Impact Of Socioeconomic Status Research Articles

Racial Differences in Biopsychosocial Pathways to Tobacco and Marijuana Use Among Youth.

The influence of socioeconomic disparities and multidimensional stressors on youth tobacco and marijuana use is recognized; however, the extent of these effects varies among different racial groups. Understanding the racial differences in the factors influencing substance use is crucial for developing tailored interventions aimed at reducing disparities in tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents. This study aims to explore the differential effects of socioeconomic disparities and multidimensional stressors on tobacco and marijuana use between Black and White adolescents. Utilizing longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, this research includes a cohort of pre-youth, monitored from the age of 9-10years for a period of up to 36months. We examined the impact of various socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and multidimensional stressors, including trauma, financial stress, racial discrimination, and family stress, alongside baseline average cortical thickness and the subsequent initiation of tobacco and marijuana use over the 36-month follow-up. Overall, 10,777 participants entered our analysis. This included 8263 White and 2514 Black youth. Our findings indicate significant differences in the pathways from SES indicators through stress types to cortical thickness between Black and White youths. Notably, cortical thickness's impact on the future initiation of tobacco and marijuana use was present in both groups. The study suggests that compared to White adolescents, Black adolescents' substance use and associated cortical thickness are less influenced by stress and SES indicators. This discrepancy may be attributed to the compounded effects of racism, where psychosocial mechanisms might be more diminished for Black youth than White youth. These findings support the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns rather than the cumulative disadvantage or double jeopardy hypothesis, highlighting the need for interventions that address the unique challenges faced by Black adolescents.

The impact of area-level socioeconomic status in childhood on mental health in adolescence and adulthood: A prospective birth cohort study in Aotearoa New Zealand

Mental health conditions pose a significant public health challenge, and low area-level socioeconomic status (SES) is a potentially important upstream determinant. Childhood exposure might have influences on later-life mental health. This study, utilises data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study birth cohort, examining the impact of area-level SES trajectories in childhood (from birth to age 16) on mental health at age 16 and from age 18–40 years. Findings revealed some associations between distinct SES trajectories and mental health. The study underscores the importance of using a spatial lifecourse epidemiology framework to understand long-term environmental impacts on later-life health.

Health-related quality of life and impact of socioeconomic status among primary and secondary school students after the third COVID-19 wave in Berlin, Germany.

In the earlier phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, studies in Germany and elsewhere found an overall reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among students. However, there is little evidence on later pandemic stages as well as socioeconomic influencing factors. We aimed to (1) describe HRQoL in a Berlin student cohort at two time points in mid-2021, and to (2) analyze the effects of household income and education. We assessed HRQoL of students from 24 randomly selected primary and secondary schools in Berlin, Germany, with the KIDSCREEN-10 index in June and September 2021. To adjust for non-response bias, inverse probability weighting was applied. The potential effects of both household income and education (lower vs. higher) were estimated in generalized linear mixed models, based on prior assumptions presented in directed acyclic graphs. Our cohort comprised 660 students aged 7-19 years. In June 2021, 11.3% [95% CI = 9.0% - 14.0%] reported low HRQoL, whereas in September 2021, this increased to 13.7% [95% CI = 11.1% - 16.5%], with adolescent girls more frequently reporting low HRQoL at both time points (20% [95% CI = 17.1% - 23.3%] and 29% [95% CI = 25.5% - 32.5%]) compared to boys and younger children. While there was no statistically significant total effect of lower household income on HRQoL, a negative effect of lower household education was statistically significant (β = -2.15, SE 0.95, 95% CI = -4.01 to -0.29, p = 0.024). In summary, students' HRQoL in mid-2021 was better than that documented in other studies conducted at pandemic onset using KIDSCREEN-10. Female adolescents reported low HRQoL more often, and lower household education significantly reduced children's HRQoL. Support strategies for psychosocial wellbeing should consider socioeconomically disadvantaged children as important target groups.

The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on the Incidence and Stage of Melanoma in China: A Single-Center Observational Study.

The role of high socioeconomic status (SES) as an established risk factor for melanoma has been well documented in Western countries and regions. However, research on the association between melanoma and SES in China remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between SES and melanoma incidence and stage in China. Five measures of SES were accessed, including education level, ethnic background, per capita household income, occupation, and medical insurance coverage. A scoring system based on the Kuppuswamy Socio-Economic Scale was used to create a quantitative assessment of SES. To improve clarity and precision, we refined the language in the original text. Clinical stage at diagnosis was classified according to the Chinese Society Oncology Melanoma Guidelines. A total of 122 patients with pathologic melanoma were enrolled in this study from January 2013 to December 2017. Of these patients, 58 (48%) were male and 64 (52%) were female, with a mean age of 59.23 ± 9.91 years. Patients in the age groups of 45-59 and 60-73 had a higher incidence of melanoma compared to other age groups. Acral lentiginous melanoma was the most commonly observed subtype, accounting for 48% of cases. Patients with a low level of education (middle school and below) and a low level of monthly household income (<3000 CNY) had a higher risk of developing melanoma, as did those who were unemployed. Interestingly, a higher proportion of melanoma diagnoses were made in patients with medical insurance than those without. However, no significant differences in melanoma staging were found based on education level (P = 0.153), monthly household income (P = 0.507), occupation (P = 0.687), or insurance status (P = 0.537). According to the Kuppuswamy Socio-Economic Scale, there were 0 in upper class, 50 in upper middle class, 44 in lower middle class, 28 in upper lower class, 0 in lower class. The mean K-score was 13.85. No statistically significant interaction was observed between K-score and tumor stage. Patients with lower SES have a higher risk of developing melanoma. However, no significant differences were found in melanoma staging based on SES.

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Functional Outcomes After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This review aimed to quantify the impact of socioeconomic status on functional outcomes from stroke and identify the socioeconomic status indicators that exhibit the highest magnitude of association. We performed a systematic literature search across Medline and Embase from inception to May 2022, to identify observational studies (n≥100, and in English). Risk of bias was assessed using the modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool data. We included 19 studies (157 715 patients, 47.7% women) reporting functional outcomes measured with modified Rankin Scale or Barthel index, with 10 assessed as low risk of bias. Measures of socioeconomic status reported were education (11 studies), income (8), occupation (4), health insurance status (3), and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation (3). Pooled data suggested that low socioeconomic status was significantly associated with poor functional outcomes, including incomplete education or below high school level versus high school attainment and above (odds ratio [OR], 1.66 [95% CI, 1.40-1.95]), lowest income versus highest income (OR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.02-1.83]), a manual job/being unemployed versus a nonmanual job/working (OR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.29-2.02]), and living in the most disadvantaged socioeconomic neighborhood versus the least disadvantaged (OR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.25-1.92]). Low health insurance status was also associated with an increased risk of poor functional outcomes (OR, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.95-1.84]), although this was association was not statistically significant. Despite great strides in stroke treatment in the past decades, social disadvantage remains a risk factor for poor functional outcome after an acute stroke. Further research is needed to better understand causal mechanisms and disparities.

Impact of socio-economic status on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: a study of 216 cases

Impact of socio-economic status on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: a study of 216 cases

Abstract PO3-22-08: Impact of Zip Code-Based Income on Reconstructive Method and Outcomes in Mutation-Positive Breast Cancer Patients

Abstract Background: In the United States, 13% of women develop invasive breast cancer, with certain genetic mutations increasing the risk. Genetic screening is costly and burdensome for patients, particularly those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Moreover, lower income (LI) patients face barriers in accessing healthcare and have lower rates of breast reconstruction. This study aims to examine the impact of socioeconomic status, as indicated by ZIP code median income, on the type of breast surgery, reconstructive technique, and perioperative outcomes among mutation-positive (M+) patients. Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort study included patients with a genetic predisposition for breast cancer and undergoing breast and reconstructive surgery between January 2016 and October 2022. Patient demographics, history, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Patient ZIP codes were cross-referenced with the American Community Survey to determine the median household income, which served as a proxy for the patient-specific household income. Four distinct income quartiles were established: quartile 1 (Q1) = $37,045-$81,586 (“LI”); quartile 2 (Q2) = $81,587-$103,703; quartile 3 (Q3) = $103,704-$129,768; and quartile 4 (Q4) = $129,769-$213,724. Results: Among the 170 patients analyzed, 42 (24.7%) were in Q1, 42 (24.7%) in Q2, 44 (25.9%) in Q3, and 42 (24.7%) in Q4. Most patients had BRCA1 (n=73, 42.9%), BRCA2 (n=68, 40.0%), PALB2 (n=11,6.5%), or CHEK2 (n=8, 64.7%) mutations, and underwent prophylactic mastectomy without evidence of breast cancer (n=119, 70.0%). Mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 41±16 years and 25.0±7.5 kg/m2, respectively. There was a significant association between patient race and income (p&amp;lt; 0.0001), such that 30.1% of White patients were in Q4 (vs. 8.3% of Black patients), compared to 38.9% of Black patients in Q1 (vs.19.0% of White patients). LI was significantly associated with higher BMI (p=0.0083) and obesity rates (p=0.0080). Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) (n=103, 60.6%) was the most frequent surgical approach, followed by skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) (n=42, 24.7%), simple mastectomy (n=13, 7.6%), lumpectomy (n=4, 2.4%), and radical mastectomy (n=4, 2.4%). Patients in Q3 underwent NSM significantly more often than those in Q1 (p=0.0080). Tissue expander (n=73, 42.9%) was the most common reconstruction method. 34.7% of patients (n=59) experienced postoperative complications. Short-term (&amp;lt; 30 days postoperatively) complications included delayed wound healing (n=22, 12.9%), surgical site infection (n=16, 9.4%), dehiscence (n=12, 7.1%), cellulitis (n=10, 5.9%), seroma (n=9, 5.3%) and hematoma (n=9, 4.7%). Long term (≥30 days postoperatively) complications included mastectomy flap necrosis (n=22, 12.9%), total reconstructive failure (n=8, 4.7%), and red breast syndrome (n=2, 1.2%). There was no significant association between income level and incidence of complications (p &amp;gt;0.05). Income level significantly correlated with cancer recurrence, as patients in Q2 (n=0, 0.0%) and Q4 (n=1, 2.4%) had significantly lower recurrence rates compared to Q1 (n=6, 14.3%) (p=0.0140). Of the 30.0% of patients with diagnosis of cancer at DOS, 66.7% (n=34) of patients had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Eleven of these patients were in Q1, five in Q2, six in Q3, and twelve in Q4 (p=0.259). Conclusion: LI M+ patients had lower NSM rates than higher income patients, despite similar rates of prophylactic mastectomies, possibly due to perceived costs of increased follow-up care. Moreover, LI patients experienced higher cancer recurrence, despite similar incidences of equivalent cancer subtypes at presentation, likely reflecting differences in post-diagnostic care and morbidity. These findings highlight the need to address financial barriers and ensure equitable access to comprehensive care for M+ patients of all income strata. Citation Format: Jaytin Gupta, Shrayus Sortur, Christian Lava, Margaret Lee, Lauren Berger, Varsha Harish, Daisy Spoer, Lindy Rosal, Ian Greenwalt, Lucy De La Cruz, David Song, Kenneth Fan. Impact of Zip Code-Based Income on Reconstructive Method and Outcomes in Mutation-Positive Breast Cancer Patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-22-08.

The Role of Food Insecurity and Dietary Factors on Intensity of Physical Activity

Food insecurity is a prevalent issue among college students and is defined as the lack of access to reliable and nutritionally adequate foods. It leads to poor diet quality and increased anxiety and stress, which can make motivation to participate in physical activity more challenging. However, the specific role that food insecurity plays in physical activity and diet quality among the college population has yet to be thoroughly studied. To address this gap in the literature, the current study aims to assess the impact of food insecurity on diet quality and physical activity. It is hypothesized that those who report food insecurity will engage in less physical activity and have lower diet quality, potentially due to the lack of energy from a poor diet, and the preoccupation with pressing concerns for food access. Individuals over the age of 18 completed an anonymous survey that was distributed via social media and messaging platforms. The survey included demographic questions and seven validated scales including the Food Insecurity Experience Scale, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, Food Mood Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Health Promoting Activities Scale, and Satisfaction, Alertness, Timing, Effciency, and Duration (SATED) Questionnaire. These scales measured food insecurity status, physical activity levels, self-esteem, dietary habits, perceived stress, health promoting activities, and sleep. Data from 561 individuals were analyzed using Pearson’s Correlation Coeffcient in IBM SPSS Version 28.0. The results show that being unable to consume nutritiously adequate foods was negatively associated with participating in vigorous exercise (r= -0.122, p&lt; 0.01). However, feeling hungry but not eating and going a whole day without eating were positively associated with performing moderate activity (r= 0.124, p&lt; 0.01; r= 0.130, p&lt; 0.01). Alongside this, it was revealed that consumption of whole grain foods was positively associated with vigorous physical activity and negatively correlated with the consumption of fast or pre-packaged foods. (r= 0.168, p&lt;0.01; r= -0.124 p&lt;0.01). In addition, the inability to eat healthy and nutritious foods was found to be negatively associated with consumption of whole grain foods and positively associated with the consumption of fast or pre-packaged foods (r= -0.110 p&lt;0.01; r= 0.115 p&lt; 0.01). These findings confirm that food insecurity is associated with lower diet quality and likely moderates the type of exercise performed. These phenomena may be explained by potentially lower metabolic energy, constant food-related stress, which negatively impacts motivation to perform, and the impact of socioeconomic status on the physical activity of college students. No funding was provided to conduct this research study. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

The Impact of Family Socioeconomic Status (SES) on Adolescents' Learning Conformity: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescents' learning conformity and self-esteem among a sample of 15-18 year-old high school students. A survey was conducted on 339 adolescents using measures of family SES, self-esteem, and learning conformity. An intermediary effect model was constructed to examine the mediating mechanism of self-esteem in the impact of family SES on adolescents' learning conformity. In our study, we observed that male adolescents were more likely to come from families with higher socioeconomic status (SES) and exhibited relatively higher levels of self-esteem compared to female adolescents. However, this finding should be regarded as an observational outcome specific to our study sample and does not directly indicate a causal relationship between gender and family SES or self-esteem. Adolescents from rural areas were more likely to exhibit tendencies towards learning abidance and compliance. Family SES positively predicted self-esteem. The intermediary model indicated that family SES significantly positively influenced learning abidance and compliance, with self-esteem partially mediating the effects at 33.49% and 33.33%, respectively. Family SES negatively affected learning obedience, with self-esteem partially mediating the effect at 39.77%. Among the 15-18 year-old high school student population, family SES not only directly affects learning abidance, compliance, and obedience but also generates an indirect mediating effect through self-esteem.

The impact of poverty and socioeconomic status on brain, behaviour, and development: a unified framework.

In this article, we, for the first time, provide a comprehensive overview and unified framework of the impact of poverty and low socioeconomic status (SES) on the brain and behaviour. While there are many studies on the impact of low SES on the brain (including cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and even neurotransmitters) and behaviours (including educational attainment, language development, development of psychopathological disorders), prior studies did not integrate behavioural, educational, and neural findings in one framework. Here, we argue that the impact of poverty and low SES on the brain and behaviour are interrelated. Specifically, based on prior studies, due to a lack of resources, poverty and low SES are associated with poor nutrition, high levels of stress in caregivers and their children, and exposure to socio-environmental hazards. These psychological and physical injuries impact the normal development of several brain areas and neurotransmitters. Impaired functioning of the amygdala can lead to the development of psychopathological disorders, while impaired hippocampus and cortex functions are associated with a delay in learning and language development as well as poor academic performance. This in turn perpetuates poverty in children, leading to a vicious cycle of poverty and psychological/physical impairments. In addition to providing economic aid to economically disadvantaged families, interventions should aim to tackle neural abnormalities caused by poverty and low SES in early childhood. Importantly, acknowledging brain abnormalities due to poverty in early childhood can help increase economic equity. In the current study, we provide a comprehensive list of future studies to help understand the impact of poverty on the brain.

Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Outcomes in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (P10-5.009)

Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Outcomes in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (P10-5.009)

The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Risk for Brain Death Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (P1-4.014)

The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Risk for Brain Death Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (P1-4.014)

Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and childhood development aged 30 to 36 months in South Korea, based on the National health screening program for infants and children database

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the neurodevelopment of children. However, the precise effects of the virus and the social consequences of the pandemic on pediatric neurodevelopment are not yet fully understood. We aimed to compare the neurodevelopment of children between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as examine the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and regional differences on the development.MethodsThe study used the Korean Developmental Screening Test to compare the difference in the risk of neurodevelopmental delay between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic and the risk of neurodevelopmental delay. Stratified analyses were performed to determine whether the developmental delays caused by the pandemic’s impact varied depending on SES or regional inequality.ResultsThis study found an association between the experience of COVID-19 and a higher risk of neurodevelopmental delay in communication (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19, 1.22; P-value: < 0.0001) and social interaction (aOR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.17; P-value: < 0.0001) domains among children of 30–36 months’ ages. Notably, the observed association in the Medicaid group of children indicates a higher risk of neurodevelopmental delay compared to those in the non-Medicaid group.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the need to be concerned about the neurodevelopment of children who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also calls for increased training and support for Medicaid children, parents, teachers, and healthcare practitioners. Additionally, policy programs focused on groups vulnerable to developmental delays are required.

The impact of family socioeconomic status on depression in Chinese adolescents: A comparison of life course models

BackgroundLow socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-recognized risk factor for depression. However, the relationship between the timing of exposure to disadvantaged SES in childhood and depression in adolescence remains to be explored. We examined the differential influence of SES in early childhood, late childhood and adolescence on adolescent depression by modeling life course models. MethodsWe used longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (N = 2245). SES was measured using average household income (objective SES) and maternal subjective SES and grouped into three time points: 5–8 years, 9–12 years, and 13–16 years of age. The main outcome was depression at 13–16 years of age. Structured linear regression analysis was used to predict depression by low SES over the three time periods. A partial F test was used to compare the nested life course models to the saturated model. ResultsAmong objective SES permutations, approximately 24.63 % of the adolescents had low SES in all periods, and 73.63 % had low SES in at least one period. Among subjective SES permutations, approximately 5.48 % of the adolescents had low SES in all periods, and 54.65 % had low SES in at least one period. Regardless of objective SES or subjective SES, the accumulation of risk (relaxed) model was the best-fit model. In this model, chronic low SES exposure in late childhood was the best predictor. ConclusionWe suggest that interventions targeting the late childhood period may have a practical effect on reducing depression in adolescents.

HSR24-129: Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Care in Southeast Texas: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

HSR24-129: Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Care in Southeast Texas: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Association of socioeconomic status and poststroke cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Stroke survivors are at high risk of coping with cognitive problems after stroke. In recent decades, the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health-related outcomes has been a topic of considerable interest. Learning more about the potential impact of SES on poststroke cognitive dysfunction is of great importance. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the association between SES and poststroke cognitive function by quantifying the effect sizes of the existing studies. We searched studies from PubMed, Ovid, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and PsychINFO up to January 30th 2024 and the references of relevant reviews. Studies reporting the risk of poststroke cognitive dysfunction as assessed by categorized SES indicators were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality were used to evaluate the study quality. Meta-analyses using fixed-effect models or random-effect models based on study heterogeneity were performed to estimate the influence of SES on cognitive function after stroke, followed by subgroup analyses stratified by study characteristics. Thirty-four studies were eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Of which, 19 studies reported poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) as the outcome, 13 reported poststroke dementia (PSD), one reported both PSCI and PSD, and one reported vascular cognitive impairment no dementia. The findings showed that individuals with lower SES levels had a higher risk of combined poststroke cognitive dysfunction (odds ratio (OR)=1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.59-2.29), PSCI (OR=2.09, 95% CI=1.57-2.78), and PSD (OR=1.95, 95% CI=1.48-2.57). Subgroup analyses stratified by SES indicators demonstrated the protective effects of education and occupation against the diagnoses of combined poststroke cognitive dysfunction, PSCI, and PSD. Stroke survivors belonging to a low SES are at high risk of poststroke cognitive dysfunction. Our findings add evidence for public health strategies to reduce the risk of poststroke cognitive dysfunction by reducing SES inequalities.

(513) - Utilization of Distressed Communities Index to Examine the Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Left Ventricular Assist Device Outcomes

(513) - Utilization of Distressed Communities Index to Examine the Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Left Ventricular Assist Device Outcomes

A Nationwide Analysis of the Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Complications and Health Care Utilizations After Total Knee Arthroplasty Using the Area Deprivation Index: Consideration of the Disadvantaged Patient

BackgroundSocioeconomic status has been demonstrated to be an important prognostic risk factor among patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. We evaluated patients living near neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic risk undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and if they were associated with differences in the following: (1) medical complications; (2) emergency department (ED) utilizations; (3) readmissions; and (4) costs of care. MethodsA query of a national database from 2010 to 2020 was performed for primary TKAs. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) is a weighted index comprised of 17 census-based markers of material deprivation and poverty. Higher numbers indicate a greater disadvantage. Patients undergoing TKA in zip codes associated with high ADI (90%+) were 1:1 propensity-matched to a comparison group by age, sex, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. This yielded 225,038 total patients, evenly matched between cohorts. Outcomes studied included complications, ED utilizations, readmission rates, and 90-day costs. Logistic regression models computed the odds ratios (OR) of ADI on the dependent variables. P values less than .003 were significant. ResultsHigh ADI led to higher rates and odds of any medical complications (11.7 versus 11.0%; OR: 1.05, P = .0006), respiratory failures (0.4 versus 0.3%; OR: 1.28, P = .001), and acute kidney injuries (1.7 versus 1.5%; OR: 1.15, P < .0001). Despite lower readmission rates (2.9 versus 3.5%), high ADI patients had greater 90-day ED visits (4.2 versus 4.0%; OR: 1.07, P = .0008). The 90-day expenditures ($15,066 versus $12,459; P < .0001) were higher in patients who have a high ADI. ConclusionsSocioeconomically disadvantaged patients have increased complications and ED utilizations. Neighborhood disadvantage may inform health care policy and improve postdischarge care. The socioeconomic status metrics, including ADI (which captures community effects), should be used to adequately risk-adjust or risk-stratify patients so that access to care for deprived regions and patients is not lost. Level of EvidenceIII.

IMPACT OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF PATIENTS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

Introduction: Cerebral palsy is disorder of movement and posture caused by non-progressive disturbances in developing brain caused by number of factors. (1,2) Prevalence of malnutrition among children with cerebral palsy is higher than that in normal children (4-7). Some studies suggest an association between socioeconomic status and cerebral palsy whereas others refute it. Our study will discuss the impact of socioeconomic status on various anthropometric indices. Objectives: To study the relation between socioeconomic status and anthropometric indices in patients with cerebral palsy. Materials And Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital of Srinagar from January 2021 to November 2022 which enrolled inpatient cerebral palsy children aged 1-18 years old. Height for age (stunting), weight for age (underweight), weight for height (wasting), BMI for age were derived and z scores were assessed through WHO Anthroplus and WHO anthro 3.2 softwares. Socioeconomic status was assessed by modified kuppuswamy scale updated for the year 2019. The data was analyzed with Jamovi 2.3.21. Nutritional status of children was classified as per WHO standards for z scores (i.e., -2 SD to +2 SD : Normal -2 SD to -3 SD : Moderately undernourished and &lt;-3 SD : Severely undernourished). Relation between categorical variables was analyzed by chi square test. Statistical significance was assessed and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. The study was approved by ethical committee of our institute Results: 35 out of 102 participants (34.3%) belong to upper lower socioeconomic class. 25 out of 102 participants (24.5%) patients belong to lower middle socioeconomic class. 19 out of 102 participants (18.6%) belong to upper middle class. 14 out of 102 participants (13.7%) belong to lower class and 9 out of 102 participants (8.8%) belong to upper class.

Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Risk and Nutritional Status According to Menopause Age and the Impact of Socioeconomic Status on MetS Prevalence in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

The increased life expectancy and the occurrence of premature menopause prolong the mean postmenopausal phase in women's lifespans. Although the roles of poor socioeconomic status (SES), anthropometric characteristics, and nutritional status in premature menopause and the health of postmenopausal women are well understood, the differences in nutritional status and metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence in postmenopausal women depending on their menopause age are less explored. Furthermore, the association between SES and MetS risk in postmenopausal women is not studied. Thus, this study aimed to compare distinct nutritional status and MetS risk between women with premature menopause and natural menopause. Additionally, the association among SES, health-related lifestyle behaviors (HLBs), and MetS risk in postmenopausal women was studied. This study included 31,799 postmenopausal women from the 8th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The relationship between disease prevalence and nutrient intake of the subjects was analyzed using analysis of variance (GLM), and Scheffé test was performed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association among SES, HLBs, and MetS as well as premature menopause. Women with premature menopause showed poor SES, anthropometric characteristics, and HLBs compared with women with natural menopause. Additionally, premature menopausal women had markedly lower intakes of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-3 fatty acid, and β-carotene, but higher intakes of energy, carbohydrate, saturated fatty acid, and sugar than women with natural menopause (p < 0.0001). Premature menopausal women showed significantly higher MetS prevalence by having hypertriglyceridemia (p < 0.0001), hypertension (p = 0.0145), and reduced HDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.0001) relative to natural menopausal women. Furthermore, our findings indicate a substantial link among SES, HLBs, and the risk of premature menopause. In postmenopausal women, deteriorating SES and HLBs appear to influence the prevalence of MetS. Notably, our study reveals that higher intakes of protein, calcium, phosphate, and iron are correlated with a lower risk of developing MetS. These observations suggest that proactive nutritional education for premature menopausal women is necessary to improve MetS risk and their nutritional status. Also, SES-dependent interventions regarding nutrition and HLBs in postmenopausal women will be significant to lower MetS risk, MetS-derived chronic disease, and mortality in postmenopausal women.