuality in the light of 21st-century overstimulation.

Utilizing zinc oxide nanorods/polyaniline heterojunction as a flexible self-powered ultraviolet photodetector

In the face of the impending energy crisis, developing photoelectronic devices with broadband activity and self-powered characteristics are crucial. Hence, a flexible self-powered ultraviolet photodetector based on sandwiched layers of Zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO) and polyaniline network (Pani) between polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plates along with copper electrodes (PZH) has been fabricated and studied. I–V-T characteristics of the flexible device showed nonlinear rectifying behavior at different temperatures, the formation of an inhomogeneous Schottky contact in ZnO-Pani interface, and the Richardson constant of 30.4 A cm−2 K−2 which is attributed to the ZnO. I–V curves of the device under different directions of ultraviolet light illumination have exhibited nonlinear rectifying behavior, high contrast ratio, and short-circuit current at zero bias voltage which imply the self-powered nature. The PZH exhibited various favorable photoresponsivity (RPh), acceptable response speed, and high photocurrent under different directions and power densities of the UV light. The results showed RPh and rise time (tR) of the device improved about 30% under light illumination from the Pani side than that of opposite direction, while best fall time obtained under light illumination from the ZnO side. The long-term stability, significant photoresponse properties, and simultaneous improvement of tR, RPh and photocurrent; offer our flexible hand-made device as a reliable self-powered photodetector with the broad-wide application and optimal efficiency. Finally, the possible mechanism to improve device performance under two direction of the light illumination through applying a standard thermionic emission-diffusion model and energy band diagram was discussed in detail.

Dealing with impact of COVID-19 on transportation in a developing country: Insights and policy recommendations

While developed nations have established policy frameworks for dealing with various macroeconomic shocks, developing countries respond to the influx of COVID-19 on heterogeneous scales, borne out of varying institutional bottlenecks. These inadequate transport facilities are not diversified enough to deal with an impending public health crisis. With the growing divergence in public transport management procedures and societal responses and willingness to adjust to a "new normal" transport procedures in time of COVID-19 and post-pandemic, it becomes expedient to learn evidence-based policy responses to transport service delivery. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with commuters and operators were thematically analysed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on transportation in Lagos Nigeria. The analysis revealed that increased cost of transportation, financial sustainability, changes in travel needs and loss of revenue were the significant impacts of the pandemic. This study contributes such that transport stakeholders can better understand how to navigate their transportation needs at this time of global uncertainty. The understanding of these impacts advances policy recommendations that are most inclined to the development objectives of developing nations in the time of COVID-19 and beyond. The limitations and suggestions for further research were discussed.

Towards a Renewable Energy Source Cadastre—A Review of Examples from around the World

In the age of the impending climate crisis, and further forecast ecological catastrophes, humankind has begun to think with growing interest about replacing existing energy sources with renewable ones. An increasing number of people have begun to discuss the need to implement registries that collect information about the energy potential of specific parts of the environment we live in. Additionally, the simultaneous registration of installations used for obtaining energy from alternative sources is desirable. In addition to quantitative attributes, such databases should also contain comprehensive spatial information. Since, in the era of globalization, the creation of such databases ought to be standardized, the purpose of this study is to indicate the directions in which the cadastre of renewable energy sources should be developed by: (i) reviewing the solutions of renewable energy sources that have been described in the scientific literature; (ii) analyzing the content of selected geoportals containing data on renewable energy sources. The literature review was preceded by a detailed bio-metric analysis, whereas the content analysis of the geoportals led to the creation of a flow chart containing a proposal for a renewable energy source cadastre, and a ranking of the analyzed portals. Nevertheless, the conceptual work was limited to the solar cadastre only.

기후소설로 본 바바라 킹솔버의 『비상』

The purpose of this study is to examine Barbara Kingsolver’s Flight Behavior focused on the function of literature. Climate fiction(Cli-fi) deals with environmental threats such as climate change or global warming. Cli-fi effectively delivers literary imagination based on scientific facts. In Flight Behavior, Dellarobia Turnbow, who is a main character, is an accidentally early-married young woman. She experiences a process of development through Professor Ovid Byron and Monarch Butterflies. As a Cli-fi, Flight Behavior deals with environmental crisis using Monarch butterflies’ unusual migration to Appalachian Mountains because their habitat in Mexico was destroyed by unprecedented flooding. Dellarobia including readers have learned ‘an entirely new form of panic’ caused by scientific knowledge generated from Dr. Byron and rare butterfly events. As a good listener and beginner assistant to Dr. Byron, Dellarobia finally finds her own inner possibilities and recognizes an impending climate crisis. Like Monarch butterflies, she who is defined as a ‘Perfect Female’ is ready to stand up on her feet and discover her new colony through persistent flight behavior.

A Neurologist's Practical Approach to Cognitive Impairment.

The global prevalence of dementia is expected to triple by the year 2050. This impending health care crisis has led to new heights of public awareness and general concern regarding cognitive impairment. Subsequently, clinicians are seeing more and more people presenting with cognitive concerns. It is important that clinicians meet these concerns with a strategy promoting accurate diagnoses. We have diagramed and described a practical approach to cognitive impairment. Through an algorithmic approach, we determine the presence and severity of cognitive impairment, systematically evaluate domains of function, and use this information to determine the next steps in evaluation. We also discuss how to proceed when cognitive impairment is associated with motor abnormalities or rapid progression.

A patient with generalized myasthenia gravis facing an impending crisis triggered by early fast‐acting treatment

AbstractBackgroundAn aggressive therapeutic strategy used in the early stages of generalized myasthenia gravis (MG), called early fast‐acting treatment (EFT), involves the use of plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin and/or intravenous high‐dose methylprednisolone (IVMP). The EFT strategy has been proven to have advantages in achieving a treatment goal of MG, minimal manifestations or better with oral prednisolone at a dose of ≤5 mg/day.Case presentationA 72‐year‐old woman with anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibody‐positive MG underwent EFT. Even a modified IVMP regimen with a reduced dose of just 250 mg/day for 2 days, given after six cycles of plasmapheresis and 10 mg/day of oral prednisolone for 5 days, triggered a severe myasthenic exacerbation. Subsequent intravenous immunoglobulin therapy successfully averted a crisis.ConclusionsSuch acute exacerbation after just 250 mg/day of IVMP for 2 days is rare. However, caution is required when using IVMP for EFT of MG, because the risk factors for exacerbation after IVMP use, and the best approach for treating the exacerbation, are not yet known.

Form not Content Dictates the “Smart” City

Over the past 50 years, decision-makers, laypersons, scientific communities, and design professions have repeatedly warned of the impending climate crisis caused by overdependence on fossil fuels. The environmental prophets have admonished that mother earth is on the brink of catastrophe. In response, scientific wizards have boasted that technocratic solutions will save the day. The evidence clearly indicates that a drastic change in policies, lifestyle, and consumption habits is necessary if there is to be a livable world for future generations. Urbanism is the most efficient form of habitation. Embracing and legislating for the traditional pattern of urbanism which is supported by Wi-Fi technology is the livable and sustainable prescription to address climate change and the global dependence on fossil fuels.

TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE US HEALTH CARE SYSTEM: POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF MARKET JUSTICE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

The COVID-19 pandemic and current projections of rising health expenditures point to an impending sustainability crisis in US health care institutions, torn between competing demands of individualistic values (market justice) and collective values (social justice). Champions of individual responsibility are likely to favor a disease management model of health care – wherein the maintenance of lucrative food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries depends in large part on the creation and reproduction of an older but sicker consumer base, with survival to old age contingent on individuals’ capacity to pay for tests, treatments, and prescriptions. In contrast, proponents of community solidarity favor a health promotion model emphasizing primordial prevention – focused upstream on improvements in nutrition and in living and working conditions potentially capable of forestalling the onset of disease in the first place. In the end, health system sustainability will hinge on policy makers’ readiness to recognize, and innovate in response to, deeply ingrained values of both individual responsibility and community solidarity. To foster long-term stability in health care, effective policy must strive toward meeting the following essential needs: (1) optimal population health, (2) consumer and provider satisfaction, (3) fiscally stable and affordable funding sources, and (4) replacement opportunities for jobs lost to restructuring.