Impact Point Research Articles

Genetic aspects of celiac disease

Today, among chronic immune-mediated systemic diseases, celiac disease, or gluten enteropathy, occupies one of the leading places in terms of the degree of study and development in gastroenterology and therapy. Despite these facts, celiac disease is of interest from the point of view of scientific research, as a direct correlation between the disease and the genetically determined component has been proven, research in the direction of which promises doctors to find preventive points of impact in combination with knowledge of immunobiology and genetics. The purpose of this literary review is to analyze current literary data on this topic. Materials and methods. Modern scientific articles published in the period from 2019 to 2024 were collected and analyzed. Information was searched in the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Elibrary, Global Health, CyberLeninka. Results. The presence of HLA risk alleles is a necessary, but not the only genetic factor for development. HLA typing has great predictive value, and the absence of HLA-DQ2/-DQ8 excludes the presence of celiac disease in those predisposed to it. Additional non-HLA genomic loci identified as associated with celiac disease probably explain the additional 32% of genetic heritability. Speaking in general terms, the presence of gluten in the diet is a necessary factor. At the same time, celiac disease does not develop without gluten, even if there is a genetic predisposition. Discussion. The PubMed biomedical knowledge search engine, at the beginning of August 2024, contains 10 111 publications on gluten enteropathy over the previous ten years, and 4804 in Elibrary. An analysis of the topics of articles in recent years suggests that the main focus is on the genetic and immunobiological aspects of the disease in the age aspect, aimed at a greater.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF NATURAL HAZARDS ON TOURISM ON THE LEFT BANK OF LAKE IZVORU MUNTELUI (NORTH-EASTERN ROMANIA)

One of the areas with great touristic potential in Romania’s mountains is Izvoru Muntelui Lake (Neamt county) from the western slopes of the Stânișoara Mountains in the Eastern Carpathians. The area is remarkably picturesque in terms of both the natural surroundings and history, including traditions, folklore, and ethnography. Nevertheless, the region is exposed to natural risk phenomena such as floods, landslides, crumbling, etc., which can affect different economic fields, including tourism. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between this zone's natural hazards and tourism activities and their impact. Our approach is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis, interview and questionnaire techniques, but also on literature review, field research, statistics, overlay and spatial mapping of data using GIS techniques and critical interpretation of results through mathematical statistics using Covariance Product of Deviations from the mean and the Bravais-Pearson linear correlation coefficient to measure the intensity of the interdependence between the degree of damage to the road infrastructure and the tourist infrastructure. The results show that the landslides significantly impact the public infrastructures between Poiana Teiului and Bicaz, heavily affecting the national road DN15. A total of 73 impact points were inventoried, representing sections of roads and road infrastructure elements affected by landslides. At the same time, the analysis of the responses to the questionnaire revealed that natural hazards, especially landslides and floods, are perceived as a threat by most tourism operators in the area. The classification of the vulnerability of tourism infrastructure into four categories (low, medium, high, and very high), based on susceptibility maps, has led to the determination of vulnerability to landslides, revealing the following findings: four accommodation units have a medium vulnerability index, two have a high vulnerability index, and one records a very high vulnerability index. It is highlighted that an accurate perception of natural hazards can contribute to increasing the awareness and preparedness of vulnerable people, thus increasing the resilience of present and future generations.

Optical Image Generation Through Digital Terrain Models for Autonomous Lunar Navigation

In recent years, Vision-Based Navigation (VBN) techniques have emerged as a fundamental component to enable autonomous spacecraft operations, particularly in challenging environments such as planetary landings, where ground control may be limited or unavailable. Developing and testing VBN algorithms requires the availability of a large number of realistic images of the application scenario; however, these are rarely available. This paper presents a novel rendering software tool to generate accurate synthetic optical images of the lunar surface by leveraging high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTMs). Unlike traditional ray-tracing algorithms, the method iteratively propagates camera rays to determine their intersection with the terrain surface defined by a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The color information is then retrieved from the corresponding Digital Orthophoto Model (DOM) through the knowledge of the ray impact points, bypassing the need for the costly computation of shadows, reflections, and refractions effects. The rendering performance is demonstrated through a comprehensive selection of images of the lunar surface under different illumination conditions and camera orientations.

The art of arts-based interventions in transdisciplinary sustainability research

AbstractTransdisciplinary, co-creative research deals with complex real-world problems, with complexity being a common denominator of sustainability issues. It is often understood as an interplay of two dimensions, collaboration and creativity, that facilitates the integration of different forms of knowledge and the creation of transformative outcomes. In the end, it aims to find more holistic and systemic solutions to complex real-world problems. Increasingly, Arts-Based Interventions (ABIs) are proposed to support sustainability-oriented transdisciplinary research. However, little research has been done so far to gauge the extent to which adding arts to the mix actually benefits the transdisciplinary research process and outcomes. In the research project reported on in this article, we took a first step into the realm of the arts by including ABIs into transdisciplinary brainstorming sessions. We investigated their influence on the research process and outcomes as perceived by the participants. We found ABIs to positively influence both dimensions of co-creativity—(1) collaboration, through enhancing the sense of togetherness in the group, and (2) creativity, directly and indirectly through a perceived emotionalization. ABIs were perceived to induce a change of perspective and a broadening of horizons that can facilitate the creation of transformative solutions. Moreover, their reported emotionalizing impact points toward an integration of tacit—in particular emotional—knowledge. This can lead to a more holistic view of the investigated problem. Altogether, the reported impacts of ABIs on transdisciplinary research can promote the creation of transformative and holistic solutions to sustainability issues in transdisciplinary sustainability research.

Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Mounted Launch Device Precision Analysis for Countering Intruding Drones

In light of the current issue of commercial and modified drones frequently intruding into sensitive locations such as airports, this paper proposes the use of quadrotor drones equipped with a launch device for interception. For an “X”-shaped quadrotor drone equipped with a two-degree-of-freedom gimbal launch device, dynamic, control, and ballistic models are constructed to analyze the impact of single-shot firing on the drone’s attitude and the factors affecting accuracy in rapid-fire scenarios. Simulation results indicate that downward firing has the highest shooting accuracy and is suitable for counter-drone missions. For single-shot firing, lateral downward firing compared to frontal firing can effectively reduce attitude and position changes, which is beneficial for engaging stationary targets. In the case of rapid fire, control of the firing interval is crucial for accuracy; a larger firing interval can significantly enhance shooting precision. When firing small payloads in rapid succession, vertical downward firing has the highest accuracy, while lateral firing results in a larger distribution radius of the impact points. To improve shooting accuracy, frontal firing is recommended. Future research will further explore the dynamic response of drones under different firing conditions and develop more advanced control strategies to enhance their practical performance and reliability.

Long-range trajectory reconstructions using the point mass model.

In shooting incident reconstructions, forensic examiners usually deal with scenes involving short-range trajectories, typically ≤30 m. Insituations such as this, a linear trajectory reconstruction model is appropriate. However, a forensic expert can also be asked to estimate a shooter's position by reconstructing a long-range trajectory where the bullet's path becomes arced as a result of gravity and the greater time in flight. In this study, the point mass model (PMM) was used, because it is accessible and considered sufficiently accurate. A computer program using PMM can perform long-range trajectory reconstructions starting from an impact point. The reconstruction results in an area where the shot is expected to be fired from, not a single location. This is caused by varying the input parameters of the PMM. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of the method and discuss the influence of the most relevant parameters. The model has been validated by comparing its performance with 20 handgun bullet trajectories that were determined using Doppler radar measurements over long ranges, i.e. from 500 m to 1800 m. Comparison between the area calculated using the model and the actual shooter position demonstrates the limits of these reconstructions, particularly at high incident angles. The differences between the reconstructed deflections and the deflections measured by the tracking radar are rather large. This phenomenon is caused by either measurement errors in the cross wind as a function of height or inaccuracy of the radar's deflection measurements.

Mechanical behavior and damage evolution of tunnel lining structure under the impact of derailment of high-speed train

In deep-buried long tunnels, train derailment accidents pose a serious threat to the stability of the tunnel lining structures and the safety of personnel along the line. To address the impact damage to the secondary lining caused by high-speed train derailments, a three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analysis model of the Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) − lining − soil system was established. The advantages of this model include: it fully considers the complex streamlined design of the EMU front end, the nonlinearity of lining materials, and the M−C elastic structural model of the soil, allowing for accurate simulation of the contact and deformation between the EMU and the lining. The results indicate that the first 30 ms of the collision process are extremely intense, primarily involving the first three train vehicles. Among these, the head vehicle experiences the greatest reduction in kinetic energy and plastic dissipated energy, resulting in the most severe plastic deformation of the vehicle body. The impact load exhibits a distinct multi-peak characteristic, mainly composed of lateral impact force components. The area of displacement change in the lining expands continuously along the direction of the train, with peak displacements stabilizing after 30 ms. The lining primarily suffers from tensile failure, with multiple tensile cracks appearing in areas distant from the collision, while compressive damage is mainly concentrated at the point of direct impact. As the collision angle increases, the range of compressive damage along the longitudinal direction becomes narrower. The ratio of tensile damage area to compressive damage area is mainly influenced by the collision angle. In the design of tunnel structures for impact resistance, special attention should be paid to the lateral impact resistance and tensile failure capacity of the tunnel structure.

The effect of impactor shape on low velocity impact behavior of cylindrical sandwich structures with trapeozidal core

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact performance of a cylindrical sandwich structure with Trapeozidal core under different geometries of impactors using the finite element method. The effects of impactor shape, facesheets thickness and impact point on peak contact force, absorbed energy efficiency, maximum displacement and damage deformation are investigated. Progressive damage analysis based on the Hashin damage criterion was performed using MAT 54 material model in LS DYNA finite element program for low velocity simulations. The impact behavior was investigated by creating a Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) based on bilinear traction-separation law while providing the connection between the core structure and its surfaces. At the end of the study, it was determined that the contact force values at P2 were higher than P1. Peak force variation values for cylinder, cone and sphere tipped impactors at P1 and P2 points were 43.5%, 132.3% and 62.2%, respectively. Core support has a significant effect on the contact force. The peak force value and energy absorption efficiency value obtained with the Cone impactor are higher than the others. For all three impactors, it was determined that the largest and dominant damage type was matrix damage.

Impact of the 2023 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria on START2 Antiphospholipid Registry.

The recently published ACR/EULAR classification criteria score (3 points or more) both clinical and laboratory criteria to define the presence of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The clinical criteria have been better defined while laboratory criteria remain the same [lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti ß2-Glycoprotein I (aß2GPI) antibodies] but with different impact (points) on the classification of patients. APS is excluded if more than 3 years separate positive test for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and clinical manifestation. The present study evaluates how many patients would be excluded by the new criteria among those enrolled as APS in the START 2 antiphospholipid registry. The analysis includes 380 patients (274 APS and 106 carriers). Of 274 patients classified as APS, 118 (43%) did not match the new ACR/EULAR criteria for various reasons. First, the determination of aCL and aß2GPI antibodies was performed by automated instrumentations not allowed in the new criteria. Second, laboratory test score was less than 3 and this was due to an isolated IgM aCL or IgM aß2GPI in most cases and to isolated LA unconfirmed after 12 weeks in few cases. Third, 2 patients had a positive laboratory tests more than 3 years after the clinical event. Of the 106 carriers, 62% had aCL and aß2GPI determined by ELISA thus meeting the ACL/EULAR laboratory criteria but were negative for clinical criteria. This study shows that many patients classified as APS in the START 2 registry do not match the classification using the new ACR/EULAR criteria.

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Impact Response of Composite Sandwich Structures with Different Cores.

This study analyzes the impact mechanical response of sandwich structures with foam and wood cores through experimental and numerical methods. The aim is to determine whether a sustainable core material, such as cork wood, can serve as a reliable alternative to the commonly used Polystyrene (PS) foam core in sandwich structures. Impact experiments were conducted at varying energy levels using an INSTRON CEAST 9350 drop tower, demonstrating the superiority of sandwich structures compared to single-material alternatives. Numerical models were developed in ABAQUS, where glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite panels were represented using solid element C3D8R and the 3D Hashin failure criteria, which were incorporated via the user subroutine VUMAT. The results indicate that the contact force of the sandwich structure with a wood core surpassed that of the foam core counterpart. In both sandwich structures, damage initially occurred at the impact point on the surface, leading to plastic deformation and damage within the core, while the composite panel on the rear surface ultimately failed. These findings provide valuable insights for designers, enabling parametric studies to select appropriate core materials that enhance the impact resistance of sandwich structures.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Sediment Abrasion Mechanism at the Leading Edge of an Airfoil

Multiple engineering projects have confirmed that hydraulic machinery operating in sediment-laden rivers undergoes sediment abrasion. Guide vanes are among the most severely worn flow-passing components and have long been a key research focus in hydraulic machinery. In this research, a wear test of the NACA0012 cascade under a 10° incoming flow angle was carried out in the Venturi test system, and the evolution process of the wear was analyzed. The three-dimensional flow channel of the cascade was constructed, and the Finnie wear model was adopted for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze the wear mechanism at the initial stage. The results indicate that abrasion primarily occurs at the airfoil’s leading edge and progresses through three stages: initiation, development, and stabilization. The calculated results closely matched the latest wear outcomes: In the initial stage, the wear rate density was influenced by the particle impact velocity, angle, volume fraction, and y-direction shear stress. A low-velocity zone near the impact point, combined with rebounding particles causing secondary impacts, increases the particle volume fraction and wear rate density. These secondary impacts are the primary causes of erosion on both the upstream and downstream surfaces. Furthermore, flow separation downstream from the leading edge makes this region highly susceptible to wear. This study provides valuable insights for addressing wear in hydraulic machinery for practical engineering applications.

Numerical simulation of ballistic protection performance of circular and hexagonal perforated high nitrogen steel

Abstract The ballistic performance of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (HNASS) plates with round and hexagonal perforations was numerically simulated by LS-DYNA software. A systematic analysis was conducted to explore the effects of pore size, hole spacing, impact point, and other variables on the material’s ballistic resistance. It indicate that the failure mechanism of the bullet core penetrating the perforated HNASS plate is dependent on the specific impact point. Additionally, circular perforated plates exhibit superior crack arrest capabilities compared to hexagonal perforated plates. When the width of the steel plate between adjacent holes exceeds the hole radius, there is an increase in core mass loss, both at the center of the hole and at the impact point between two holes. The deflection angle of the bullet core is significantly affected by the impact point, particularly when the width of the steel plate between holes is greater than the hole radius, with a maximum deflection angle of approximately 20°. Factors such as the hole diameter of the perforated plate, the width of the steel plate between holes, and the shape of the perforations all influence the residual velocity of the bullet core. Generally, smaller hole diameters, wider steel plates between holes, and hexagonal perforations result in lower residual velocities of the bullet core. Notably, the hexagonal perforated plates demonstrate a lower residual velocity compared to circular perforated plates, with a maximum average velocity drop that is 43.8% higher. The findings can serve as valuable references for designing additional armor for light armored vehicles.

Research on the Spin-Stabilized Projectile Spin Drift of Recoilless rifle with Rifling

Abstract The recoilless rifle with rifled barrels is a type of high-powered individual infantry weapon, boasting an effective firing range of up to 3,000 meters. Experiments have found that with the increase of firing range, the spin drift of spin-stabilized projectiles fired by recoilless rifle has seriously affected their shooting accuracy. In this paper, we study the influence of the drift effect of spin-stabilized projectiles on the impact point in the Recoilless rifle. The aerodynamic parameters of spinning projectiles were calculated using computational fluid dynamics method, and corresponding trajectory model was established to calculate drift. The reliability of ballistic model calculation was proved by comparison with experimental results. Combined with linearized swerving motion theory, some factors affecting drift were analyzed. The research results show that for low-speed spinning Projectile fired by recoilless rifles with Rifling, the influence of drift effect on impact point cannot be ignored. In addition, drift increases exponentially with dimensionless flight distance of Projectiles, and overturning moment coefficient and lift coefficient have significant effects on spin drift. The research outcomes will facilitate the effective completion of firing tables, thereby improving the shooting accuracy of recoilless rifle.

INVESTIGATION OF IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF CYLINDER CORRUGATED SANDWICH STRUCTURES WITH DIFFERENT GEOMETRIC CONFIGURATIONS

The aim of this study is to numerically investigate and compare the impact performance of CFRP composite cylinder sandwich structures with five different geometric configurations. The impact performances and damage types of composite cylinder structures for different core configurations were determined. The impact analyses were performed in LS DYNA finite element program using MAT-54 material model with Progressive damage analysis based on the combination of Hashin damage criterion, Cohesive zone model and Bilinear traction-separation law. Among the five different specimens in the study, the highest peak force (PF) value of 1.88 kN was obtained at impact point P2 of the Trapeozidal sandwich structure. The lowest value was obtained at P1 impact point in Triangular sandwich structure with 0.62 kN. The highest and lowest energy absorption efficiency occurred in the Triangular structure, 78% and 38% respectively. The PF value at P2 point is higher than P1. The effect of core support on PF is very important. Since point P1 is not supported by the core, it is determined that the deformation is larger than P2.

Effects of multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding process parameter on mechanical and ballistic properties of AA5754 aluminum alloy

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding process commonly used to join similar and dissimilar aluminum alloys. This study aims to investigate multi-criteria decision-making, multi-objective optimization, Taguchi’s L9 design of experiments, and the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate the effects of various FSW parameters specifically, welding speed, feed, and axial load on the mechanical properties of AA5754 aluminum alloy. Following the enhancement of the welding parameters, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the most influential parameter in the FSW process. The findings indicated that tensile strength, impact strength, and microhardness were predominantly affected by welding speed (94.82%), feed (3.12%), and axial load (1.32%), respectively. With a hexagonal tool and optimal process parameters of feed (20 mm/min), axial load (7 kN), and speed (1200 rpm), the joint obtained the maximum microhardness (81 HV), impact strength (3.01 J/mm2), and tensile strength (163.89 MPa). The microstructure and X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that the crystals were tiny, with higher dislocations in the stir zone, indicating improved mechanical properties. In the FSW joint, dimples and voids were observed on the tensile and impact fracture surfaces. Finally, the ballistic properties of the optimized AA5754 FSW joint were determined. An asymmetric V-shaped deformation profile was observed around the impact point, with the highest deformation at the center. An increase in impact velocity from 134 to 187.6 m/s did not result in significant differences in the deformation of the FSW joint. The fracture surfaces of ballistic-tested friction stir welded joints exhibited shear regions and localized bands.

Clinical Impact and Significant Technical Points of Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Using the Smaller Drug-Eluting Bead M1 (DC Bead M1™) for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Series.

This case series evaluated the clinical impact and significant technical points of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using the smaller drug-eluting bead (DEB) M1 (DC Bead M1TM; 70-150 µm). We evaluated 12 patients and 14 HCC nodules treated with DEB-TACE using the DC Bead M1TM (named DEM1-TACE). In addition to evaluating the early treatment efficacy for each treated node after DEM1-TACE, the study also used interventional radiology (IVR)- computed tomography (CT) to focus on the presence or absence of retention of the homogeneous contrast medium in target nodules after DEM1-TACE as a predictor of a good treatment response. Nine HCC nodules (64%) showed a complete response by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST), while two nodules (14%) had a partial response. Finally, 11 nodules (79%) showed an objective response (OR). Moreover, IVR-CT showed target nodules with retention of homogeneous contrast medium after DEM1-TACE, eight of nine (89%) nodules achieved a complete response and nine of nine (100%) nodules showed an OR, resulting in an objective response rate (ORR) of 100%. In contrast, in nodules without retention of homogeneous contrast medium in treated target nodules after DEM1-TACE, two of five (40%) nodules showed OR, resulting in an ORR of 40%. The ORR was significantly higher in the group with retention of homogeneous contrast medium after DEM1-TACE (P = 0.028). DEM1-TACE had good treatment responses in patients with HCC. Evaluating retention of homogeneous contrast medium after DEM1-TACE using IVR-CT is one of the main predictors of treatment success.

Shore-Side Downfall Pressures Due to Waves Impacting a Vertical Seawall: An Experimental Study

As part of an investigation into downfall impacts from violent overtopping waves, experimental data are presented for the impact pressures and forces generated by regular and focused waves breaking onto a vertical wall and impacting a landward horizontal deck at a scale of 1:38. Particular attention is given to the wave-by-wave uprush and impact downfall events. By selecting regular and focused wave conditions that produce impacts, new trends are identified for violent downfall phenomena that could easily be underestimated in current practice. The characteristics of the downfall impacts are investigated and three different types of downfall impact are identified and discussed. Using a Wavelet Filter to denoise the signal from pressure probes without losing the peak impact pressures or introducing a phase shift, the distinctive features and dynamic behaviours of the white-water impacts are considered, and it is shown that downfall pressure magnitudes of 30–40 ρgH are regularly achieved. Dynamic impulse times of the events are also presented with higher-impact events generally relating to shorter impulse times, highlighting the dynamic character of these impacts. The largest downfall pressures are found to occur further from the vertical wall than previously measured. Importantly, the spray travelling furthest from the point of the initial wave impact on the vertical wall causes some of the largest downfall pressures on the deck. The paper concludes that, while the dataset is small, there are strong indications that the effects of these types of impacts are structurally significant and present a risk to infrastructure located landward of seawalls.

Variable-structure trajectory correction control of small-caliber ammunition based on cascade fuzzy active disturbance rejection

In this study, a low-cost two-dimensional (2D) trajectory correction mechanism is proposed to address the large trajectory deviation of small-caliber extended-range ammunitions. By controlling the projectile’s roll, a single-channel 2D trajectory correction function can be realized. Moreover, based on the ideal trajectory, a five-degree-of-freedom approximate rigid-body trajectory equation is proposed. A high-order system is transformed into two low-order cascading subsystems using fuzzy control and the self-disturbance rejection control theory, which reduces the parameter tuning complexity. The entire control process is divided into three stages which realizes the second-order variable structure control of non-affine nonlinear subsystems. A low-altitude atmospheric disturbance model is established, and as an example, numerical calculations are performed on the control process and projectile impact point dispersion of a 35 mm small-caliber rocket. The results verify the performance of the proposed trajectory correction under atmospheric disturbances. This study provides a control approach for coupled underactuated nonlinear systems and provides guidance for the design of a low-cost 2D trajectory correction controller for small-caliber ammunitions.

Influence of plate vibration on delamination formation in composites under multiple impacts

Dynamic vibration is believed to be a basic property of the impacted composite laminates; however, its effect on delamination formation requires further investigation. This study proposes a numerical model in collaborating with ABAQUS, which was calibrated using experimental results, to investigate the effect of plate vibration on delamination formation in composite laminates subjected to two consecutive identical ice or steel projectile impacts with a fixed loading distance. The only variable parameter for the different simulations was the time interval between the two impacts. The loading condition considered in this study is an extreme case where the composite laminate was still vibrating after the first impact when the second impact occurred. The results showed that the delaminations that formed later were significantly affected by the time intervals of the two identical successive ice or steel projectiles. As the vibrated impact points travel from the minimum peak to the adjacent maximum peak during the first vibration period, the newly formed delamination areas monotonically increase with time and vice versa. The change in the maximum contact forces of two identical impacts induced by dynamic vibration is suggested to be a major reason for the discrepancy between the newly formed delamination and previous ones.

Macro/micro failure mechanism of transparent armour subjected to multiple impacts of 7.62mm bullets

Transparent armor is widely used in military and civilian impact protection fields due to its excellent light transmittance and ballistic performance. This work focused on the macro/micro failure mechanisms of transparent armor for vehicles subjected to multiple impacts. Results showed that the penetration depth after the first impact by a 7.62 mm bullet is about 14 mm, regardless of the impact position. Based on the cavity expansion theory, the penetration depth under multiple projectile impacts was predicted, relating it to the distance between the impact points, the distance from the projectile hole to the edge of the target plate, and the damage radius caused by the first impact. In the thickness direction, observation of the glass layer damage modes revealed that the interlayer adhesive could hinder the propagation of vertical cracks between different glass layers, with delamination primarily caused by insufficient shear strength. In the in-plane direction, the size of the fractured glass gradually increases outward from the impact point because circumferential cracks can prevent the propagation of radial cracks. Finally, the micro failure analysis of glass fragments showed that the radial cracks are dominated by numerous irregular microcracks and river-like textures, while the circumferential cracks consist of the mirror region, mist region, hackle region, and river-like texture region.