Impact Of Floods Research Articles

Mapping groundwater discharge seeps by thermal UAS imaging on a wetland restoration site

One of the key metrics for the effectiveness of wetland restoration is whether a restored wetland behaves hydrologically like a natural wetland. Restoration is designed to increase the water residence time on the surface of the site in order to capture and process nutrients, mitigate the impact of local flooding and drought, and provide a habitat for wetland species abundance and biodiversity. Quantifying the change in groundwater presence at the wetland’s surface will inform future freshwater wetland restorations across New England. The ability to produce a comprehensive map of the locations of groundwater discharge over a large area has the potential to provide insight into restoration practice, its success, and its effects on individual seeps over time. Identification, mapping, and measurement of groundwater discharge sites have long been a challenge, but new methodologies are developing with the advances in unmanned aerial systems (UAS). This study uses a UAS-mounted thermal infrared camera to map groundwater seeps on a 25-ha (62-acre) site in Plymouth, Massachusetts, before and after it underwent restoration to a freshwater wetland. Using the thermal map, we located and quantified the spatial extent that of groundwater seeps pre-restoration and the changes after restoration. The location and size of these seeps show that existing groundwater seeps remained immobile through restoration, but their surface expression grew, indicating that restoration removed barriers to surface expression and successfully increased residence time. This analysis using a thermal camera-enabled UAS allows for a temporal comparison over large spatial scales and provides insight into restoration impacts to groundwater expression on the surface of post-agricultural wetland sites.

THE FREQUENCY AND IMPACT OF FLOODING IN THE SYLHET DIVISION OF BANGLADESH: AN INVESTIGATION

The recent flash floods in Sylhet and Haor areas this year were particularly devastating. In June 2022, the flash floods in Sylhet broke all the previous records in the country. In this terrible flood, about 90 percent of the area of the Sylhet division went underwater. This study investigated the impact of the recent flash flood of 2022, in the Haor areas of the Sylhet division. The impact of these disasters on human livelihoods and agriculture was identified using a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative analysis) approach from the field survey. Historical rainfall data (1970-2022) of Srimangal and Sylhet rain-gauge stations were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). Field data were collected through four FGDs involving people of various sectors in the concerned areas. The study found one of the causes of the flash flood is the fact that 2017 and 2022 saw the biggest amounts of rainfall ever recorded, as well as abrupt, relatively significant rainfall over the summer. These flash floods happen because of heavy rainfall and hill slopes coming down from upstream, the sedimentation of canals and rivers, improper canal and river digging, and poor management of Sylhet city's drainage system. The research findings go into great detail regarding the local perspectives of the underlying problem, such as how crop damage results in increasing food shortages, rising poverty rates, debt, inequality, and uncertain livelihoods. Finally, a few potential solutions have been suggested in the study for minimizing the loss following such kinds of natural calamities.

Impacts of Floods on Agriculture-Dependent Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Assessment from Multiple Geo-Ecological Zones

Surging extreme events, particularly floods, have stimulated growing research on their epidemiology, management, and effects on livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), especially for agriculture-dependent households. Unfortunately, the topical literature is still characterized by independent, isolated cases, with limited relevance to understanding common flood effects across geographical space and time. We bridge this knowledge gap by analyzing the effects of multiple cases of flash, coastal and riverine-cum-pluvial (‘complex’) floods on agriculture-dependent livelihoods in three (Sudano Sahelian, Coastal and Western Highlands) geo-ecological zones in Cameroon. The analysis makes use of a sample of 2134 flood victims (1000 of them in the Sudano-Sahelian, 242 in the Coastal, and 892 in the Western Highlands zones) of 26 independent community floods: 11 in the Sudano-Sahelian, 3 in the Coastal, and 12 in the Western Highlands zone. Irrespective of flood type and geo-ecology, agriculture-dependent livelihoods were gravely impaired. However, the impacts on livelihoods and public goods (such as road or communication systems) significantly varied in the different geo-ecological zones. The study concludes with the need to include context-specificity in the flood impact assessment equation, while identifying common effects, as is the case with agriculture in this study. We emphasize the need to up-scale and comparatively analyze flood effects across space and time to better inform flood management policies across SSA.

Prediction of Flood Zone Areas for Frankfort, Kentucky, using Lidar Data

Flooding is a common, serious, and costly natural disaster. Kentucky is ranked second among flood-related disaster areas in the United States. Preparation of flood zone and flood hazard maps are essential to identify flood risk zones, and then to potentially reduce the impact of flooding. Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) provides high-resolution and high-accuracy elevation data as input for flood modeling and in studying flood impacts. The objectives of this study are: (1) to use topographic elevation data for delineating flood inundation areas of the Kentucky River at Frankfort; and (2) to demonstrate a flood analysis technique using Lidar as a source of highly accurate elevation data. Lidar point cloud tiles from the Kentucky Geography Network were used to create Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN), then used to generate water surface elevation. Results showed Lidar-based topography data accurately delineated flood inundation areas and water depth. A simulated flood at a level of 14.77 m, approximating the flood of 1978, inundated 7.85 ha within downtown Frankfort and vicinity, causing considerable physical and monetary damage. Resulting maps of flood inundation areas can be used as supplementary information for flood modeling and analysis. This information can be used in land-use management, town planning, and estimating flood insurance to minimize damage from flooding.

The Possibilities of Capturing Rainwater and Reducing the Impact of Floods: A Proposal for the City of Beira, Mozambique

Modern societies face various challenges, including climate change, rapid urbanization, and sometimes inadequate urban planning policies. In recent years, extreme weather events have received increasing attention for their impacts on cities, humans, and ecosystems worldwide, particularly on coastal towns in Mozambique, such as cyclones, floods, water pollution, and water scarcity, demonstrating their vulnerability to climate change. Cities must adapt to cope with the pressure on their water resources, and it is essential to ensure that communities have access to safe, reliable, and affordable water. A viable way to promote this resilience and simultaneously reduce costs in domestic budgets is to use rainwater to meet daily needs where water quality parameters are not required for consumption. According to the results of this study, it is possible to significantly reduce potable water use from the municipal water supply network by harvesting rainwater, up to 40% when the use does not require potable water at all, proactively protecting this vital resource. In addition to these direct benefits, the large-scale deployment of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in densely urbanized areas can also provide indirect benefits, such as reducing peak flow volumes in stormwater drainage systems and potentially reducing the frequency of urban floods. These benefits result from the reduction in the volume and duration of water sent to the drainage network, which can help to improve the overall resilience of communities in the face of climate change and other challenges.

Assessment of the Record-Breaking 2020 Rainfall in Guinea-Bissau and Impacts of Associated Floods

The impacts of Climate Change are quite visible in Guinea-Bissau. Greater irregularity at the beginning and end of the rainy season, as well as in relation to the interannual variability of precipitation, are evidence that shows these phenomena in West African countries and particularly in Guinea-Bissau, where the agriculture is rain-fed. The year 2020 was characterized as very rainy in comparison to the climatological average of 1981–2020, with positive anomalies throughout the country, despite the late arrival of the wet season, which usually occurs in May. July, August, and September 2020 were the rainiest months, registering above a normal frequency of days with precipitation greater than 50 mm. Bissau, the capital, registered a record-breaking annual rainfall and monthly amounts higher than the 90th and 95th percentiles in July and August, respectively. This heavy rain accompanied by strong winds caused flooding in several urban areas and agricultural fields, and the destruction of roads, houses, and infrastructures in different cities across the country. As a way of mitigating these impacts, the government, through the Ministry of Solidarity, made available 100 million CFA francs (6.5 million euros) to help families that were victims of the floods.

Sosialiasasi Pembuatan Lubang Resapan Biopori di Kelurahan Malasilen

Biopore Infiltration Hole is a small hole in the soil that is formed due to the activity of soil organisms such as worms, root movement in the soil, termites and other animals. The hole is filled with air until it enters the water stream. Rainwater does not go directly into the gutter but seeps into the ground through the hole. The benefits of the Biopori Infiltration Hole for the community are: Reducing the impact of floods, landfills for organic waste, fertilizing plants, and improving ground water quality. The expected results from the implementation of this activity are to reduce the impact of flooding in the Malasilen Village area and increase the understanding of residents to recognize the surrounding environment, increase the spirit of community cooperation to overcome problems in their environment, and prevent disease outbreaks due to puddles of drainage water.

Extensive assessment of climate change impacts on coastal zone paddy growth using multispectral analysis and hydrodynamic modeling

Global warming has led to sea levels raise (SLRs) and Malaysia is no exception to this problem. Especially for low-lying coastal areas including the Kuala Kedah area which is active in agricultural and fisheries activities. Farmers have had to bear up to 75 % of yield losses due to seawater breaches since 2016. Therefore, this study is designed to assess the impact of seawater encroachment on water quality through spatial technology approaches and hydrodynamic modeling related to the growth of paddy trees. The study was conducted during two different paddy cultivation seasons namely Season 1–2019 and Season 2–2019 which take place in the southwest and northeast monsoon in Kuala Kedah, Malaysia. The study involved three phases, which are the assessment of salinity and pH concentration levels, the assessment of the health of paddy crops through multispectral image analysis involving three plant indices (VI), namely Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Blue Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (BNDVI) and Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE), and finally, the assessment of the impact of SLR through the numerical method in MIKE 21 for hydrodynamic modeling considering two conditions that are without mitigation factor (K1) and with existing mitigating factor (K2). According to the findings, the salinity concentration trend is decreasing across the growth stage during Season 1–2019, whereas it is the contrary during Season 2–2019. It was discovered that during the study period for both tidal events, 73 % of the 44 sampling points in Season 1–2019, as opposed to just 3 % in Season 2–2019, were categorized as Class 4 and Class 5. Even though there were fluctuations throughout the observation, the pH reading is still within the allowed range of 6.5 to 9.0 for the estuary area. Following that, the ANOVA analysis proved that salinity concentration a statistically significant difference with tidal variations and pH levels. Moreover, the multispectral image analysis findings revealed that the VI value was correlated with both the yield and the health of the rice crop, with R-square values of 0.842 compared to 0.706 and 0.575 for NDVI and BNDVI values, respectively. It confirmed that NDRE granted a more accurate and reliable measurements. Additionally, the hydrodynamic simulation results demonstrated that, if the mitigation factors were considered in the modeling, overflow seawater to the mainland could be reduced by up to 20 %, reducing the impact of coastal flooding on the local area as well as the nearby rice cultivation area. Ultimately, these three elements—water quality, vegetation index, and hydrodynamic modeling—can assist in identifying the underlying cause of the problem and develop short and long-term solutions.

Intercomparison of global reanalysis precipitation for flood risk modelling

Abstract. Reanalysis datasets are increasingly used to drive flood models, especially for continental and global analysis and in areas of data scarcity. However, the consequence of this for risk estimation has not been fully explored. We investigate the implications of four reanalysis products (ERA-5, CFSR, MERRA-2 and JRA-55) on simulations of historic flood events in five basins in England. These results are compared to a benchmark national gauge-based product (CEH-GEAR1hr). The benchmark demonstrated better accuracy than reanalysis products when compared with observations of water depth and flood extent. All reanalysis products predicted fewer buildings would be inundated by the events than the national dataset. JRA-55 was the worst by a significant margin, underestimating by 40 % compared with 14 %–18 % for the other reanalysis products. CFSR estimated building inundation the most accurately, while ERA-5 demonstrated the lowest error in terms of river stage (29.4 %) and floodplain depth (28.6 %). Accuracy varied geographically, and no product performed best across all basins. Global reanalysis products provide a useful resource for flood modelling where no other data are available, but they should be used with caution due to the underestimation of impacts shown here. Until a more systematic international strategy for the collection of rainfall and flood impact data ensures more complete global coverage for validation, multiple reanalysis products should be used concurrently to capture the range of uncertainties.

Pengendalian Banjir di kawasan Sempadan Sungai Kali Lamong Kabupaten Gresik Melalui Pembangunan Tanggul

This paper explains how flood control is carried out in the Kali Lamong river basin area, Gresik Regency, to overcome flood disasters through the construction of dams. To answer this question, this paper uses the policy implementation theory from Edwards III and a qualitative descriptive research method with data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. Research shows that the implementation has been realized, both seen from the communication carried out by the Great River Basin Office (BBWS) through the initial stages of communication, the implementation of the socialization of flood control patterns, the implementation of embankment construction, compensation to monthly evaluations to monitor the implementation of policies, as well as competent appropriate resources. in carrying out their duties, a supportive bureaucratic structure and a clear non-overlapping division of authority carried out by BBWS Bengawan Solo so that the implementation of the policy is carried out properly and is free from the annual flood disaster since 2013. Apart from theoretically this research looks at the extent to which the implementation of the policy Flood control carried out by BBWS Bengawan Solo is carried out to reduce the impact of flooding in Gresik Regency through the construction of a dam.

IDENTIFYING SUITABLE LOCATIONS FOR MANGROVE PLANTATION USING GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE SENSING

Abstract. Mangroves provide numerous environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration, water purification, climate change mitigation, and flood and Tsunami impact reduction. Despite these unique advantages, mangroves are threatened by the combined adverse impacts of human activities and climate change. Therefore, it is essential to implement reasonable practices to avoid further degradation of mangroves and provide efficient workflows to increase their extent. Accordingly, better plantation policies are principally required for their conservation and rehabilitation. In this study, we desired to detect suitable locations for mangrove plantation in coastal areas of Hormozgan Province, Iran. We considered a relatively new Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique to combine ten criteria derived from remote sensing in a GIS environment. The Best Worst Method (BWM), as an MDCM technique, was implemented to determine the relative importance of each criterion. Afterward, all criteria were aggregated using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method to produce a mangrove plantation suitability map. Statistical measures, including Overall Accuracy (OA = 95%), Kappa Coefficient (KC = 87.9%), and Area Under Curve (AUC = 98.79%), indicated the high applicability of the implemented method for mangrove plantation site allocation. The produced map could give managers a profound insight into finding optimal spots to plant mangroves.

STRATEGI ADAPTASI MASYARAKAT DI DESA PANTAI BAHAGIA, MUARA GEMBONG, BEKASI TERHADAP DAMPAK BANJIR ROB

Pantai Bahagia Village in Muara Gembong District, Bekasi Regency is the most affected village so far from tidal flooding, and some of its areas have been permanently inundated by sea water. The purpose of this study is to describe the impact of tidal flooding and how the community adapts in Pantai Bahagia Village in dealing with tidal flooding. Data collection methods used include observation and interviews which are then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results obtained are that it is known that the tidal flood that occurred caused Muara Flag Village, Gobah Village, Muara Pecah Village, Beting Village, and Muara Mati to be inundated by sea water. The height of inundation from tidal flooding ranges from 20 cm - 70 cm. Adaptations made by the community include raising the foundation of the house, installing a water pump in the house.

Mangrove Forest Development as Sustainable Vegetation Disaster Mitigation against Coastal Abrasion and Rob Floods in Supporting Regional Resilience in Bekasi Regency

The impact of abrasion and tidal flooding will result in public security and human security disturbances. The ultimate impact of a disaster that is not handled properly is that it will disrupt state security. This study uses a qualitative descriptive design method. The purpose of this study was to analyze how far the mitigation of coastal abrasion and tidal flooding using mangrove forest vegetation mitigation and its effect on regional resilience in Muaragembong District, Bekasi Regency. The research was carried out at Mekar Beach, Simple Beach, Bhakti Beach, and Happy Beach, with 16 informants. Research data were analyzed using four steps. The results of the study show that the development of mangrove forests as a mitigation of sustainable vegetation is still being carried out by applying a new method called challenging the ocean currents from behind, and regional resilience is only supported by the existence of good social capital. The conclusion is that even though the development of mangrove forests only strengthens social and community capital, it is able to support the resilience of the Muaragembong region and support ensuring national security.

Gender-based Variations in Perception of Flood Impacts- A Micro Study

An attempt to understand the perception of flood impacts through a gender lens was executed in 2022 in the purposively selected Darbangha district of Bihar as it tops the list of the districts most severely affected by flood in the state. Data from 120 farmers were collected through a focused group discussion and an interview schedule developed specifically for the study. The findings revealed that the maximum percentage of farmers had a medium perception regarding the impact of floods. Variations were seen in the perception of the socio-economic and psychological impact of flood with women perceiving slightly higher than men whereas the opposite was seen for the perception of the environmental impact of the flood where men perceived slightly higher than women. Factors like age, household headship, social participation, decision-making, education, and family size significantly and positively affected the perception women and men had on the impact of the flood. The findings provide an in-depth understanding of the perception of the impact of floods by men and women farmers in the study area which would help the extension agencies and policymakers to plan and design locale-specific preparedness.

Method for economic loss estimation in traditional coastal salt farming towards tidal inundation

Tidal flooding is a significant threat to salt farming regions, but this issue has not received much attention in the academic literature. Furthermore, the limited availability of data hinders further analysis of the economic impact of these recurrent flooding events. To address these challenges, this study proposes a practical method for assessing financial loss in salt farming by leveraging a combination of mixed hydrodynamic inputs, damage analysis, and GIS techniques. Specifically, the method involves developing a synthetic vulnerability curve and cost/revenue (C/R) data based on local community knowledge, which can provide a granular understanding of the impact of tidal flooding on salt farming operations. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated in one of the significant salt production regions in Indonesia, where the method was successfully applied. Moreover, the approach has the potential to be replicated in other coastal regions with limited data available, making it a valuable tool for policymakers and local communities. Finally, the method provides individual loss analysis at the parcel level, allowing for a more granular understanding of the financial impact of tidal flooding on salt farming operations.in Indonesia the potential to be replicated in the other coastal region with limited data available.•This method allows quick and detailed flood loss estimation using established vulnerability curves in different production stages.•It is a cost-efficient method to evaluate the impact of tidal flooding based on one-time recorded events.•It delivers individual loss analysis at the parcel level.

Research on factors affecting highways passing through mountain and mountain areas

In this article, flood floods affecting automobile roads and natural disaster relapse on maps using geoinformation systems. The flood consists of forecasting the arrival. The impact of floods on highways was considered from the studied factors. Flood (Flood current) - a stagnant mud or mud rock stream consisting of a mixture of water and rock fragments that suddenly appear in the basins of small mountaineers. How to increase productivity, increase movement, increase the duration of movement, reduce work time), reduce the impact of a natural disaster. Floods threaten settlements, railways, highways, and other structures. This regional model was developed specifically for Uzbekistan and offered an extremely high spatial and temporal resolution of the data. This is necessary for realistic and meaningful simulations.

Impacts of Flood in India from 1953 to 2020

In this paper, authors endeavour to evaluate the impacts of flood in India during 1953-2020 in fatalities of human lives lost, area damaged, population affected, cattle lost, damaged houses, public utilities lost, etc. by applying econometric models like linear and nonlinear trend lines and the decomposition analysis through Hamilton model. The paper also showed structural breaks utilizing Bai-Perron model and found that all the damages have linear and nonlinear shapes with cycles and cyclical trend and seasonal variations. In addition to that the policy framework of Niti Aayog have been described.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) of a flood monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT)

Indonesia records exceptionally high rainfall, particularly during the rainy season when almost all areas of the country are consistently showered with heavy rain. Vigilance is therefore crucial due to the risk of flooding from overflowing rivers or dams. It is essential to develop flood monitoring systems to mitigate the risk and impact of flooding. This study aimed to design and build a flood monitoring system with parameters that support flood warnings. These include measurement of the water level using an ultrasonic sensor and rainfall using a tipping bucket-based hall sensor. The flood detection system was installed at Pondok Aren, Tangerang Selatan, Banten. A website was developed to display information on water levels and rainfall measurements every 10 minutes, as well as cumulative rainfall over 24 hours, presented in values, tables, and graphs. The device design included a warning feature in the form of a strobe light that would activate if the water level exceeded the minimum threshold in addition to providing rainfall status notifications. The system performed well in trials, with data transmitted to the database every 10 minutes. Raingauge sensors exhibited a 0.86% error rate, while the ultrasonic sensor showed an average error rate of just 0.25%.

Impacts of Hurricane Matthew Exposure on Infections and Antimicrobial Prescribing in North Carolina Veterans.

The impact of hurricane-related flooding on infectious diseases in the US is not well understood. Using geocoded electronic health records for 62,762 veterans living in North Carolina counties impacted by Hurricane Matthew coupled with flood maps, we explore the impact of hurricane and flood exposure on infectious outcomes in outpatient settings and emergency departments as well as antimicrobial prescribing. Declines in outpatient visits and antimicrobial prescribing are observed in weeks 0-2 following the hurricane as compared with the baseline period and the year prior, while increases in antimicrobial prescribing are observed 3+ weeks following the hurricane. Taken together, hurricane and flood exposure appear to have had minor impacts on infectious outcomes in North Carolina veterans, not resulting in large increases in infections or antimicrobial prescribing.

Landscape Architecture for Reducing the Impact of Coastal Flooding and Erosion

Landscape Architecture for Reducing the Impact of Coastal Flooding and Erosion