Growth Impairment In Children Research Articles

Prevalence of childhood stunting and determinants in low and lower-middle income African countries: Evidence from standard demographic and health survey.

Undernutrition poses a significant global public health challenge, adversely affecting childhood cognitive and physical development while increasing the risk of disease and mortality. Stunting, characterized by impaired growth and development in children due to insufficient psychological stimulation, frequent infections, and inadequate nutrition, remains a critical issue. Although economic growth alone cannot fully address the prevalence of stunting, there exists a robust correlation between a country's income level and childhood stunting rates. Countries with higher incomes tend to have lower rates of childhood stunting. Notably, while childhood stunting is declining worldwide, it remains persistent in Africa. Consequently, this study aims to assess the prevalence of childhood stunting and its determinants in low- and lower-middle-income African countries. This study conducted a secondary analysis of standard demographic and health surveys in low- and lower-middle-income African countries spanning the period from 2010 to 2022. The analysis included a total sample of 204,214 weighted children under the age of five years. To identify the determinants of stunting, we employed a multilevel mixed-effect model, considering the three levels of variables. The measures of association (fixed effect) were determined using the adjusted odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval. Significance was declared when the association between the outcome variable and the explanatory variable had a p-value less than 0.05. In low and lower-middle-income African countries, 31.28% of children under five years old experience stunting, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 31.08% to 31.48%. The results from a multilevel mixed-effect analysis revealed that 24 months or more of age of child, male gender, low and high birth weight, low and high maternal BMI, no and low maternal education, low household wealth index, multiple (twin or triplet) births, rural residence, and low income of countries were significantly associated with childhood stunting. Stunting among children under five years of age in low- and lower-middle-income African countries was relatively high. Individual, community, and country-level factors were statistically associated with childhood stunting. Equally importantly, with child, maternal, and community factors of stunting, the income of countries needs to be considered in providing nutritional interventions to mitigate childhood stunting in Africa.

Growth impairment in children with atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis and pituitary hyperplasia.

Atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis (AAT) is a rare phenotype of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) in pediatric age. AAT occurs without thyroid enlargement leading to a delay in its diagnosis. Growth impairment is infrequent in autoimmune thyroiditis, if timely diagnosed. Prolonged severe hypothyroidism is a rare cause of pituitary hyperplasia (PH) in childhood. Loss of thyroxine negative feedback causes a TRH-dependent hyperplasia of pituitary thyrotroph cells resulting in adenohypophysis enlargement. A transdifferentiation of pituitary somatotroph cells into thyrotroph cells could explain growth failure in those patients. Twelve patients were retrospectively evaluated at five Italian and Polish Centres of Pediatric Endocrinology for height growth impairment. In all Centres, patients underwent routine clinical, biochemical and radiological evaluations. At the time of first assessment, the 75% of patients presented height growth arrest, while the remaining ones showed growth impairment. The study of thyroid function documented a condition of hypothyroidism, due to AT, in the entire cohort, although all patients had no thyroid enlargement. Thyroid ultrasound showed frankly atrophic or normal gland without goiter. Cerebral MRI documented symmetrical enlargement of the adenohypophysis in all patients and a homogeneous enhancement of the gland after the administration of Gadolinium-DPTA. Replacement therapy with levothyroxine was started and patients underwent close follow-up every 3 months. During the 12 months of follow-up, an improvement in terms of height growth has been observed in 88% of patients who continued the follow-up. Laboratory findings showed normalization of thyroid function and the control brain MRI documented complete regression of PH to a volume within the normal range for age and sex. This is the largest pediatric cohort with severe autoimmune primary hypothyroidism without goiter, but with pituitary hyperplasia in which significant growth impairment was the most evident presenting sign. AAT phenotype might be correlated with this specific clinical presentation. In youths with growth impairment, hypothyroidism should always be excluded even in the absence of clear clinical signs of dysthyroidism.

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PENENTUAN STATUS GIZI BALITA PADA DINAS KESEHATAN KABUPATEN ALOR MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA C4.5

Assessment of nutritional status plays a very important role in monitoring children's nutrition. If the assessment of nutritional status is carried out correctly and accurately, signs or symptoms of impaired growth and development in children can be identified early so that mitigation and prevention can be carried out in an effort to improve the nutritional status of children under five. And the occurrence of nutritional problems can be minimized. For this reason, determining the nutritional status of toddlers must be done quickly and accurately. Puskesmas as the technical implementer of the Health Service, has the main task of collecting data and assessing the nutritional status of toddlers and submitting the results of the assessment to the Health Service. The determination of nutritional status that has been carried out is by looking at and calculating the standard anthropometric table for assessing the nutritional status of toddlers according to the Decree. Minister of Health Number: 1995/Menkes/SK/XII/2010. However, Puskesmas are often slow in treating large numbers of patients and also have limited resources, especially in areas where there is a shortage of medical personnel. So this also influences the results of the assessment of determining the nutritional status of toddlers. For this reason, the Health Service needs to provide an optimal method for determining the nutritional status of toddlers to be used by Community Health Centers to determine the nutritional status of toddlers quickly, precisely and accurately. So researchers have conducted research and produced a decision support system for determining nutritional status in toddlers using the C4.5 algorithm. Test results to measure algorithm performance using the Confusion Matrix, Accuracy, Precision and Recall testing method, it is known that the C4.5 algorithm has an accuracy value of 72.13 %, Precision value 71.43% and Recall value 22.73% Keywords : Decision Support, Nutritional Status, Toddlers, C4.5 Algorithm

Edukasi Terhadap Ibu Bayi Dalam Upaya Preventif Stunting Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Moncongloe

Stunting is a major nutritional problem that will have an impact on social and economic life in society. There is clear evidence that stunted individuals have higher rates of death from various causes and increased incidence of disease. Stunting will affect physical work performance, mental and intellectual functions will be disrupted and is associated with impaired immune function and increases the risk of death. Stunting is a nutritional problem that arises due to a lack of nutritional intake, resulting in impaired growth in children. This community service activity is carried out with the aim of increasing mothers' knowledge about stunting and its prevention efforts. The educational method used is through counseling. Activities are carried out in pre-test stages, providing education through counseling about stunting and its prevention, and finally a post-test. Data analysis was carried out using the Paired Samples T-Test with the subjects namely mothers with toddlers aged 6-24 months. The results show that there is an increase in the average knowledge score of mothers after receiving education, namely 11.19 points, the average pre-test score = 70.27 and the average post-test score = 81.46. The results of statistical analysis show a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05), so it can be concluded that providing education through counseling has an effect on increasing mothers' knowledge regarding stunting and its prevention efforts.

Impact of indoor Air Pollution on the Linear growth of children in Jimma, Ethiopia

BackgroundStunting in children is the term for reduced linear growth and development, which is frequently brought on by a persistently inadequate diet, recurrent infections and chronic diseases or poor health conditions. Apart from the classic covariates of stunting, which include diet and illness, the relative contribution of household air pollution to chronic nutrition conditions is least studied. Hence, this study is conducted to investigate the impact of household air pollution on the linear growth of under-five children in Jimma town, Ethiopia.MethodsA prospective cohort study was employed to collect data from 280 under-five children who lived in households using solid fuel (exposed group, n = 140) and clean fuel (unexposed group, n = 140). Height-for-age Z scores were compared in both groups over a 12-month follow-up period. The difference in differences estimators were used for comparison of changes in the height-for-age Z scores from baseline to end line in exposed and non-exposed groups. The independent effect of the use of solid fuels on height-for-age Z scores was analyzed through a multivariable linear regression model. Statistical Significances were declared at P < 0.05 and 95% CI level.ResultsIn an unadjusted model (Model 1), compared with the clean fuel type, the mean difference in the height-for-age Z score of children in households using solid fuel was lower by 0.54 (-0.54, 95% CI -0.97, -0.12, P = 0.011). The beta coefficient remained negative after adjusting for age and sex (Model 2 -0.543, 95% CI -1.373, -0.563) and sociodemographic variables (Model 3: -0.543, 95% CI -1.362, -0.575). In the final model (Model 4), which adjusted for wealth quantile, dietary practice, water, sanitation and hygiene status and household food insecurity access scale, the beta coefficient held the same and significant (beta: -0.543, 95% CI -1.357, -0.579, P < 0.001). Higher HAZ scores were observed among female child (β: = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.69), Child with father attended higher education (β: = 0.304 95%CI: 0.304, 95% CI 0.19, 0.41) as compared to male gender and those who did not attend a formal education, respectively. In contrast, child living in households with poor hygiene practices had lower HAZ score (β: -0.226, 95% CI: -0.449, -0.003), P < 0.001.ConclusionsExposure to indoor air pollution was inversely related to linear growth. Furthermore, sex, educational status and hygiene were found relevant predictors of linear growth. In such a setting, there is a need to step up efforts to design and implement public education campaigns regarding the health risks associated with exposure to household air pollution. Promoting improvements to kitchen ventilation and the use of improved cooking stoves, which will help to mitigate the detrimental effects of indoor air pollution on child growth impairment and its long-term effects.

Socioeconomic Level of Mrs. Baduta Stunting

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem due to lack of nutritional intake in the long term, resulting in impaired growth in children. Stunting is also one of the causes of stunted children's height, so it is lower than children their age. This study aims to determine the socioeconomic level of stunting mothers. The quantitative research design of this study sample was 27 stunting mothers and the sampling method used total sampling. This type of research uses a descriptive method by collecting information from respondents by asking several survey questions. The results in this study are that the majority of stunting mothers are aged 20-29 years as many as 19 people (70.4%), the majority of stunting baduta mothers' education is SMK (51.9%), the majority of stunting baduta mothers' jobs are IRT as many as 25 people (92.6%). It can be concluded that a mother's educational history affects children's growth and development, family income affects the incidence of stunting and mother's work affects the occurrence of stunting in children. It is expected that mothers need to increase knowledge about nutritional status in feeding children.

Women Farmers Awareness in Stunting Prevention Actions through the Community Development and Empowerment Program (Pro-Bebaya) in North Samarinda District, Indonesia

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that results in impaired child growth. To reduce the prevalence of stunting, preventive action is needed, in this case in the form of maternal behavior in efforts to prevent stunting in the family. The Samarinda City Government is committed to carrying out integrated actions to accelerate the reduction in the number of stunting cases through the community development and empowerment program (Pro Bebaya) especially in rural areas. Awareness of farming households, especially women farmers, in taking action to prevent stunting is very important. This research aims to provide an overview of the behavior of women farmers as a form of awareness in efforts to prevent stunting in farming families through their knowledge about stunting, providing exclusive breast milk, complementary food, and a clean and healthy lifestyle (PHBS), attitudes and actions taken to prevent it. stunting which then creates awareness for preventing stunting in farming families. The design of this research is cross-sectional. The total sample of 59 was selected purposively, namely female farmers, and farmer's wives who have children aged 0-2 years) who are active in posyandu activities. The data analysis method used descriptive associative analysis and bivariate Spearman Rank Correlation. The results of the research show that there wasis a very weak and unidirectional correlation (-) between age, working status, and the number of children in women farmers' awareness of preventive action against stunting, while the relationship was very weak in the same direction (+) only with the education factor. The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and stunting prevention actions on women farmers' awareness of preventive actions showed a strong and significant correlation at 0.01.

Penanganan Stunting Berbasis Pemilihan Pangan dan Pengaturan Pola Konsumsi Pangan di Kelurahan Pesisir Kecamatan Limapuluh Kota Pekanbaru

One problem of malnutrition that has become quite prominent recently is stunting. Stunting Impaired growth and development of children due to chronic malnutrition and recurrent infections, which is characterized by their body length or height being below the standards set by the minister in charge of government affairs in the health sector (Presidential Regulation No. 72 of 2021 concerning PPS). The problems faced by mothers of stunted children are a lack of knowledge about nutritious food and a lack of skills in managing food consumption in the family, especially in Pesisir Village, Limapuluh District, Pekanbaru City.Based on the problems above, the following solutions were formulated: 1) Increasing knowledge about nutritious food, 2) Increasing understanding in regulating food consumption in the household and 3) Providing assistance.The results of the evaluation through pre-test and post-test through counseling showed that there was an increase in knowledge of 60.61% or at sufficient criteria (Arikunto, 2006). These results indicate that before the outreach activity, some participants were already familiar with stunting and how to prevent and handle it. This can be explained because the Pesisir sub-district, Limapuluh District, Pekanbaru City is the highest locus of stunting (Pekanbaru City Health Service (e-PPGBM- 2022). With this condition, the Pesisir sub-district, Limapuluh District, Pekanbaru City is receiving serious attention to reduce the stunting rate, so there are many programs activities carried out by various agencies to reduce stunting rates. Apart from that, the team provided assistance in the form of 2 trays of eggs per family (60 eggs).

Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang Anemia dan Stunting Pada Ibu Hamil

Introduction: Anemia during pregnancy is a public health problem, especially in developing countries, and is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. During pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia adversely affects maternal and fetal well-being and is associated with increased fetal morbidity and mortality. Affected mothers often experience difficulty breathing, fainting, fatigue, heart palpitations, and difficulty sleeping. They also have an increased risk of developing perinatal infections, pre-eclampsia, and bleeding. Babies whose birth weight is less than 2,500 grams will carry the risk of death and impaired child growth, including the risk of being stunted if not handled properly. Objective: This activity aims to increase pregnant women's knowledge about anemia and stunting so that pregnant women can have a healthy pregnancy. Methods: Health education activities about anemia and stunting were given to pregnant women in Joton Keboarum village, Klaten. This activity began with a coordination meeting with the village midwife regarding the implementation of providing anemia and stunting health education. The media used is material in the form of Power Point, which is provided with the help of an OHP. Results: The most knowledge of pregnant women before being given counseling was poor knowledge, as many as 9 pregnant women (69.2%), while the knowledge of pregnant women after being given counseling was mostly good knowledge, as many as 11 pregnant women (84.6%). Conclusion : there was an increase in knowledge about anemia and stunting after being given health education

Factors affecting stunting among 3–12 years old girls of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India

Stunting is the impaired growth and development in children caused due to poor nutrition, recurrent infections and lack of psychosocial stimulus. Because stunting affects physical development and inhibits the child from attaining his full cognitive development as an adult, children may never regain the height lost due to stunting. Stunting (Low height-for-age) in infants and young children is a simple, wellknown indicator of undernutrition. The current study sought to determine the effects of socio-economic and demographic factors on the frequency of stunting among Bengalee girls. The study was carried out in the Deshopran block and Haldia municipality area (West Bengal, India). The total number of participants included in the study was 530 Bengalee girls. 53.39% (283) of study participants were urban residents while 46.61% (247) were rural residents. Stunted growth in children was defined as the height for a given age in children less than two standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards. The prevalence of stunting among girls in our study was 11.13%. The predictor variables with substantial associations with stunting in the binary logistic regression (BLR) analyses were further used in the multiple binary logistic regression (MBLR) analyses. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to calculate the stunting risk. Results showed that the risk of stunting was significantly associated with low birth weight, presence of younger brothers, a large number of family members and place of delivery. Improving maternal and child access to nutrient-rich food, decreasing infectious disease, and promoting women empowerment initiatives are the main recommendations for resolving the issue.

Serum Levels of Hormones Regulating Appetite in Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.

Prenatal alcohol exposure is the cause of impaired growth and a wide range of developmental and behavioral disorders in the child. Improper eating patterns are commonly associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and may contribute to poor nutrition and growth restriction. To date, there have been only a few studies investigating the hormonal regulation of appetite in patients with FASD. We analyzed the levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), Agouti signaling protein (ASP), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and kisspeptin (KISS1) in 57 patients with FASD and 23 healthy controls. A comparison of the hormone levels studied was also performed in subgroups of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND PAE), as well as in males and females. We have found no differences in hormone levels tested between affected individuals and the controls and between FASD subgroups. In addition, sex had no effect on hormone levels. However, we identified some associations between hormone concentrations and parameters describing the clinical status of patients with FASD. Most of them concerned ASP, which has shown a positive correlation with age and hormones involved in appetite and metabolism, such as proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). We have also found a negative correlation of α-MSH with age, BMI percentile, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Furthermore, we found a weak negative correlation of NPY with HbA1c. Although FASD has been associated with impaired child growth and development, including nutrition and puberty onset, we did not identify differences in the levels of the hormones studied, which may suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure does not affect the levels of these metabolites.

Analysis of Special Allocation Fund (DAK) Budget Absorption in Stunting Reduction Efforts: A Case Study of South Buton Regency Health Office

Stunting, a condition of chronic malnutrition leading to impaired growth in children, poses a significant global public health challenge with far-reaching consequences. Effective intervention, including adequate budget allocation, is essential to address this issue. The Indonesian government has allocated funds through the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) program to support stunting reduction efforts, including those in South Buton Regency. However, the level of budget absorption in South Buton Regency requires evaluation, as low absorption can impede program effectiveness. This research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis to assess DAK budget absorption and influencing factors. The findings reveal suboptimal absorption rates, with factors such as inadequate planning, administrative hurdles, allocation mismatches, and limited human resource capacity impacting absorption. Recommendations for improvement include refined planning, streamlined bureaucracy, capacity building, and rigorous monitoring and evaluation. This research holds implications for optimizing budget utilization and improving stunting reduction program implementation in South Buton Regency, with broader relevance for similar challenges in other regions. It contributes to the understanding of effective strategies for addressing stunting and underscores the importance of appropriate budget allocation and absorption in supporting public health initiatives.

Hubungan Status Sosial Ekonomi dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita Usia 12-60 Bulan Di Puskesmas Kaliwates

Stunting is a condition of impaired growth and development in children that can result in morbidity, mortality, and motor development impairment. The occurrence of stunting is often associated with malnutrition. Jember is a regency with the highest prevalence of stunting in East Java in 2020. Socioeconomic status, such as parental education level and occupation, can influence access to adequate nutrition and healthcare, which in turn contribute to the risk of stunting. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the occurrence of stunting among children aged 12-60 months in Kaliwates Community Health Center. This study employed a quantitative approach with an analytical observational design and a cross-sectional study design. The study population consisted of 580 children. The sampling technique used in this study was Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling, calculated using the Issac and Michael formula, resulting in a sample of 58 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses with statistical tests using Chi-Square. The Chi-Square test results indicated a significant relationship between fathers' occupation (p = 0.003), mothers' occupation (p = 0.000), fathers' education (p = 0.001), mothers' education (p = 0.000), and the occurrence of stunting among children aged 12-60 months in Kaliwates Community Health Center. To prevent and address the occurrence of stunting among children in Kaliwates Community Health Center, it is important to provide balanced nutrition education, improve access to nutritious food, regularly monitor children's growth and development, involve the community, strengthen parental roles, and conduct regular program monitoring and evaluation.

Efforts To Promote Exclusive Breastfeeding Education For Stunting Prevention Through Booklet Media For Third Trimester Pregnant

Stunting is malnutrition that occurs over a long period of time, resulting in impaired growth of children's height shorter than their age standard. One of the prevention of stunting is by providing exclusive breastfeeding to infants. Exclusive breastfeeding helps adequate nutritional intake so as to minimize the risk of stunting in children. The purpose of this study is to determine the promotional efforts of exclusive breastfeeding education for stunting prevention in third trimester pregnant women in the Sukorame Health Center Working Area of Kediri City in 2023.Type of pre-experimental research type one group pre post test design, the population in this study is all third trimester pregnant women of East Nusa Tenggara Province, as many as 32 third trimester pregnant women in the Sukorame Health Center Working Area of Kediri City, with a sample of 16 third trimester pregnant women using purposive sampling techniques. Statistical test using wilcoxon.The results of statistical tests using Wilcoxon obtained that p = 0.000 with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05) can be said if the value of ρ &lt; α H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, meaning that there is an influence on exclusive breastfeeding education promotion efforts for stunting prevention in third trimester pregnant in the Sukorame Health Center Working Area of Kediri City in 2023.It is expected that respondents can use booklet media to read in order to increase knowledge and provide information about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for stunting prevention.

Child Aflatoxin Exposure is Associated with Poor Child Growth Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study in Rural Malawi

BackgroundAflatoxin (AF) exposure is associated with child growth faltering in cross-sectional studies, with limited findings from longitudinal studies. ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship between maternal AF B1-lysine adduct concentration, child AF B1-lysine adduct concentration, and child growth in the first 30 mo of life. MethodsAF B1-lysine adduct was measured in mother-child dyad plasma samples using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Using linear regression, we assessed the relationship between AF B1-lysine adduct concentration and child weight, height, and head and mid-upper arm circumferences at 1 wk, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 mo of age. ResultsIn adjusted models, maternal prenatal AF B1-lysine adduct (pg/μL) was positively associated with newborn anthropometric outcomes; largest beta coefficients for associations between standardized values were for newborn weight-for-age z-score [β = 0.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02, 0.24; P < 0.05 and β = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.22; P < 0.05 for second and third trimester AF, respectively]. Child AF B1-lysine adduct (pg/μL) at 6 mo was negatively associated with head circumference-for-age z-score at 6, 18, 24, and 30 mo, with beta coefficients ranging from β = –0.15; 95% CI: –0.28, –0.02 to β = –0.17; 95% CI: –0.31, –0.03; P < 0.05); 18-mo AF was negatively associated with anthropometric outcomes at 18, 24, and 30 mo, most consistently with length-for-age z-score (β = –0.18; 95% CI: –0.32, –0.04, β = –0.21; 95% CI: –0.35, –0.07, β = –0.18; 95% CI: –0.32, –0.03 at 18, 24 and 30 mo, respectively). ConclusionsChild AF exposure was associated with impaired child growth, but maternal AF exposure was not. Exposure during infancy was linked to persistent deficit in head circumference, implying reduced brain size lasting beyond the age of 2 years. Exposure at 18 mo was linked to persistent linear growth deficit. Further research should elucidate mechanisms through which AF affects child growth.

Edukasi Pentingnya 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan dalam Manejemen Peningkatan Status Gizi Anak melalui Pendekatan Terapi Komplementer

The 1000 HPK period is the early period of life while still in the womb for the first 2 years of life. 1000 HPK is very important because it greatly affects the condition of growth and development of children. The focus of handling nutrition in the 1000 HPK is to prevent malnutrition which is a major health problem in toddlers because it can hinder the process of growth and development and contribute to child morbidity and mortality. Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem due to inadequate nutritional intake within the 1000 HPK period resulting in impaired growth in children. service activities carried out through the collaboration of health education institutions and health institutions, one of which aims to increase mother's knowledge about 1000 HPK, fulfill the nutritional needs of mothers and toddlers, and balanced nutrition and change in good nutritional behavior. In addition, education for cadres must also be carried out so that cadres can provide ongoing education to mothers who have toddlers.

Aflatoxin Contamination, Exposure among Rural Smallholder Farming Tanzanian Mothers and Associations with Growth among Their Children

Recently, aflatoxin exposure especially through maize and groundnuts has been associated with growth impairment in children. Infants and children are considered to be more susceptible to toxins because of their lower body weight, higher metabolic rate, and lower ability to detoxify. On the other hand, for women of reproductive age, aflatoxin exposure may not only affect their health but also that of their foetus in the case of pregnancy. This study focused on investigating AFB1 contamination in maize and groundnut from respondent households, exposure among women of reproductive age and associations of aflatoxin contamination with growth retardation among children in Mtwara region, Tanzania. The highest maximum AFB1 contamination levels from all samples obtained were in maize grain (2351.5 μg/kg). From a total of 217 maize samples collected, aflatoxins were above European Union (EU) and East African Community (EAC) tolerable limits in 76.0% and 64.5% of all samples. Specifically, maize grain had the highest proportion of samples contaminated above tolerable limits (80.3% and 71.1% for EU and EAC limits). Groundnut had 54.0% and 37.9% of samples above EU and EAC maximum tolerable limits. The lowest proportion of contaminated samples on the other hand was for bambara nut (37.5% and 29.2% for EU and EAC limits, respectively). Aflatoxin exposure in our surveyed population was much higher than previous observations made in Tanzania and also higher than those observed in Western countries such as Australia and the USA. Among children, AFB1 concentration was associated with lower weight for height z scores and weight for age z scores in the univariate model (p < 0.05). In summary, these results indicate the seriousness of aflatoxin contamination in foods commonly consumed in the vulnerable population assessed. Strategies both from the health, trade, and nutrition sectors should therefore be designed and implemented to address aflatoxin and mycotoxin contamination in diets.

Assessment of aflatoxin exposure, growth faltering and the gut microbiome among children in rural Guatemala: protocol for an observational prospective cohort and bioreactor simulations

IntroductionAflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus which grow on maize. Given the high prevalence of child stunting (ie, impaired growth) and other nutritional...

Evectivity Counseling Mothers Who Have Toddlers With Compliance In Giving Complementary Foods To Toddlers Stunting In Kelurahan Lembah Lubuk Manik Lingkungan 1 Year 2022

Having a short body in a child who is below normal standards is the result of a condition of poor nutrition which in this condition has been going on for a long time. And most people think that this malnutrition may not understand the term stunting. Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by a lack of nutritional intake for quite a long time, resulting in impaired growth in children, namely the child's height is lower or shorter (dwarf) than the standard age. The benefit of this research is to reduce the problems that occur in the village of Lembah Lubuk Manik Ling 1 by providing good solids and then to increase mother's knowledge about nutrition before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and after giving birth. The research design used an experimental Quasi-experimental design with a pretest and posttest sample design in this study as many as 51 mothers who had toddlers in neighborhood 1 of the valley of Lubuk Manik. counseling there is a significant change in the effectiveness of counseling for mothers who have toddlers with adherence to giving solids in cases of stunting. Whereas the average value of Observation I was Mean 3.97 and there was an increase in the average value of Observation 2, namely Mean 5.92 and there was an increase in the average value in Observation 3, namely Mean 6.00 so that it can be concluded that counseling was carried out effectively because there is an increase to improve nutritional needs. From the results of this study it is expected that neighborhood 1 mothers will be able to further improve and maintain efforts towards nutrition in children so that stunting does not occur. This health problem is a condition of a very short body in terms of the standard for measuring height according to age from WHO, therefore mothers who have been given counseling can ensure that it does not happen again to children at a later age.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS SCREENING OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN LELEDE VILLAGE

Stunting is problem of chronic malnutrition caused by a lack of nutrition for a long time, resulting in impaired growth in children, namely the child's height is lower or shorter (dwarf) than the standard age. From the results of interviews with several mothers who have school-age children in Lelede Village, it is known that there is not much exposure to stunting. So that some of them concluded that children who are shorter than their age are a genetic factor so they do not require further treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this community service activity is to invite parents to play a role in preventing stunting to improve the health status of their children. Based on existing data, an overview of nutritional status based on height/age shows that the number of children with short stature is 20%, the number of children with normal stature is 78%, while the total number of children with tall stature is only 2%. Furthermore, the description of nutritional status based on BMI/U shows that 12% of children have undernourished status, 76% of children with normal nutritional status, 8% of children with overweight nutritional status, while 4% of children with obese nutritional status.