Impact Of Sporting Events Research Articles

Graph Attention Informer for Long-Term Traffic Flow Prediction under the Impact of Sports Events.

Traffic flow prediction is one of the challenges in the development of an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Accurate traffic flow prediction helps to alleviate urban traffic congestion and improve urban traffic efficiency, which is crucial for promoting the synergistic development of smart transportation and smart cities. With the development of deep learning, many deep neural networks have been proposed to address this problem. However, due to the complexity of traffic maps and external factors, such as sports events, these models cannot perform well in long-term prediction. In order to enhance the accuracy and robustness of the model on long-term time series prediction, a Graph Attention Informer (GAT-Informer) structure is proposed by combining the graph attention layer and informer layer to capture the intrinsic features and external factors in spatial-temporal correlation. The external factors are represented as sports events impact factors. The GAT-Informer model was tested on real-world data collected in London, and the experimental results showed that our model has better performance in long-term traffic flow prediction compared to other baseline models.

Edge computing-based digital management system of game events in the era of Internet of Things

With the great development of Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing, the development of sports activities depends on the development of information technology and it is inevitable to pay attention to the combination and optimization of resources. The combination of IoT and edge computing will be critical in sports activities. This paper elaborates on the application of network skill in sports event information management, that is, through the effective gathering of sports event data, to realize the use of sports event information, to achieve the purpose of information and digitization. Furthermore, the goal is to investigate the effect of sports event in the era of IoT. The impact of sports events on the economy and culture of the hosting city is investigated using IoT concept of edge computing. By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of traditional centralized optimization method, we present a series of performance indicators and utility functions and show that the method is effective and achieves the optimal purpose. Through vital research, it is found that with the development of the edge computing and IoT industry, the scale of sports events is constantly expanding. By 2019, there has been a scale of 1,271 billion yuan. An increase of 981 billion yuan, compared with 290 billion yuan in 2013. Therefore, the use of the IoT technology in combination with edge computing to manage sports events will greatly encourage the expansion of sports activities. Furthermore, the holding of sporting events reflects a city’s overall strength and enhances the city’s exposure and fame. The investigation offers a certain reference point for cities looking to increase their influence through events.

The Impact of Sports Events on Marketing Opportunities of Egypt Tourism Destination

The Impact of Sports Events on Marketing Opportunities of Egypt Tourism Destination

Innovative Sustainable Tourism Development and Entrepreneurship through Sports Events

Innovation and the development of new services are important strategic features to ensure the growth and sustainable wealth for industries where customers have many choices, as is the case in tourism sector. In this context, the present research comes to connect the local sustainable tourism development with the sporting events, and to come up with relevant proposals for the reference area, but also for their generalization in the whole tourist areas. Based on the research purpose, a quantitative research was conducted on a sample of 448 residents, randomly selected from a sampling frame. Several scales from previous studies were used to collect primary data, and they were adapted according to the research purpose. Research findings indicate that the acceptance of sustainable tourism development through sports can be predicted by several variables, such as the economic impact (b = 0.343), residents’ attitude towards sports events (b = 0.287), and citizens’ tendency to entrepreneurship (b = 0.113). Additionally, sports events affect the tendency of citizens towards entrepreneurship (r = 0.519, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the impact of sports events is multiple, and it affects many aspects of a tourism destination, and the effect of sports events on the destination is connected with the tendency of citizens towards entrepreneurship related to sports events.

The Potential of Non-Mega Sporting Events for the Promotion of Physical Activity Among Inactive Supporters at the Poznan Half Marathon: A Case Study.

The impact of sports events on the promotion of physical activity, healthy lifestyles and sports participation is debatable, and most of the literature is on mega-events. This begs the question if more evidence of this type of impact can be found for non-mega events. Research on sports legacy often refers to the tangible effects such as infrastructure that is left after the competition. However, the construction of new facilities does not automatically result in attracting participants. Despite the high expectations of events organizers in terms of their impacts on pro-health behavior of people, few studies provide empirical evidence that events encourage sport fans to become more physically active. The aim of this research was to examine whether a mass run promotes physical activity among spectators, and whether a mass run influences the willingness of spectators to start in half marathon in the future. A written paper–pencil survey was collected from 510 spectators during the 6th Poznan Half Marathon. The results show that observing a mass run event has a positive impact on the willingness to engage in regular physical activity as well as the willingness to take part in this type of sport in the future. Our work provides knowledge about the level of effectiveness in promoting active lifestyles among supporters depending on age, sex and place of residents. This work focuses on mass runs, which have been under-researched when it comes to impact on sport participation.

Four-year soil erosion rates in a running-mountain trail in eastern Iberian Peninsula

During the last decades, the use of mountain trails for running is more and more popular. New trails are opened to allow the runners to practice and compete. This form of human impact on the landscape is new as the new trails do not follow the conservation strategies in design and maintenance as traditional mountain trails constructed by farmers, shepherds and muleteers do. This impact of sport events in nature is not measured and we know little about this impact on vegetation, fauna and soils. We surveyed in September 2018 a trail that was opened in September 2014 and was used for four official mountain trail races, and for training by local runners. Our interviews with organizers and users show that 1054 runners passed during the competition days (4 races in 4 years) and over the 4-year period the trail was used approximately 43,800 times by a runner. We measured the current topography and calculated the soil lost. The results show extremely high erosion rates in the sloping terrain, with the highest rates in the north-facing slope, reaching up to 180.29 Mg ha-1 y-1, while in the flat section of the trail soil erosion rates are 107.56 Mg ha-1 y-1 and in the south-facing slope trail 128.93 Mg ha-1 y-1. Our study demonstrates that (i) soil erosion rates on trails can be easily estimated by measuring the deepest trail position enabling fast and cheap surveys; and (ii) that there is a need to establish conservation strategies on new trails to avoid non-sustainable soil losses in the Mediterranean mountains due to the sport activities such as the mountain trail races.

The impact of sport events on a host region:

The impact of sport events on a host region:

A PESQUISA DE IMPACTO ECONÔMICO COMO SUBSÍDIO PARA AS TOMADAS DE DECISÃO EM GESTÃO DE EVENTOS ESPORTIVOS: ESTUDO DE CASO DO X GAMES BRASIL 2013

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto econômico de eventos esportivos sobre uma localidade, com efeitos sobre as tomadas de decisão em gestão. O estudo utilizou dados do X Games Brasil, realizado em Foz do Iguaçu/PR em 2013, quando se realizou uma pesquisa de campo quantitativa, com a aplicação de questionário no local do evento, somada à análise documental da organização do evento, compondo uma análise sobre o seu custo-benefício. O impacto econômico calculado foi de R$ 51,7 milhões. O ponto central de reflexão passa pela compreensão de como essas informações econômicas e financeiras implicam tomadas de decisão em gestão de eventos esportivos, uma vez que existem pontos de convergência entre as parcerias público-privadas comuns neste tipo de acontecimento. Sugere-se, assim, um modelo analítico mais racional para corroborar o aporte público em eventos esportivos.

Putting Heads in Beds: A Small Sport Event Seeks the Right Analysis to Appeal to CVBs

Small-scale sporting events play an important role in bringing tourists to destinations. In this case, students take the role of the fictional national events director for EVP Beach Volleyball as he analyzes hotel data from three destinations to determine which locale would most benefit from EVP’s participants and fans. The primary goal is for students to learn to conduct basic analysis on a large, real dataset using Microsoft Excel. A second goal is to introduce students to the key performance indicators of the hotel industry: Occupancy Rate, Average Daily Rate (ADR), and Revenue Per Available Room (RevPAR). These metrics are central to hoteliers’ daily operations and familiarity with them will help students speak that language when interacting with people in the field. Thirdly, the case introduces key concepts surrounding the economic impact of sport events, particularly relating to the value of visitor spending.

Assessing the contribution of a major cycle race to host communities in South Australia

The development of major sport events in rural areas offers opportunities for local communities to engage in leisure, sport and tourism activity. While current studies investigate the impact of sport events on residents individually, little research has taken a community perspective. The purpose of this research was to explore the process of event development and the impact upon social interactions in seven rural communities in the 2012 Tour Down Under cycling race in Australia. Using grounded theory to explore community activities, interviews and focus groups with over 100 participants resulted in the development of a core category of collaboration; and five subcategories to examine the role of the event in stimulating community interaction and social capital. A model of sport event development explains the impact of the event development process on community relations in this rural context. Implications are discussed for managing the relationships between communities and event management organisations.

The Impact of Sports Events on Inbound Tourism in New Zealand

Sports events are an instrument of destination marketing for host countries. Over the past 40 years, New Zealand has held sports events such as the Commonwealth Games and the America's Cup and many international tourists have visited New Zealand during these events. While past studies have examined the economic value of such tourism at a generic level, the impact of mega sports events at more specific levels is unknown. Thus, this study examines not only the impact of eight mega sports events upon New Zealand's international tourist arrivals over the 1983–2005 period at the overall level, but also the number of tourist arrivals from participating countries for each event. Results suggest that the 1990 Commonwealth Games, the 2000 America's Cup (yachting) and the 2005 British and Irish Lions Tour (rugby) had a significant impact on tourist arrivals overall and on arrivals from each participating country.

Sport management: a bibliometric study on central themes and trends

Prompted by the scarcity of analyses of the directions in which sport management research has so far evolved, this study attempts to fill this gap by mapping the most important historical trends that have characterised this discipline. In order to achieve this purpose, a bibliometric analysis is employed, applying citation and co-citation analyses to citations from articles published in three sport management journals between 1987 and 2010. The co-citation relationships between references are analysed by applying a dense network subgrouping algorithm, which generates a number of clusters of influential works. The results point out a number of dominant trends influential over the entire period covered, focused on change in organisations, consumer motivation in sport marketing and diversity in organisations. Less influential trends reflect an interest in the impact of sport events, sport economics and in the status of sport management as an area of research.

Tourist displacement in two South African sport mega-events

Crowding-out (or displacement) of non-event visitors has received little attention in the literature on the impact of sports events, largely because it cannot be measured accurately. This paper discusses such effects in conceptual terms and reports the results of an analysis of data on tourist arrivals in South Africa aimed at estimating the displacement effects of two sports events held in 2009: the Indian Premier League cricket tournament and the British and Irish Lions rugby tour. Using monthly tourist arrivals in South Africa from specific countries, we find that some tourists from countries not participating in these events were displaced; the much stronger effect, however, was that tourists from the participating countries re-arranged their visits to coincide with an event. While confirming the inherent difficulty of measuring crowding-out effects, this paper shows that characteristics of events can sometimes be exploited to obtain useful information on displacement from readily available data.

The socio-economic impact of the FIA World Rally Championship 2007

Central to this research paper are findings from a major international collaborative study into the social and economic impact of the World Rally Championship (WRC) during 2007. Scholarship in the field of motorsport is rare, which is remarkable against the backdrop of a discipline that has truly global appeal. The analysis contained herein unfolds within extant research into the staging of so-called ‘mega’ sports events but highlights important shortcomings in this literature when examining a sport, such as rallying, which takes place beyond the normal sporting boundaries. The study also engages in debates surrounding the role of sport as an agent for social and cultural regeneration but advances a number of inadequacies within this and other procedures involved in measuring the full impact major sports events exercise upon their host communities. Beyond this a study of the WRC in 2007 reminds the reader of how sport events have differing symbolic significance depending upon the national political and cultural locales in which they take place. In this regard this essay also unpacks established discourses surrounding sporting legacy, exactly what constitutes a ‘sport tourist’ and the vexed issue of the use of multipliers when calculating the full economic impact of sports events both now and in the future.

Can Sports Events Affect Suicidal Behavior?

Engagement in sports and physical activity, either actively as an athlete or in a passive way as a spectator, impacts interpersonal behavior and physical and mental health. The study reviews literature on the relationship between sports spectatorship and suicidal behavior to ascertain whether sports spectatorship has an impact on suicidal behavior, either increasing the risk or being a protective factor. The literature was searched via PubMed/MEDLINE and PsycINFO. Nine studies published between 1986 and 2006 were identified. The reviewed studies focused on the impact of sports events on the societal level, and analyzed data regarding national or local suicide rates. Their results indicate that sports events can have an impact on suicide mortality and morbidity, but this relationship seems to be mediated by age, gender, marital status, and alcohol consumption, as well as the process and outcome of the game (e.g., victory vs. defeat of the favored team). There is some evidence that sports events can reduce the rates of suicide on the societal level; however, there is a lack of studies exploring how sports spectatorship might influence levels of suicide risk in individuals and how mediating variables might operate on the individual level.

Economic Impact of Sport Events: A Reassessment

Governments are spending increasing amounts to attract and host sporting events in the belief that they generate significant additional economic activity and jobs. Current practice is to measure the economic impact of events through the use of multipliers that are derived from Input–Output (I-O) models. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) techniques are now preferred to I-O models because of their superior ability to reflect resource constraints and feedback effects across the economy. The authors have applied a CGE model of the Australian and New South Wales state economies to examine a selected event, the Qantas Australian (Motor Racing) Grand Prix. The results are compared with projections using an I-O approach. The CGE analysis estimates impacts on gross product that are half of those projected by the I-O analysis for the host state and 20% of the I-O projections for the Australian economy as a whole. The article then discusses the distinction between the impacts and net benefits of events. Finally, the article discusses the institutional framework required for a more rigorous assessment of economic impacts of sport events, making some general observations about event strategies and evaluation internationally.

Congress and Professional Sports: 1951-1978

The relationship between government and professional sports is analyzed by reviewing Congressional activity relative to professional sports during the period 1951-1978. During this time, nearly 300 pieces of sports legislation have been proposed. Congressional concern with sports is explained by the impact of sports events, such as franchise moves, upon specific constituencies, and league- initiated requests for assistance. Conflicting perceptions in Congress of professional sports as pure sport and big business help explain a change in Congress' posture toward the sports leagues. The politics of professional sports is explored, and a Congressionally defined right to access is identified and explained. The article concludes that due to Congress' changing perception of professional sports, it has, on occasion, enacted legislation opposed by the leagues. Nevertheless, the political influence of club owners combined with the persistence of an idyllic image of sports within Congress make such instances rare.