Impact Of Shading Research Articles

Adapting Viticulture to Climate Change: Impact of Shading in Sicily

Climate change significantly affects viticulture, with noticeable impacts on yield and quality. The increase in average temperatures, often coupled with decreased precipitation, accelerates the phenological development of grapevines, leading to rapid sugar accumulation and concentration and decreased acidity. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of black shading nets with two levels (26% and 40%) on vine phenology, vegetative growth, yield, and grape ripening, as a potential strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of rising temperatures and reduced precipitation. The research was conducted in southwestern Sicily, in the Menfi (AG) area, using Grillo and Syrah grapevines. Black shading nets were applied during the pea-sized berry stage (BBCH 75). The results demonstrated that shading effectively delayed vine phenology and altered grape ripening, with significant reductions in sugar content (up to 10%) and increases in total acidity (up to 10%) at harvest compared to non-shaded vines. However, shading also reduced berry size, resulting in lower cluster weight and yield per plant (up to 15%). These findings highlight the potential of shading nets as a tool for adapting viticulture to climate change, while emphasizing the need to carefully assess their large-scale applicability, considering economic and operational factors.

Mitigating the Impact of Partial Shading Conditions on Photovoltaic Arrays Through Modified Bridge-Linked Configuration

Global reliance on depleting energy resources is driving the urgent need for alternative solutions to address escalating energy demands. Solar energy, a prominent renewable resource, leverages various configurations and techniques to maximize power output, even under challenging environmental conditions. In photovoltaic (PV) arrays, partial shading conditions (PSCs) significantly hinder efficiency by reducing power extraction across solar panels. Traditionally, configurations such as series, parallel, series-to-parallel, and bridge-linked (BL) are employed to optimize power output; however, each has limitations under PSCs. Here, we introduce a modified bridge-linked (Modified BL) configuration designed to mitigate the adverse effects of partial shading on PV arrays. This approach allows for interconnected solar modules that reduce shading impact across an entire array, thus preserving efficiency by isolating shaded sections and minimizing power loss. The Modified BL configuration not only supports maximum power point tracking (MPPT) but also enhances resilience against shading, ensuring stable power output. Our simulation results underscore the critical influence of irradiance levels on PV electricity generation, suggesting that incorporating irradiance variability as a design parameter is essential in selecting optimal PV interconnection schemes under PSCs. This study contributes to advancing solar array design by providing a robust method to maintain power output in partial shading conditions, ultimately supporting broader efforts in renewable energy optimization.

An Approach Based on Golden Eagle Optimization Algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV Panel Under Partial Shading Conditions

This study introduces an innovative Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique utilizing the Golden Eagle Optimization (GEO) method, specifically designed to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions. Unlike traditional MPPT approaches that struggle with local peaks in power-voltage curves caused by shading, the GEO method leverages the hunting behavior-inspired algorithm to accurately locate the global maximum power point (GMPP). The effectiveness of the GEO MPPT technique is demonstrated through extensive simulations across three diverse case scenarios, each representing different partial shading patterns. In all scenarios, the GEO method outperforms conventional MPPT techniques, showcasing its adaptability and superior performance in challenging conditions. The successful implementation of GEO MPPT leads to substantial improvements in PV panel energy extraction efficiency, even when faced with the complexities of partial shading. This research contributes significantly to the advancement of solar PV systems, enhancing their reliability and performance in real-world environments. By mitigating the impact of partial shading, this work promotes the wider adoption of solar energy as a viable and sustainable power solution.

Different performance of tea plants to shade based on key metabolites and transcriptome profiles: case study of cultivars Longjing 43 and Yabukita.

Shading is widely used in tea cultivation to improve quality by modulating various metabolic pathways in tea plants. However, the differential sensitivity of specific metabolites and the cultivar-dependent responses to shading are not yet fully understood. This study examined the impact of shading on the chemical composition and transcriptional profiles of cv. Longjing 43 and cv. Yabukita. Among the main quality-related compounds, flavonol glycosides were highly responsive to shading, while catechins displayed distinct cultivar-specific responses. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis was the key secondary metabolic difference between cv. Longjing and cv. Yabukita plants under the sunlight, and shading regulated flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in both cultivars. The genes such as ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (CsANR) and ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (CsANS) were less sensitive to shade in cv. Longjing 43 than cv. Yabukita, leading to relatively higher levels of epi-type catechins in the shade-treated cv. Longjing 43 sample. Additionally, the UVR8-mediated light signaling pathway demonstrated cultivar-specific expression patterns, although the functional roles of key signaling proteins were conserved across both cultivars. The insights into the chemical and molecular responses of tea plants to shading deepen our understanding of the mechanisms driving the cultivar-dependent behaviors of flavonoids, which offers valuable applications for maintaining consistent matcha quality and informing breeding programs of matcha.

Impact of Temperature and Shading on Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Telecom Sites

Nigeria's rural mobile network boom strains its power generation. Expensive and polluting diesel generators power off-grid base stations, prompting mobile network operators to explore solar PV systems. However, real-life performance under field conditions is a major concern, as manufacturer datasheets often fall short. This study highlighted the performance of a solar PV system powering a telecommunication station in Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria. We examined temperature, irradiance and shading effect. The findings highlight the impact of shading and temperature on energy yield and performance ratio (PR). While stand-alone and solar tracking systems had similar PRs (66 to 68 percent), tracking systems generated the most energy (4.53 energy yield) due to increased solar exposure. However, this benefit came with a trade-off; higher temperature losses (1559 kWh) caused by temperature rise from direct sunlight. Additionally, the nearby structures significantly impacted tracking systems by causing shading. In conclusion, well-designed solar PV systems for telecommunication stations must consider mitigating factors like shading and temperature. This can achieve substantial advantages: lower operational expenses for operators, improved network availability for rural users, and a reduced environmental impact, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Thermal and optical analysis of industrial photovoltaic modules under partial shading in diverse environmental conditions

Thermal and optical analysis of industrial photovoltaic modules under partial shading in diverse environmental conditions

Comparison of Urban Environment Factors for Solar-Powered Vehicles

Abstract. Urban areas face significant environmental challenges, including high CO2 emissions largely attributed to the transportation sector. Introducing solar-powered vehicles (SPVs) presents a promising solution to reduce urban carbon footprints. However, in dense urban settings, the effectiveness of SPVs is often compromised by shading from buildings, which significantly diminishes solar power generation. This study explores the impact of shading on urban roads, aiming to identify roads with substantial shadow variations that affect solar energy harvesting. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and hillshade analysis, the study examines how nearby buildings and road orientation influence shadow variability. The findings reveal considerable variability in shadow throughout the year, with significant fluctuations during transitional months like February, August, October, and November. These results highlight the importance of considering shadow patterns in urban planning and vehicle routing to optimise the use of solar energy in urban settings.

Fast Charging System of Electric Vehicle Using Optimized Isolated Multi-Port DC-DC Converter based on Modified Coati Optimization Algorithm

Once clean, renewable energy sources are used to charge the batteries in electric vehicles (EVs), the vehicles can produce zero gas emissions, greatly improving the environment. EVs and other distributed energy storage devices can be used in a smart microgrid to deliver energy to the loads throughout highest times, reducing the impact of load shading and improving the quality of the electricity. To achieve these goals of energy balance between EVs, the grid, and renewable energy sources, an isolated hybrid multiport converter is required. This paper develops an optimized isolated multi-port DC-DC converter for controlling power flow in multiple directions in an EV. This converter contains a dc-dc unidirectional converter, a bidirectional dc-dc converter, a triple active bridge (TAB), and a multi-port dual active bridge converter. Additionally, the Optimal Controller (OC) is developed to manage the power between the EV and the battery. The power flow is achieved by using the Modified Coati Optimization Algorithm (MCOA). In the MCOA, the optimal gain parameter of the converter is selected. In the planned technique, a bidirectional DC-DC converter can be considered to interconnect the EV battery towards deliver bidirectional power flow ability with the battery. The proposed approach is executed in MATLAB, and presentations are assessed by considering performance measures. Moreover, it is contrasted with the traditional approaches of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO).

Comparative Study of Ginger Cultivars under Shading Conditions in a High Tunnel

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a valuable sciophyte crop used as a spice or fresh herb in culinary dishes and for treating medical issues such as osteoarthritis, neurological diseases, vomiting, and asthma. The demand for ginger in the United States is remarkably high; it is produced commercially and exclusively in Hawaii but can only meet ∼20% of US demand. Light for ginger growth may be more important than is often assumed, but the roles of light in ginger growth and rhizome yield are not fully understood. We hypothesized that artificial shade would produce the highest yielding ginger compared with no shade. This study evaluated the impact of different shading suited for ginger growth and rhizome yield of different cultivars grown in a high tunnel. There were three levels (0%, 22%, and 40%) of shade using RCBD design. We analyzed the overall yield (weight) of ginger and the specific yield (weight) of different rhizome parts (biological root, edible root, and seed ginger) per plant in addition to plant growth data. Data were analyzed for 2018 and 2019, and shade conditions influenced ginger growth and yield. There was no significant difference between shade conditions or cultivars, but general trends found that data differed between the two growing seasons. In 2018, Chinese White and Hawaii Yellow produced a better (higher) yield under 0% and 40% shade. However, in 2019, Chinese White and Hawaii Yellow produced the highest total yield under 22% shade, but Bubba Blue produced the highest overall yield at 0% shade.

A model for effect of partial shading on PV panels with experimental validation

A model for effect of partial shading on PV panels with experimental validation

The potential of shading to optimize the performance ratio of a solar power system

The potential of shading to optimize the performance ratio of a solar power system

The impact of various substrates, ceramic shades, and brands on the ultimate color and masking capacity of highly translucent monolithic zirconia: an in vitro study.

This study aimed to examine the impact of substrates, ceramic shades, and brands on the color and masking ability of highly translucent monolithic zirconia (HTMZ) using CIELab and CIEΔE2000 metrics. A total of 156 1-mm thick HTMZ disks in shades A1, A2, and A3 were produced using Dental Direkt and Kerox zirconia brands. Four 3-mm thick substrates (nickel-chromium alloy, non-precious gold alloy (NPG), zirconia shade A2, and resin composite shade A2) were prepared. HTMZ disks were overlaid on these substrates, and color measurements were taken with a spectrophotometer. Color differences (ΔE) were analyzed using CIELab and CIEΔE2000 formulas. The influence of brand, shade, substrate, and their interactions on ΔE values was assessed with a General Linear Model (GLM) and LSD pairwise comparison test. Spearman's correlation test examined the relationship between CIELab and CIEΔE2000 values. Results indicated that ΔEab was significantly influenced by substrate type and shade, while ΔE2000 was also affected by the ceramic brand. Mean color differences across ceramic-substrate groups were within clinically acceptable and perceptible ranges (clinically perceptible: ∆Eab ≥ 1.3 and ∆E2000 ≥ 0.8; clinically acceptable: 0.8 < ∆E2000 ≤ 1.8 and 1.3 < ∆Eab ≤ 2.7), except for NPG, which had ΔE values exceeding the perceptible range (ΔE2000: 1.1 ± 0.11 to 1.8 ± 0.31; ΔEab: 1.61 ± 0.15 to 2.16 ± 0.36). A significant correlation (r = 0.974, P < 0.001) was found between ΔEab and ΔE2000. Various ceramic brands and shades led to notable ΔE variations, yet average color differences within all ceramic-substrate groups remained clinically acceptable. Both ΔEab and ΔE2000 were reliable methods with a strong correlation for measuring color differences.

Impact of tent shade on heat exposures and simulated heat strain for people experiencing homelessness.

Concurrent increases in homelessness and heat intensity, duration, and frequency translate to an urban heat risk trap for the unsheltered population. Homelessness is both a driver and consequence of poor health, co-creating distinct geographies with various risk factors that exacerbate heat vulnerability. We tested the efficacy of different tent shadings over identical tents often observed in the Phoenix area (white bedsheet, mylar, tarp, and aluminum foil) and compared them to a control tent (uncovered) and ambient conditions. We monitored all meteorological variables at all six locations, notably Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT). The in-tent microclimate variability was applied to complete statistical and physiological modeling including substance use on heat strain. Findings indicate that tent shadings resulted in significantly lower in-tent MRT during the day (p < 0.05), but exacerbated in-tent thermal risk during the night compared to the control tent and ambient conditions. Furthermore, we found evidence that the temperature metric matters, and using only either MRT or air temperature (Tair) to assess "heat" could lead to inconsistent conclusions about in-tent microclimate. Interactions between shade types and time significantly amplified in-tent thermal risk. Physiological modeling indicates a higher risk of heat strain (core temperature beyond 40˚C) for people using substances. Decision makers should promote testing different heat intervening strategies toward realizing effective means of protecting human life and preventing heat illnesses. This study illuminates the need for an interdisciplinary approach to studying tents as shelters that considers the total heat load with heat strain modeling.

Impact of Shading on the I-V Characteristics and Power Output of Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Solar Panels

Solar panel is a tool composed of several solar cells assembled in series or parallel by utilizing the photovoltaic effect so that it can convert solar energy into electrical energy. Solar panels have several types, namely monocrystalline and polycrystalline where each type of solar panel has different absorption efficiency based on the constituent materials. According to several surveys, obstacles that often occur in the field in the installation of solar panels are due to external influences which include influences (shading, soiling, and spot) so that it has an impact on the performance of solar panels which results in power instability due to non-linear current-voltage (I-V) relationships. This study tested the power output of monocrystalline and pollycrystalline 100 Wp solar panels with several levels of shading testing The results of testing research data that have been carried out show that there is an influence of shading on current and voltage, resulting in a decrease in output power. It was found that the partial and overall shading effects caused a decrease in power by -71% and -75% respectively from the normal conditions of monocrystalline solar panels. Polycrystalline solar panel testing due to partial shading effect of -75\% and total shading of -77\% of normal solar panel output power without conditioning.

Enhancing Gardenia Leaf Nutrients via Shading, Vermicompost, and Chelated Iron

This study aimed to investigate the impact of shading, vermicompost, and chelated iron on the leaf content of certain elements in Gardenia jasminoides plants. Conducted at a private nursery in Erbil during the 2022 agricultural season, the experiment utilized gardenia plants propagated by cuttings and grafted onto one-year-old rootstocks. Over five months (April to October 2022), the effects of two shading levels (0% and 75% direct sunlight), vermicompost application at two levels, and chelated iron application at three levels (0, 0.1, and 0.2 g.L-1) were assessed. Results indicated that 75% shading significantly increased leaf nitrogen (1.72%) and iron content (73.94 mg.kg-1). Vermicompost at 25% significantly enhanced leaf nitrogen (1.75%), phosphorus (0.248%), potassium (1.36%), and iron (67.95 mg.kg-1). Chelated iron at 0.2 g.L-1 markedly improved leaf nitrogen (1.78%), phosphorus (0.256%), potassium (1.28%), and iron (78.45 mg.kg-1). The study utilized one-year-old uniform seedlings, grown in 15-liter pots with river loam soil, and standard care practices were followed. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 0.05 significance level. The findings suggest that specific shading, organic fertilizer, and chelated iron treatments can significantly enhance the nutrient content of gardenia leaves, potentially improving plant health and growth.

Studying the Impact of Shading on the Energy Characteristics of a Solar String

The current article presents an analysis of the impact of shading on the characteristics of a solar string, with and without the presence of bypass diodes. A solar string consisting of four solar modules was used for this purpose. Experiments were sequentially conducted by connecting one, two, and four bypass diodes. The study was conducted in laboratory conditions using an artificial light source while maintaining the cell temperature mode. The obtained results were analyzed concerning the volt-ampere characteristics, power characteristics, and the coefficient of performance of the photovoltaic string. All the obtained characteristics are compared with the characteristics of the non-shaded solar string.

Outdoor evaluation of total cross-tied Si module under driving conditions

Outdoor evaluation of total cross-tied Si module under driving conditions

Effect of shade on simultaneous estimation of non-photosynthetic and photosynthetic vegetation cover using the NDVI-NSSI normalized difference triangular space

ABSTRACT The non-photosynthetic vegetation – soil separation index (NSSI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can be used to simultaneously estimate the fractional cover of non-photosynthetic vegetation (fNPV), photosynthetic vegetation (fPV), and bare soil (fBS) in vegetation ecosystems. However, these estimates suffer from problems due to shading by dense vegetation or topography. Based on field-measured data and on hyperspectral data acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles, we analyse how shading affects the morphology of NDVI-NSSI and enhanced vegetation index – NSSI (EVI-NSSI). We also investigate the simultaneous estimation of fNPV, fPV, and fBS. The results show that the NDVI-NSSI normalized difference feature space mitigates the impact of shade. Shade causes the NDVI-NSSI and EVI-NSSI to shift rightward parallel to the BS axis and leftward parallel to the PV axis, respectively. Although such shifts may hinder the determination of NPV, PV, and BS endmembers, they do not affect the spectral separation of NPV. Overall, with the NDVI-NSSI and EVI-NSSI methods, the estimation error for fNPV under shaded conditions is approximately 5% greater than that under illuminated conditions. Shaded green vegetation more strongly affects the estimation error of fPV and fBS in EVI-NSSI than in NDVI-NSSI, whereas fBS and fPV depend more strongly on shade than fNPV.

Impact of Solar Shading on Façades’ Surface Temperatures under Summer and Winter Conditions by IR Thermography

In warm climates with high levels of solar irradiation, solar shading plays a determinant role on buildings’ envelope performance, both during summer and winter conditions. In this research, an evaluation of the solar shading effect on sunny façades through IR thermography non-destructive testing was performed. Sunny and shaded areas revealed temperature differences of 7.4 °C in summer conditions and up to 1.2 °C in wintertime. Moreover, solar shading was shown to be beneficial not only for decreasing surface temperature in summertime but also for reducing convective air flow in wintertime. In addition, it was found that the prevalence of dense shadows, especially with non-reflective materials in louvres, is favorable. External Thermal Insulation Constructive Systems (ETICS) must be shadowed and the use of clear colors is recommended to reinforce homogeneity in the surface in wintertime and reduce solar absorptance in summertime. Under steady-state calculations, thermal losses can be reduced up to 30% at night in wintertime and up to 50–60% at daytime in summertime because of the shadowing. However, another important finding lied in the confirmation of the performance gap that arises between using air temperature, sol-air temperature and the actual surface temperature data, in such a way that the two former implied high levels of inaccuracy and overestimated the performance of the buildings compared to the actual behavior. Some of the main conclusions can be extrapolated to other circumstances.

Analysing the Effects of Thin Object Shading on PV Sources: A Dual Approach Combining Outdoor and Laboratory Solar Simulator Experimentation

The impact of shading has been a prominent subject of discourse within the realm of photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting and is recognized as a significant detriment to the system’s overall efficiency. Nevertheless, prevailing investigations, which predominantly focus on the hard shading originating from building structures and vegetation, singularly address the umbra shadow phenomenon while overlooking the complexity of shadow properties and their varying intensities. In this context, this present research aims to analyze the impact of shading caused by thin objects, wherein shadow formation deviates from a singular-intensity umbra to a blend of umbra and penumbra, exhibiting diverse intensities. In the initial experimental approach, outdoor trials produced statistically significant findings, identifying both the distance and thickness of shading objects as primary determinants influencing the impact of thin object shading on the power output of PV systems. Furthermore, the analysis of the results revealed that under the specified parameters and assumptions, when considering a thin object with a thickness-to-distance ratio of 2.3 mm/225 cm, the resulting power loss of 1.65% is statistically insignificant. Remarkably, laboratory investigations unveiled a notable correlation between penumbra and power loss, contrasting with outdoor experimentation results. The findings highlight the distinction between indoor and outdoor methodologies, stemming from discrepancies in shadow formation characteristics, thereby emphasizing the necessity of acknowledging and comprehending these variations.