Impact Of Tillage Systems Research Articles

Effect of Soil Tillage Systems and Crop Seasonality on the Sediment Geochemical Properties Transferred into a Headwater: A Case of Study in Tobacco Plantation

ABSTRACT The global impacts of agricultural land conversion on soil erosion and pollution, particularly in tobacco cultivation areas, are well-recognized as significant contributors to soil degradation. These areas are identified as hotspots for environmental concerns due to practices that lead to increased erosion and pollution. From this perspective, this case of study explores fine sediment samples from two areas with tobacco cultivation under different tillage systems and seasonal variations, transport into a headwater, and evaluates, on a local scale: (1) the impact of tillage systems on the geochemical signature of sediments; (2) if whether crop seasonality affects these sediment geochemical signatures. The Conventional Ridge Tillage (CRT) system involves extensive soil exposure and machinery for soil management, while the Mulch Ridge Tillage (MRT) system prioritizes soil conservation and relies on herbicides for weed control. The analytical methodology used to assess the sample element characteristics was Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). It was applied on the twenty fine sediments (ten of harvest and ten of inter-harvest season of tobacco) to quantitatively assess their inorganic composition. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied on the EDXRF data to highlight the similarities and, thus, providing information to assess the complex data clustering patterns. As a result, the sediment compositions from the two studied soil systems are not similar. The PCA showed that the CRT sediments are characterized by the P, S, K, Ca, and Mn content, presenting a geochemical signature related to manure and fertilizer compared to the MRT, which is correlated with Al, Ti, Fe, Cu, and Zn contents, exhibiting a geochemical signature characterized by the natural soil composition. Therefore, the sediment geochemical signatures might be affected by two phases in the study area: a) tillage system characteristics and b) seasonal soil erosion. These findings underscore the importance of managing soil nutrients to mitigate soil pollution and nutrient exportation to aquatic systems. Moreover, the results emphasize the recommendations for sustainable agricultural practices in tobacco-growing areas to protect environmental quality.

The Impact of Tillage Systems and Herbicide Type on the Growth and Yield of Wheat and the Growth Parameters of Associated Weeds

The investigation was placed in the Al-Ghamij region, which is located north of Basrah in Iraq, in silty-clay soil. Three tillage systems were used in the study: conventional tillage with a moldboard plow, reduced-tillage with a disc harrow, and the no-till system. Additionally, three herbicides were used: Chevalier (300 g ha-1), Granstar (15-20 g ha-1), and Topic (0.75 l ha-1) to control weed growth. According to the RCBD design, using split plots, with the main plots devoted to tillage techniques and the split plots to herbicide. The results showed the significant superiority of the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow, with the fewest weeds per square meter, the fewest weeds dry weight per square meter, the tallest plants, the most tillers per square meter, the most spikes per square meter, the most grain yield, and the most biological yield totaling (48.7 plants m-2, 3.82g m-2, 81.67 cm, 370.78 tiller m-2, 344.4 spike m-2,4519.00 kg ha-1, and 10340.00 kg ha-1), compared to no-till and reduced-tillage methods, conventional tillage using a moldboard plow resulted in the highest number of weeds, the highest dry weight of the weeds, the shortest plant, the fewest tillers per square meter, the fewest spikes per square meter, the smallest grain and biological yield (105.3 plants m-2, 10.20 g m-2, 78.33 cm, 310.22 tiller m-2, 264.9 spike m-2, 3296.00 kg ha-1, and 9985.00 kg ha-1). The results of the study demonstrated the significant superiority of the Chevalier herbicide as it exhibited lower dry weight of weeds per square meter, the highest plant, more tillers and spikes per square meter, and the highest biological yield (4.49 g m-2, 82.33 cm, 347.89 tiller m-2, 309.7 spike m-2 and 10301.00 kg ha-1) respectively,. On the other hand, the Topic herbicide displayed the highest weeds dry weight, shortest plants, the lowest number of tillers and spikes, and the lowest biological yield (8.87 g m-2, 78.00 cm, 326.11 tiller m-2, 297.7 spike m-2 and 10023.00 kg ha-1).

Impact of tillage systems on maize emergence

In Europe, there has been a significant change in the way tillage is approached in recent years. This change is due to a growing awareness among farmers, politicians and society as a whole that soil is not a renewable resource in itself. From an agricultural point of view, the greatest impact on soil condition can be achieved through the use of the applied tillage systems. My research takes this approach as a basis when examining the different tillage systems and their impact on the environment. In this context, conventional and a variety of no-tillage systems are examined in this paper. As a next step, it is examined how the environmental conditions created by the different tillage systems influence the emergence of maize hybrids. The analyses are carried out in a multi-factorial, long-term tillage field experiment. The same batch of the same hybrid seed was sown in several crop years, and the effects of environmental conditions on the emergence process were examined. Environmental effects and emergence-related uptake were measured in the examined plots. Measurements of environmental effects included air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature measured at seeding depth, as well as % cover of stem residue on the surface in the treated plots. The first emergence time measurements of the sown crop in the plots of each treatment were compared and relationships between these factors were investigated.

The impact of tillage systems and crop residues on microbial mass and soil structure stability indices

Aim of study: This research investigated the effects of management practices, including plant residues and tillage practices, on soil stability indices, microbial biomass carbon, and the number of bacteria.Area of study: Northern Khorasan Province, Iran.Material and methods: This study explored the effects of the three year-old tillage systems of conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT) at three levels 0, 40, and 70% of plant residues on soil physical and microbiological properties for a rotation of three years (wheat, canola, and wheat). Variables measured in this study included the whole soil stability index, the normalized stability index, the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD), the number of bacteria, and microbial biomass carbon.Main results: Management practices could affect variables, such as soil structure stability as well as the number of bacteria. The results also showed that soils of higher stability were more resistant to soil degradation. In addition, by reducing tillage and adding plant residues, the PAD index decreased significantly. NT and MT practices improved soil structure stability indices and significantly increased the number of bacteria as well as microbial biomass carbon in contrast to CT, what could be attributed to the increased soil organic matter.Research highlights: Reduced tillage practices showed the potential for enhancing soil physical quality only through improving aggregate stability. Therefore, NT with 70% residue retention was found to be suitable to improve soil sustainability indices and increased soil microbial population.

Effects of Tillage Systems on Labile Fractions of Soil Organic Nitrogen of a Freeze-Thaw Agricultural Area in Northeast China

The impact of tillage systems is obvious in the nitrogen mineralization. Few studies have focused on the relationship between labile fraction of soil organic nitrogen (SON) and crop nitrogen absorption under different tillage systems in freeze-thaw agricultural area. In this study, the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) on the labile fractions of soil organic nitrogen and the relationships with the potentially mineralizable nitrogen (N0) at different soil depths in seeding, jointing, filling and maturity seasons over four years (2010, 2011, 2015 and 2016) were explored. It has been demonstrated that the labile fractions of SON and N0 in NT were higher than in CT at 0-5, 0-10 and 0-20cm. N0 was positively and highly related to the medium particulate organic carbon (mPOM-C) (P<0.01) under CT and NT, whereas highly significant and negative correlations (P<0.01) between N0 and medium particulate organic nitrogen (mPOM-N) were detected under both tillage systems at 0-5 and 0-10cm. The difference in these correlations between tillage systems had been found to be the most notable at the 0-5cm depth. The higher SON fractions content would contribute to the nitrogen mineralization potential because of freeze-thaw conditions during the crop growing season.

Evaluation of the short-term effect of tillage practices on soil hydro-physical properties

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Tillage is one of the most important practices that have a significant influence on the soil hydro-physical properties. In this study, the impact of the type and number of input variables with five different methods of the Retc model to predicting the moisture retention curve and soil water content in three surfaces tillage NT (No-tillage), CP (Chisel Plough) and MP (Moldboard Plough) and the impact of tillage systems on soil hydro-physical properties were evaluated. According to results, when the field capacity and wilting point moisture was added to input data in Retc to predict the moisture curve model parameters, the EF was increased in MP (0.977, 0.95) and CP (0.891, 0.86) treatments compare the NT (0.665, 0.608). The Mualem–Van Genuchten model can describe satisfactorily the simulation of soil physical properties. The S-index, which was also affected by tillage, was greater than 0.066 in all tillage treatments, indicating good soil physical quality. Results indicated that NT had the highest and lowest values of bulk density (1.55 Mgr.m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) and total available water (TAW) (0.038 m.m&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), respectively, and the differences between NT and MP in total porosity was significant. Overall, in most soil layers, tillage practices affected the porosity and total available water in the order MP &amp;gt; CP &amp;gt; NT. Water retention curves indicated that the water retention capacity was greater in tilled than in no-tilled and saturated hydraulic conductivity values were greater in tilled treatments than in NT soil.&lt;/p&gt;

Impact of tillage systems on chemical, biochemical and biological composition of soil

Impact of tillage systems on chemical, biochemical and biological composition of soil

Impact of tillage systems on growth and yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L., Wilczek) varieties under dryland condition

Impact of tillage systems on growth and yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L., Wilczek) varieties under dryland condition

An economic study of controlled release urea and split applications of nitrogen as compared with non-coated urea under conventional and reduced tillage management

Khakbazan, M., Grant, C. A., Finlay, G., Wu, R., Malhi, S. S., Selles, F., Clayton, G. W., Lupwayi, N. Z., Soon, Y. K. and Harker, K. N. 2013. An economic study of controlled release urea and split applications of nitrogen as compared with non-coated urea under conventional and reduced tillage management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 523–534. To evaluate the use of controlled-release urea (CRU) as a beneficial management practice for nitrogen management of wheat, barley, and canola, a multi-location study was conducted from 2004 to 2006 in a range of agro-environments across western Canada. The objective was to evaluate the relative economic performance of CRU and non-coated urea (NCU) for their effects on seed yield and quality, costs and net revenue (NR) using conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) management under varying environmental conditions. The NR was estimated as the income remaining after paying for all cash costs, ownership costs on machinery and buildings, and labour. The main factor affecting crop yield and NR was N application rate. In general, application of NCU produced similar or higher net revenues than that of CRU, split fertilizer applications or a blend of NCU and CRU. There were some limited situations where the use of split applications, CRU or CRU in a blend with the NCU increased crop yield as compared with NCU; however, the increased yield was not sufficient to cover the extra costs of CRU or the split application. The impact of tillage system on crop yield and NR was not consistent. Net revenue was higher under CT than RT for certain crops in some regions, but not in all regions or for all crops. Overall, NR analysis indicated that use of CRU did not provide an economic benefit over the use of NCU.

Impact of tillage system on arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal communities in the soil under Mediterranean conditions

A more diverse arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungal community should be more versatile and resilient to variation in environmental conditions over space and time. To evaluate the effect of no-till and conventional tillage systems, AM fungal diversity was assessed as part of a long term field experiment by sequencing of DNA, extracted from soil, that encoded the large ribosomal sub-unit and was obtained by nested-PCR. In comparison with no-till, conventional tillage decreased AM fungal diversity by 40%. Differences between treatments in the frequency of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in soil, confirm that AM fungi are differently vulnerable to soil disturbance.

Managing crop losses from plant diseases with foliar fungicides, rotation and tillage on a Black Chernozem in Saskatchewan, Canada

The impact of tillage system, rotation sequence and foliar fungicides on diseases and seed yield and quality of wheat, barley, pea, canola and flax was determined in the second cycle of three, 4-year rotations from 1998 to 2001 on a Black Chernozem (Udic Boroll) at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of reduced-tillage production systems, broadleaf cropping intensity and fungicide use on cereal, oilseed and pulse crops in northeastern Saskatchewan, a sub-humid region of the northern Great Plains. A split–split plot design was used with three tillage systems (conventional, minimum and no-till) as main plots, three rotations of increasing broadleaf crop intensity (1. canola–wheat–barley–barley; 2. canola–barley–pea–wheat; and 3. canola–pea–flax–barley) as sub-plots, and fungicide treatments (treated or untreated) as sub-sub-plots. Fungicides appropriate for the diseases of concern were applied at recommended crop development stages and application rates, followed by assessment of diseases. Tillage system had little impact on diseases of any crop, although seed yield was usually greater under no-till for most crops under dry conditions. Rotation was not a major factor in disease severity of most of the crops, except barley in the rotation where it was grown for two consecutive years. Under dry conditions, barley yield was reduced when it followed flax compared with other crops, most likely due to less available soil moisture after flax. Fungicide application had the greatest impact on disease control and seed yield increase, although results varied among crops and years. In conclusion, the findings indicate that tillage system had little effect on disease severity, rotation contributed to greater disease severity only when a crop was grown intensively, such as on its own stubble, and fungicide application had variable effects on both disease control and seed yield.

The impact of tillage systems on soil microclimate, growth and yield of cassava (Manihot utilisima) in Midwestern Nigeria

Cassava is the most widely cultivated root crops among traditional farmers in the Midwestern Nigeria. Majority of the traditional farmers employ the zero tillage system. It is unclear if zero tillage is the best practice for optimizing yield? This study investigates the impact of tillage types on soil microclimatic condition, growth and yield of cassava in Midwestern Nigeria. An experimental area that measured 17 by 47 m was established in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria for two planting seasons 1997/1998 and 1998/1999. The microclimatic parameters monitored include air and soil temperatures and relative humidity while the physiological parameters measured were emergence, growth rate, leaf area accumulation and yield. Time series, multiple correlation, chi-square., ANOVA and stepwise regression analyses were the statistical tools employed in analysing the data. The results showed that soil moisture at 0 - 15 cm depth was significantly higher in zero tillage, followed by ridge and mound. The reverse is true with soil temperature. Ridge tillage (9.6 t ha-1) significantly produced more cassava tubers, followed by mound tillage (7.5 t ha-1) and zero tillage (5.2 t ha-1). The conventional ridge tillage method is recommended because it yielded more than the local practice of the zero tillage by 46%. Key words: Nigeria, tillage types, microclimate, hydrothermal, ethnoscience, cassava yield.

Gaseous and leaching nitrogen losses from no-tillage and conventional tillage systems following surface application of cattle manure

Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent results on the impact of tillage systems on nitrogen (N) losses from field-applied manure. This study assessed the impact of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on gaseous N losses, N 2O:N 2O + N 2 ratios and NO 3 −-N leaching following surface application of cattle manure. The study was undertaken during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons at two field sites in Nova Scotia namely, Streets Ridge (SR) in Cumberland County and the Bio-environmental Engineering Centre (BEEC) in Truro. Results showed that the NT system had higher ( p < 0.05) NH 3 losses than CT. Over the two seasons, manure incorporation in CT reduced NH 3 losses on average by 86% at SR and 78% at BEEC relative to NT. At both sites and during both seasons, denitrification rates and N 2O fluxes in NT were generally higher than in CT plots, presumably due to higher soil water and organic matter content in NT. Over the two seasons, mean denitrification rates at SR were 239 and 119 g N ha −1 d −1, while N 2O fluxes were 120 and 64 g N ha −1 d −1 under NT and CT, respectively. At BEEC mean denitrification rates were 114 and 71 g N ha −1 d −1, while N 2O fluxes were 52 and 27 g N ha −1 d −1 under NT and CT, respectively. Conversely, N 2O:N 2O + N 2 ratios were lower in NT than CT suggesting more complete reduction of N 2O to N 2 under NT. When averaged across all soil depths, NO 3 −-N was higher ( p < 0.05) in CT than NT. Nitrate-N decreased with depth at both sites regardless of tillage. In most cases, NO 3 −-N was higher under CT than NT at all soil depths. Similarly, flow-weighted average NO 3 −-N concentrations in drainage water were generally higher under CT. This may be partly attributed to higher denitrification rates under NT. Therefore, NT may be a viable strategy to remove NO 3 −-N from the soil, and thus, reduce NO 3 −-N contamination of groundwater. However, it should be noted that while the use of NT reduces NO 3 −-N leaching it may come with unintended environmental tradeoffs, including increased NH 3 and N 2O emissions.

Storage and forms of organic carbon in a no-tillage under cover crops system on clayey Oxisol in dryland rice production (Cerrados, Brazil)

The management and enhancement of soil organic carbon (SOC) is very important for agriculture (fertility) as well as for the environment (carbon (C) sequestration). Consequently, changes in soil management may alter SOC content. No-tillage (NT) practices are potential ways to increase SOC. We studied the SOC from agricultural soils in the Cerrados in Central Brazil. We compared two different tillage systems: conservation agriculture with no-tillage under cover crops (NT) and disc tillage (DT) for 5 years in a context of rainfed rice production. The soil is a dark red Oxisol with high clay content (about 40%). The objectives of the study were: (i) to evaluate the short-term (5 years) impact of tillage systems on SOC stocks in an Oxisol and (ii) to better understand the dynamics of SOC in different fractions of this soil. We first studied the initial situation in 1998, and compared it to the 2003 situation. NT with cover crop ( Crotalaria) was found to increase the storage of C in the topsoil layer (0–10 cm) compared to DT. The difference observed for the 0–10 cm layer under NT in comparison with DT represented C enrichment under no-tillage amounting to 0.35 Mg C ha −1 year −1 and corresponding to less than 10% of cover crops residues returned to the soil. A particle-size fractionation of soil organic matter (SOM) showed that differences in total SOC between NT and DT mainly affected the 0–2 μm fraction and, to a smaller extent the 2–20 μm fraction. This specific enrichment of SOC in the silt and clay fraction was attributed to (i) the storage of a water soluble C in the field and (ii) the effect of soil biota and especially fauna activity. The mean residence time of carbon associated with the fine fractions being rather long, it might be assumed that the preferential storage in fine fractions resulted in a long-term carbon storage. This study suggests a positive short-term effect of a no-tillage system on C sequestration in an Oxisol.

Short-term soil CO 2 emission after conventional and reduced tillage of a no-till sugar cane area in southern Brazil

The impact of tillage systems on soil CO 2 emission is a complex issue as different soil types are managed in various ways, from no-till to intensive land preparation. In southern Brazil, the adoption of a new management option has arisen most recently, with no-tillage as well as no burning of crops residues left on soil surface after harvesting, especially in sugar cane areas. Although such practice has helped to restore soil carbon, the tillage impact on soil carbon loss in such areas has not been widely investigated. This study evaluated the effect of moldboard plowing followed by offset disk harrow and chisel plowing on clay oxisol CO 2 emission in a sugar cane field treated with no-tillage and high crop residues input in the last 6 years. Emissions after tillage were compared to undisturbed soil CO 2 emissions during a 4-week period by using an LI-6400 system coupled to a portable soil chamber. Conventional tillage caused the highest emission during almost the whole period studied, except for the efflux immediately following tillage, when the reduced plot produced the highest peak. The lowest emissions were recorded 7 days after tillage, at the end of a dry period, when soil moisture reached its lowest rate. A linear regression between soil CO 2 effluxes and soil moisture in the no-till and conventional plots corroborate the fact that moisture, and not soil temperature, was a controlling factor. Total soil CO 2 loss was huge and indicates that the adoption of reduced tillage would considerably decrease soil carbon dioxide emission in our region, particularly during the summer season and when growers leave large amounts of crop residues on the soil surface. Although it is known that crop residues are important for restoring soil carbon, our result indicates that an amount equivalent to approximately 30% of annual crop carbon residues could be transferred to the atmosphere, in a period of 4 weeks only, when conventional tillage is applied on no-tilled soils.

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in a Minnesota soil as related to tillage, residue and nitrogen management

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are directly influenced by tillage, residue return and N fertilization management practices. Soil samples for SOC and N analyses, obtained from a 23-year field experiment, provided an assessment of near-equilibrium SOC and N conditions. Crops included corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean [ Glycine max L. (Merrill)]. Treatments of conventional and conservation tillage, residue stover (returned or harvested) and two N fertilization rates were imposed on a Waukegan silt loam (fine-silty over skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludoll) at Rosemount, MN. The surface (0–20 cm) soils with no-tillage (NT) had greater than 30% more SOC and N than moldboard plow (MB) and chisel plow (CH) tillage treatments. The trend was reversed at 20–25 cm soil depths, where significantly more SOC and N were found in MB treatments (26 and 1.5 Mg SOC and N ha −1, respectively) than with NT (13 and 1.2 Mg SOC and N ha −1, respectively), possibly due to residues buried by inversion. The summation of soil SOC over depth to 50 cm did not vary among tillage treatments; N by summation was higher in NT than MB treatments. Returned residue plots generally stored more SOC and N than in plots where residue was harvested. Nitrogen fertilization generally did not influence SOC or N at most soil depths. These results have significant implications on how specific management practices maximize SOC storage and minimize potential N losses. Our results further suggest different sampling protocols may lead to different and confusing conclusions regarding the impact of tillage systems on C sequestration.

Abstracts, Saskatchewan Regional Meeting, The Canadian Phytopathological Society, 1999

The effect of seeding date on diseases of canola in 1999. M. Keri, H.R. Kutcher, K.J. Kirkland, and E.N. Johnson. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada. Impact of tillage system, rotation, and fungicide application on field crop production.K. Martin, H.R. Kutcher, and A.M. Johnston. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Box 1240, Melfort, SK S0E 1A0, Canada. Fusarium dry rot of potatoes in Saskatchewan. J.R. Thomson and D.R. Waterer. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Development of SCAR marker for selection of resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus. B. Zhu, D.J. Somers, and S.R. Rimmer. (B.Z., D.J.S., S.R.R.) Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Center, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; and (B.Z.) Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.

Impact of Long‐Term Tillage Systems for Continuous Corn on Nitrate Leaching to Tile Drainage

AbstractInformation is lacking on the long‐term impact of tillage systems on NO3 losses to surface and groundwater. An 11‐yr (1982–1992) study was conducted to assess NO3 losses to subsurface, tile drainage for corn (Zea mays L.) grown with continuous conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) on a poorly drained Webster clay loam soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) at Waseca, MN. Nitrogen was applied at an annual application rate of 200 kg ha−1. Mean annual subsurface drain flow during the 11‐yr period was 35 mm higher for NT (315 ram) compared with CT (280 mm). Flow‐weighted nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) concentrations increased dramatically in the wet years (1990 and 1991) following the dry period of 1987 to 1989. Flow‐weighted NO3‐N concentrations during the 11‐yr period averaged 13.4 and 12.0 mg L−1 for CT and NT, respectively. Although subsurface drain flow was 12% higher with NT, NO3‐N losses were about 5% higher with CT mainly due to higher NO3‐N concentrations with CT in the last 2 yr. Corn grain yields and N removal were significantly higher in 6 out of 11 yr with CT compared with NT with no difference between tillage systems in the other 5 yr. Grain yields averaged 8.6 Mg ha−1 with CT and 7.3 Mg ha−1 with NT during the 11‐yr period. Multiple regression equations showed that annual flow‐weighted NO3‐N concentration is best predicted from residual soil NO3 in the 0‐ to 1.2‐m profile and spring rainfall while NO3‐N flux can be predicted well from May and June rainfall. Results from this long‐term study indicate that on this poorly drained soil, CT had a positive effect on corn grain yield and N removal compared with NT, but tillage systems had minimal impact on NO3 losses to subsurface drain flow. Higher drain flow with NT does not necessarily result in higher NO3‐N fluxes lost via subsurface drainage.