Impedance Research Articles

Analysis of the effectiveness of two different loss functions in training a neural network in lung image reconstruction using impedance tomography

The article presents research findings on developing a medical diagnostic system based on electrical impedance tomography technology. One of the key components of this project is developing a method for reconstructing the structure of human lungs using this technology. The authors of the article compared the effectiveness of two different loss functions in training a neural network, which is tasked with accurately replicating the lung structure based on electrical impedance tomography data. The researchers analyzed various approaches to calculating loss functions, including cosine embedding loss and InfoNCE loss. They compared the results obtained using these two functions to identify which one performs better in lung structure reconstruction. The findings of these studies may have significant implications for the development of diagnostic systems based on electrical impedance tomography and for improving the effectiveness of lung disease diagnosis. Additionally, the authors discuss potential future directions for the project, including possible applications of the research findings in clinical practice. Future research efforts may focus on optimizing neural network parameters, exploring alternative loss functions, or utilizing advanced machine learning techniques for even more precise lung structure reconstruction. The pursuit of improving such diagnostic systems could lead to significant advancements in the field of medicine, particularly in diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases.

Advanced bladder analysis using ultrasonic and electrical impedance tomography with machine learning algorithms

Purpose: The primary purpose of the study is to reconstruct the bladder based on the tomographic measurements obtained. Depending on the type of tomography used, two approaches are presented. Methods: In the first presented case, the measurements were collected using ultrasonic tomography, while in the second one, they were gathered with electrical impedance tomography. Deterministic methods and machine learning algorithms, such as Elastic Net, Least Angle Regression, and a Neural Network, were used to obtain the bladder reconstruction. Results: The bladder's position and size can be recognized based on the tomographic measurements of the UST and EIT. Both methods allow for its effective reconstruction. Discussion: The research results are satisfactory, but their effectiveness is debatable. Future studies will focus on comparing and optimizing both solutions regarding reconstruction time.

RADIATION-STIMULATED CONVERSION TO SUPERIONIC STATE OF TlSe AND TlS CRYSTALS

The electrical properties of TlSe and TlS compounds were studied in a constant and alternating measuring field when exposed to various doses of gamma radiation in the temperature range of 300…400 K. In a constant electric field, a decrease in electrical conductivity with time was detected. Complex impedance spectra were measured in the frequency range 20…106 Hz. It is shown that in the studied range of temperatures, frequencies and doses of γ-radiation, conductivity is ionic in nature. The electrical properties of TlSe and TlS crystals are determined by the conductivity of Tl+1 ions and the accumulation of charge carriers near the blocking silver electrodes.

Effects of different VV ECMO blood flow rates on lung perfusion assessment by hypertonic saline bolus-based electrical impedance tomography

ObjectiveOur study aimed to investigate the effects of different extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) blood flow rates on lung perfusion assessment using the saline bolus-based electrical impedance tomography (EIT) technique in patients on veno-venous (VV) ECMO.MethodsIn this single-centered prospective physiological study, patients on VV ECMO who met the ECMO weaning criteria were assessed for lung perfusion using saline bolus-based EIT at various ECMO blood flow rates (gradually decreased from 4.5 L/min to 3.5 L/min, 2.5 L/min, 1.5 L/min, and finally to 0 L/min). Lung perfusion distribution, dead space, shunt, ventilation/perfusion matching, and recirculation fraction at different flow rates were compared.ResultsFifteen patients were included. As the ECMO blood flow rate decreased from 4.5 L/min to 0 L/min, the recirculation fraction decreased significantly. The main EIT-based findings were as follows. (1) Median lung perfusion significantly increased in region-of-interest (ROI) 2 and the ventral region [38.21 (34.93–42.16)% to 41.29 (35.32–43.75)%, p = 0.003, and 48.86 (45.53–58.96)% to 54.12 (45.07–61.16)%, p = 0.037, respectively], whereas it significantly decreased in ROI 4 and the dorsal region [7.87 (5.42–9.78)% to 6.08 (5.27–9.34)%, p = 0.049, and 51.14 (41.04–54.47)% to 45.88 (38.84–54.93)%, p = 0.037, respectively]. (2) Dead space significantly decreased, and ventilation/perfusion matching significantly increased in both the ventral and global regions. (3) No significant variations were observed in regional and global shunt.ConclusionsDuring VV ECMO, the ECMO blood flow rate, closely linked to recirculation fraction, could affect the accuracy of lung perfusion assessment using hypertonic saline bolus-based EIT.

A Miniature Modular Fluorescence Flow Cytometry System.

Fluorescence flow cytometry is a powerful instrument to distinguish cells or particles labelled with high-specificity fluorophores. However, traditional flow cytometry is complex, bulky, and inconvenient for users to adjust fluorescence channels. In this paper, we present a modular fluorescence flow cytometry (M-FCM) system in which fluorescence channels can be flexibly arranged. Modules for particle focusing and fluorescence detection were developed. After hydrodynamical focusing, the cells were measured in the detection modules, which were integrated with in situ illumination and fluorescence detection. The signal-to-noise ratio of the detection reached to 33.2 dB. The crosstalk among the fluorescence channels was eliminated. The M-FCM system was applied to evaluate cell viability in drug screening, agreeing well with the commercial cytometry. The modular cytometry presents several outstanding features: flexibility in setting fluorescence channels, cost efficiency, compact construction, ease of operation, and the potential to upgrade for multifunctional measurements. The modular cytometry provides a multifunctional platform for various biophysical measurements, e.g., electrical impedance and refractive-index detection. The proposed work paves an innovative avenue for the multivariate analysis of cellular characteristics.

Accretion of SiO2/doped-Si cuboid for terahertz absorber and impedance matching

This paper presents an ultra-broadband polarization-insensitive terahertz absorber that consists of a doped Si substrate and a triple-layer of doped Si covered with a SiO2 anti-reflective coating. The finite element method is used to investigate the absorption of the absorber. The absorber exhibits high absorption rates of over 95 % between frequencies of 0.9 THz and 9.2 THz, with a center frequency of 5.05 THz and a relative bandwidth ratio of 164 %. Moreover, it exhibits outstanding wide-angle absorption properties, achieving over 90 % absorption at angles of incidence ranging from 0 to 55° and frequencies spanning from 1.1 to 10 THz. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms behind broadband absorption and high absorption rates are studied by analyzing the electric field distribution and impedance matching theory. Additionally, this absorber showcases excellent fabrication tolerance. Therefore, the proposed terahertz absorber featuring doped silicon triple-layer stacked arrays has significant potential in applications such as sensing, stealth technology, and biomedicine.

Effect of Finger Moisture on Tactile Perception of Electroadhesion.

We investigate the effect of finger moisture on the tactile perception of electroadhesion with 10 participants. Participants with moist fingers exhibited markedly higher threshold levels. Our electrical impedance measurements show a substantial reduction in impedance magnitude when sweat is present at the finger-touchscreen interface, indicating increased conductivity. Supporting this, our mechanical friction measurements show that the relative increase in electrostatic force due to electroadhesion is lower for a moist finger.

A polysaccharide extracted from guar beans-based gel polymer electrolytes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

Liquid electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), while effective in minimizing recombination of TiO2 conduction band with redox couple (I−/I3−), suffer from leakage and evaporation issues, hindering commercialization. Although solid-state electrolytes were introduced as an alternative, their performance is constrained by poor electrode contact. To solve these issues, gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) have been formulated based on guar gum (GG) crosslinked with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG 200) incorporating potassium iodide (KI) as the doping salt. The incorporation of PEG 200 into the GPE allows a stable gel polymer electrolyte to form by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the organic solvent. The GPE boasts a structure free from leakage, showcases captivating ionic conductivity and thermal stability. Comprehensive structural and thermal analyses, including Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) have been carried out. The electrochemical properties of the GPE were also studied via Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and are significantly enhanced with higher concentration of KI introduced into the GPE. The highest ionic conductivity (σ) value of 9.76 × 10−3 S cm−1 is obtained in the GPE contained 40 wt% KI, with an efficiency of 5.65 %. Importantly, this study introduces a better and effective approach for designing electrolyte materials with high ionic conductivity, efficiency, and stability in DSSC.

A solar-driven hygroscopic aerogel using electrical impedance tomography for exploiting differentiated photothermal interfaces

Photothermal materials and structures are essential for the actual performance of interfacial solar-steam generation systems in atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technologies. However, the absence of theoretical insights into water desorption, diffusion, and heat transfer at the photothermal interface can impede the development of efficient solar interfacial AWH technologies. To address this gap, we introduce an in-situ imaging approach utilizing the electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system to dynamically visualize the water desorption process within aerogels in real time. The visualization outcomes highlight that the effectiveness of moisture desorption in aerogels is influenced by critical factors, including heat concentration, the localization of heating and cooling, and minimal diffusion resistance. Furthermore, the microstructure and temperature disparities on different sides drive internal water movement and evaporation. The proposed design of the generalized EIT visualization detection system aims to reveal the desorption kinetics of highly efficient solar-driven AWH materials, paving the way for a new frontier in studying the interfacial solar-steam generation process.

Influence of electric current on tribological performance of grease-lubricated steels

In the rapidly growing field of electrification of mechanical systems, such as electric vehicles (EVs), it is needed to understand how electric currents affect lubricated mechanical interfaces. In this research, we employed a ball-on-disc tribometer to analyze the friction and wear behavior under varying direct current (DC) conditions (0, 1, 2, 3 A) on the steel contact surfaces lubricated with lithium base grease. To study the influence of electrical parameters on the mechanical behaviors of the interface, the impedance of the contact was measured with an alternating current (AC). The results revealed 35 % increase in coefficient of friction and 670 % rise in wear under 3 A compared to non-electrified conditions. Furthermore, the effect of operational speeds on the pitting density and electrical impedance were analyzed. Lower impedance was measured in at low speed, which increases the likelihood of electrical discharges and subsequent wear. Consequently, as sliding speed increases from 0 to 5 cm/s, the pitting density on lubricated surfaces significantly decreases from 1.8 to 0.4 pits per square micrometer. This study laid a groundwork for future research aimed at reducing wear and extending the lifespan of lubricated mechanical systems under the influence of electrical currents.

The significance of upper glycolytic components in regulating retinal pigment epithelial cellular behavior

Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and its natural outcome of cell spreading, along with the maintenance of barrier activity, are essential behaviors of epithelial cells, including retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Disruptions in these characteristics can result in severe vision-threatening diseases such as diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration. However, the precise mechanisms underlying how RPE cells regulate their barrier integrity and cell spreading are not fully understood. This study aims to elucidate the relative importance of upper glycolytic components in governing these cellular behaviors of RPE cells. Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) technology was utilized to assess in real-time the effects of targeting various upper glycolytic enzymes on RPE barrier function and cell spreading by measuring cell resistance and capacitance, respectively. Specific inhibitors used included WZB117 for Glut1 inhibition, Lonidamine for Hexokinase inhibition, PFK158 for PFKFB3/PFK axis inhibition, and TDZD-8 for Aldolase inhibition. Additionally, the viability of RPE cells was evaluated using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay. The most significant decrease in electrical resistance and increase in capacitance of RPE cells were observed due to dose-dependent inhibition of Glut1 using WZB117, as well as Aldolase inhibition with TDZD-8. LDH level analysis at 24–72 h post-treatment with WZB117 (1 and 10 μM) or TDZD-8 (1 μM) showed no significant difference compared to the control, indicating that the disruption of RPE functionality was not attributed to cell death. Lastly, inhibition of other upper glycolytic components, including PFKFB3/PFK with PFK158 or Hexokinase with Lonidamine, did not significantly affect RPE cell behavior. This study provides insights into the varied roles of upper glycolytic components in regulating the functionality of RPE cells. Specifically, it highlights the critical roles of Glut1 and Aldolase in preserving barrier integrity and promoting RPE cell adhesion and spreading. Such understanding will guide the development of safe interventions to treat RPE cell dysfunction in various retinal disorders.

DEIT-Based Bone Position and Orientation Estimation for Robotic Support in Total Knee Arthroplasty-A Computational Feasibility Study.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a well-established and successful treatment option for patients with end-stage osteoarthritis of the knee, providing high patient satisfaction. Robotic systems have been widely adopted to perform TKA in orthopaedic centres. The exact spatial positions of the femur and tibia are usually determined through pinned trackers, providing the surgeon with an exact illustration of the axis of the lower limb. The drilling of holes required for mounting the trackers creates weak spots, causing adverse events such as bone fracture. In the presented computational feasibility study, time differential electrical impedance tomography is used to locate the femur positions, thereby the difference in conductivity distribution between two distinct states s0 and s1 of the measured object is reconstructed. The overall approach was tested by simulating five different configurations of thigh shape and considered tissue conductivity distributions. For the cylinder models used for verification and reference, the reconstructed position deviated by about ≈1 mm from the actual bone centre. In case of models mimicking a realistic cross section of the femur position deviated between 7.9 mm 24.8 mm. For all models, the bone axis was off by about φ=1.50° from its actual position.

Discrimination of Microplastics and Phytoplankton Using Impedance Cytometry.

Both microplastics and phytoplankton are found together in the ocean as suspended microparticles. There is a need for deployable technologies that can identify, size, and count these particles at high throughput to monitor plankton community structure and microplastic pollution levels. In situ analysis is particularly desirable as it avoids the problems associated with sample storage, processing, and degradation. Current technologies for phytoplankton and microplastic analysis are limited in their capability by specificity, throughput, or lack of deployability. Little attention has been paid to the smallest size fraction of microplastics and phytoplankton below 10 μm in diameter, which are in high abundance. Impedance cytometry is a technique that uses microfluidic chips with integrated microelectrodes to measure the electrical impedance of individual particles. Here, we present an impedance cytometer that can discriminate and count microplastics sampled directly from a mixture of phytoplankton in a seawater-like medium in the 1.5-10 μm size range. A simple machine learning algorithm was used to classify microplastic particles based on dual-frequency impedance measurements of particle size (at 1 MHz) and cell internal electrical composition (at 500 MHz). The technique shows promise for marine deployment, as the chip is sensitive, rugged, and mass producible.

Deventilation syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using nocturnal non-invasive ventilation: what are the underlying mechanisms?

Introduction Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) commonly experience severe dyspnea after discontinuation of nocturnal non-invasive ventilation (NIV), known as deventilation syndrome (DVS), which negatively affects quality of life. Despite various hypotheses, the precise mechanisms of DVS remain unknown. Methods An observational pilot study was performed monitoring 16 stable COPD patients, before, during and after an afternoon nap on NIV. Seven patients experienced DVS (Borge dyspnea scale ≥ 5), while nine served as controls (Borg Dyspnea Scale ≤ 2). Hyperinflation was evaluated through inspiratory capacity (IC) measurements and end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) via electrical impedance tomography. Respiratory muscle activity was assessed by diaphragmatic surface electromyography (sEMG). Results Post-NIV dyspnea scores were significantly higher in the DVS group (5[3-7] vs. 0[0-1.5], p<0.001). IC values were lower in the DVS group compared to controls, both pre- (54[41-63] vs. 88[72-94] %pred., p=0.006) and post-NIV (45[40-59] vs. 76[65-82] %pred., p=0.005), while no intergroup difference was seen in IC changes pre- and post-NIV. EELI values after NIV indicated a tendency towards lower values in controls and higher values in DVS patients. sEMG amplitudes were higher in the DVS group within the first 5 minutes post-NIV (221[112-294] vs. 100[58-177]% of baseline, p=0.030). Conclusion This study suggests that it is unlikely that DVS originates from the inability to create diaphragmatic muscle activity after NIV. Instead, NIV-induced hyperinflation in individuals with static hyperinflation may play a significant role. Addressing hyperinflation holds promise in preventing DVS symptoms in COPD patients.

AC conductivity, dielectric and thermal properties of hybrid composite: bagasse cellulose carbon nanofibers composite

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of incorporating carbon nanofibers (CNFs) into sugar cane cellulose at a high weight ratio (6 wt.%). Composite samples were prepared using a hot hydraulic press technique, and their thermal stability was analyzed through thermal gravitational analysis in a nitrogen environment. The results indicate that the cellulose-CNF composite exhibits a simplified single-stage decomposition compared to the more complex behavior observed in pure cellulose. FTIR analysis reveals the presence of –OH bonds, indicating enhanced hydrophilic properties in the composite. Dielectric spectroscopy, conducted over a frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz, explores the effects of CNFs on the relaxation and conduction mechanisms at different temperatures. Parameters such as dielectric permittivity, AC conductivity, electrical modulus, and complex impedance were studied, incorporating Jonscher’s equation, and the Havriliak–Negami model. The interplay between interfacial charge and cellulose crystallinity emerged as a crucial factor in the observed dielectric behavior. Overall, this research provides insights into the thermal and dielectric properties of cellulose/CNF composites, offering potential applications in diverse fields.

Определение вязкости и диэлектрической проницаемости жидкости методом эквивалентных схем с помощью резонатора с поперечным электрическим полем

The paper presents a method for determining the viscosity and permittivity of a liquid using the equivalent circuit method. The parameters of the Mason equivalent circuit were found for a piezoelectric resonator with a lateral electric field made of PZT-19 ceramics. The frequency dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the electrical impedance of a resonator loaded with liquid samples with different viscosity and permittivity were measured. The fitting of the theoretical frequency dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the electrical impedance of a resonator loaded with mixtures of “water - isopropyl alcohol” and “water - glycerin” to the measured dependences was carried out. As the result the dependence of the permittivity of the liquid on the additional capacitance (determined from the Mason scheme) and the dependence of the shear fluid viscosity on the imaginary part of the mechanical impedance of the fluid load (determined from the Mason scheme) were built. These dependences can be used as calibration curves to determine dielectric constant and viscosity.

Characterising Skin Electrical Impedance Using Tape Stripping Methods: A Bioelectrical Study of a Porcine Model.

Background Recent advancements in ultra-low power electronics and wireless devices have facilitated the widespread adoption of wearable technology for fitness and health monitoring, paving the way for personalized medicine. Microneedle-based devices, comprising small epidermal patches that penetrate the skin's stratum corneum to potentially access biomarkers in the extracellular fluid of the viable epidermis, represent a promising innovation in this field. Objectives This project aimed to develop and validate a novel method to evaluate microneedle engagement in the skin in real-time. To our knowledge, there are no studies published to date that have characterized the electrical impedance of stratum corneum and epidermis using the tape stripping method to selectively remove cell layers. Additionally, no studies have been published comparing the electrical impedance of fresh to frozen-thawed porcine skin. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel method to evaluate microneedle engagement in skin, in real-time, that does not require processing of the tissue. Methods A tape stripping technique was employed to selectively remove the stratum corneum from fresh and frozen-thawed porcine skin samples which were then electrically characterized using an excitation frequency of 5 kHz with a peak Voltage of 1 V. Results This study demonstrated a mean impedance reduction of 97.08 ± 1.3 % for fresh porcine skin, and 98.04 ± 0.3 % for frozen-thawed porcine skin when transitioning from the surface stratum corneum to the viable epidermis. The correlation between the reduction of impedance and the number of tape strips across all 18 test sites was significant (r = 0.98, p < 0.00001). However, comparing the skin impedance of the fresh and frozen-thawed specimens showed poor equivalence, with the frozen-thawed sites approximately 5.5 times the impedance of the fresh sites before any tape stripping, and 4.19 times greater after 30 tape strips. Conclusions These findings suggest that monitoring for an interelectrode impedance decrease of greater than 95% between two projections of a microneedle device could provide a rapid and effective evaluation of skin engagement, crucial for advancing the development and clinical application of microneedle-based technologies in personalized medicine. The study also underscores the impact of the freeze-thaw process on the mechanical and electrical properties of skin, which is crucial for standardizing testing protocols.

Exploring the Relationship between Mechanical Properties and Electrical Impedance in Cement-Based Composites Incorporating Gold Nanoparticles.

Structural health monitoring applications have gained significant attention in recent research, particularly in the study of the mechanical-electrical properties of materials such as cement-based composites. While most researchers have focused on the piezoresistive properties of cement-based composites under compressive stress, exploring the electrical impedance of such materials can provide valuable insights into the relationship between their mechanical and electrical characteristics. In this study, we investigated the connection between the mechanical properties and electrical impedance of cement-based composites modified with Au nanoparticles. Cylindrical samples with dimensions of 3 cm in diameter and 6 cm in length were prepared with a ratio of w/c = 0.47. The Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized using pulsed laser ablation in liquids, and their size distribution was analyzed through dynamical light scattering. Mechanical properties were evaluated by analyzing the Young modulus derived from strain-stress curves obtained at various force rates. Electrical properties were measured by means of electrical impedance spectroscopy. The experimental results revealed a notable reduction of 91% in the mechanical properties of Au NPs-cement compounds, while their electrical properties demonstrated a significant improvement of 65%. Interestingly, the decrease in mechanical properties resulting from the inclusion of gold nanoparticles in cementitious materials was found to be comparable to that resulting from variations in the water/cement ratios or the hydration reaction.

(Battery Student Slam 8 Award Winner) Multi-Clustered Lithium Diffusion in Single-Crystalline NMC Battery Particles

Understanding the diffusion dynamics of lithium within solid-state electrodes is pivotal for developing high-performance batteries. In this context, layered oxides were utilized as a promising cathode material due to their high energy density and fast intraparticle lithium diffusivity. Despite advancements in material composition, coating, and doping, the understanding of intraparticle lithium diffusion has long been described by Fick's law. Conventionally, lithium diffusion is assumed to generate a monotonic lithium concentration gradient within solid-solution single-crystalline battery materials during cycling. This raises fundamental questions about diffusion in layered oxides; (1) Can the diffusion of Li in solids be interpreted as Fickian diffusion, similar to diffusion in gases or liquids, even though it involves structural and phase evolution throughout the battery cycle? and, (2) Does the fast diffusivity (10-11-10-9 cm2/s) support the homogenization of Li?In this study, we address these questions surrounding lithium diffusion in layered oxide by utilizing operando scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. We revealed the formation of mobile Li-dense/-dilute nano-domains within individual single-crystalline LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (scNMC) during battery cycles. We term this phenomenon ‘multi-clustered lithium diffusion’, distinguishing our findings from the conventionally suggested Fickian diffusion model in solid-solution materials. These domains persist for at least 4 hours during relaxation, accompanied by locally residing strained domains, as confirmed by Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI), within a single particle. We believe these domains arise due to the compensation of localized chemical potential gradients that are generated by the sustained presence of strain within the battery particles during cycling.While maintaining integrity of Li-dense/-dilute domain at various C-rates, STXM result further show that Li-dilute domains maintain during the discharging. Given the lower concentration of Li at insertion boundaries, which could lower the surface charge transfer impedance of the system, Li-dilute domains facilitate lithium transport by functioning as low-resistance pathways. Through a comprehensive analysis of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), STXM imaging and finite element analysis (FEA), we showed that controlling the local domain fraction is crucial for controlling the overpotential during subsequent charging. Our study introduces new insights into nanoscale solid-state diffusion, thereby enabling the fabrication of high-performance batteries. Figure 1

Investigation of Electrical Impedance of Human Breast Cancer Cells and Osteosarcoma Cells

Nanostructures exhibit a high aspect ratio and volume-specific surface area, endowing them with unique physical and chemical properties distinct from conventional bulk materials[1]. This study aims to develop cell-based biosensors (CBBs) for the non-invasive monitoring of MCF-7 (ATCC-HTB-22) and U2OS (ATCC-HTB-96) cell conditions. Vertically aligned nanostructures, coated with indium tin oxide (ITO), were employed as sensing substrates for cell growth. A polystyrene cylinder, attached to the (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS)-modified ITO sensing substrate using PDMS, was utilized to create a cell culture chamber. Impedance measurements were conducted with an E4980A precision LCR meter (Agilent Technologies) at 1 V, covering a frequency range of 20 Hz to 2 MHz, with 201 sample points. We verified the establishment of a functional biointerface by seeding MCF-7 and U2OS cells and monitoring impedance changes, indicative of cell attachment and growth. In conclusion, we successfully adopted the APTMS-modified ITO-coated sensing substrate to measure the impedance of MCF-7 and U2OS cells. Our goal is for this CBB platform to significantly contribute to the advancement of cancer drug development. References A. Gao et al., "Silicon-Nanowire-Based CMOS-Compatible Field-Effect Transistor Nanosensors for Ultrasensitive Electrical Detection of Nucleic Acids". Nano Lett. 11, 3974-3978 (2011). Figure 1