Impact Of Rework Research Articles

Harnessing machine learning and structural equation modelling to quantify the cost impact of rework in bridge projects

Harnessing machine learning and structural equation modelling to quantify the cost impact of rework in bridge projects

An interactive design change methodology using a BIM-based Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality

Changes in design and construction constitute variations from the original design prepared by a design team and are inevitable. Despite the fact that rework has been identified as having adverse effects on performance, there have been limited studies on how to mitigate rework in design changes. Despite improving change management, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is insufficient in mitigating rework. However, the convergence of the capabilities of BIM, Virtual Reality (VR), and Augmented Reality (AR) are integrated solutions to reduce the impact of rework in design change. In this research, we improve the requirements for reworking design changes, which include redesign, information flow, and delivery for users with no experience with BIM. For interactive design change with BIM in VR and AR, the proposed methodology integrates BIM, as-built data from web sources, and VR and AR functions using game engines and programming. In VR and AR, BIM objects are used to create multiple variants that are matched with BIM databases that provide options for design changes. The interactive design change platform is validated in a VR and AR environment and presented multiple design change options for wall elements based on a set required change factor of a building project. This paper highlights the need for a change platform that reduces the rework of design changes in BIM through VR and AR in three main areas redesign, maintaining the flow of information and delivery of solutions for design changes. The VR and AR proposed solution to design change improves rework collaboration and communication among stakeholders of a building project.

A hybrid SEM-ANN model for predicting overall rework impact on the performance of bridge construction projects

Determining the factors that cause rework in bridge is necessary to assess the impact of rework on a cost, which have been increasing in recent times. This research aims to evaluate the impact of rework on cost. In contrast to prior rework research, which focused heavily on structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis; this study uses a hybrid learning analytic approach based on the acceptance of a hybrid approach where the outputs of the second-order structural equation model are used as inputs to the artificial neural network, which derived from deep learning. Through the means of a questionnaire survey, 260 experts have participated in the study. The findings indicated that all rework factors have significant positive impacts on cost. There were 33 reasons for rework that affect the project performance. Using Delphi technology, these variables were reduced to 27. The final SEM model adapts 21 factors across five groups for reworking reasons. Wherein, the initial model RMSEA was 0.071, it became 0.057 in the final SEM model. The proposed hybrid model supports the relevance of the construction process-related factors in reducing rework on the bridge project. In comparison to the predicted value of the rework calculated by the hybrid model, the error rate was within 10 %. In practise, the findings will allow decision-makers and practitioners on construction sites to determine which aspects should be prioritised above others and design their policies appropriately. Methodologically, this study determines the deep ANN architecture's capabilities in finding non-linear correlations among the elements in the theoretical model.

The collective effect of rework, expedited-rate, external source, and machine failures on manufacturing runtime planning

Production managers face the growing trend of rapid-response orders and inevitable production defects and failures; they must carefully measure these factors’ effects to minimize operating expenditures and operational disruption. Inspired by assisting producers decide the optimal runtime policy under these real situations, this work investigates the collective impact of rework, expedited-rate, external source, and machine failures on such a specific fabrication system. A partial outsourcing and expedited manufacturing rate are considered in the studied system to reduce the batch fabricating time. Additionally, defects rework and repair failure machines are implemented to retain the quality and avoid production disruption. Our research scheme consists of (1) developing a model for the mentioned manufacturing characteristics; and (2) analytical and optimization techniques for deciding the best batch runtime decision by minimizing the system’s overall expenses. Lastly, we provide numerical examples to demonstrate the model’s applicability and disclose important, in-depth characteristics that facilitate managerial decision-making.

Factors Affecting Upstream Production Rate and Causing Reworks in Downstream Activities due to Activities Overlapping

Overlapping (or fast tracking) is a schedule compression technique in which phases or activities normally performed in sequence are performed in parallel, PMI, [1]. Rework has both direct and indirect effects on the performance of construction projects. The direct effect of the impact of rework are: additional time for rework, additional costs of rework, additional materials spent on rework and control next waste, additional labor for rework, difficulty of managing resources. To reduce the impact of reworks there is a need to understand their basic reason for their existence or set of conditions that stimulate their occurrence in a building process. This paper aims to identify the top important changes that affecting upstream production rate and causing reworks in downstream activities. These changes were identified through three stages. The first stage twenty three changes which causing reworks in downstream activities were collected from past literature review and were divided into three major categories: designer, contractor and owner changes. One hundred effective interviews were conducted and their results are employed. The second stage, the twenty three changes were then ranked from the most significant to the less significant. The third stage, the 80/20 rule applied to the changes identified to get the eight most important changes that represented about 25% of the causes. The result shows the top important eight factors which were considered as the factors affecting upstream production rate and causing reworks in downstream activities as follows: 1) Lack of coordination and poor communication, 2) The contractor instruction to modify a design, 3) Non-compliance with specification, 4) The owner instruction to modify a design, 5) Incomplete design at the time of tender, 6) Poor planning and coordination of resources, 7) Errors made in the contract documentation and 8) Lack of experience and knowledge of the design and construction process.

FACTORS CAUSING REWORK AND THEIR IMPACT ON PROJECTS’ PERFORMANCE IN EGYPT

The Egyptian construction industry suffers from severe delays and cost overruns. Rework is a prime cause of this challenge. Therefore, the objective of this study to identify the root causes of rework for Egyptian construction projects and their impact on the project duration and cost. An extensive literature review has been done to identify the most common factors affecting rework. Hence, eighty-seven factors were identified and categorised into ten groups. Structured interview technique was adopted to get the opinions of 67 Egyptian construct professionals for nineteen different construction projects. Total Importance Index of Rework Impact (T.I.I.R.I%) was used to analyse and rank rework factors. Accordingly, the most critical five rework factors are economic situation for the country, schedule compression, design changes, specifications change, and inadequate feasibility study. Based on the survey results, the project stakeholders should consider the critical rework factors during the planning stage and before the project execution, to eliminate or reduce the occurrence and impact of rework causes and to improve the performance of the projects. This paper provides state of the art for rework causes and their effects on construction projects performance, and it can be beneficial for both practitioners and researchers for future work.

Impact of rework on material waste in building construction projects

This study aims at identifying the relationship between material waste and rework in building construction projects in the northern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To elicit the views of professionals in the construction industry of Saudi Arabia about rework factors, material waste factors and the relationship between rework and material waste, 82 questionnaires were distributed and 70 were returned. The study reveals that the main rework causes on construction sites are errors and omissions, lack of labour skills, non-conformance with specification requirements, inadequate supervision, and scope changes. While the study concludes that the top causes of material waste are using untrained labours, rework due to workers’ mistakes, frequent design changes, selecting the lowest bidder contractor/subcontractor, and design and construction detail errors. To develop regression models that describe the relationship between rework and material waste, data from 47 building projects were collected. The predictive models emanating from the current study indicate a significant relationship between rework and material waste on construction sites in Saudi Arabia. Equally, the nature of the relationship is directly proportional, i.e. the higher the rework cost the higher the material waste and conversely the lower the rework cost the lower material waste. Results of this study will draw attention to potential causes that contribute to material waste and rework on construction sites. It may also help construction practitioners in the derivation methods and strategies to minimize rework and material waste and hence, enable improvements of construction industry to be made. The recommendation of this study may also apply to other developing countries.

A System Dynamics Approach to Workload Management of Hospital Pharmacy Staff: Modeling the Tradeoff between Dispensing Backlog and Dispensing Errors

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONSWe adopted a system dynamics approach to simulate dynamic factors affecting dispensing backlog and dispensing errors in a hospital pharmacy system. This approach allowed us to simulate diverse scenarios (hospital winter pressures and differing staffing arrangements) and to understand the potential unintended impact of rework due to dispensing errors, which is often missing from model-based approaches. The results revealed the impacts of key factors (high workload, staff capacity, backlog, incoming prescriptions, errors, and delay) on system performance and safety within hospital pharmacies. Use of a system dynamics model can provide pharmacy management with practical tools to understand the unintended adverse effects of dynamic factors that contribute to dispensing backlog and errors.

Impact of Rework on Building Project and Organisation Performance: A View of Construction Professionals in Nigeria

Rework has become a menace in the construction industry as it leads to undesired and unnecessary loss of efforts. It degrades project cost, quality and schedule performance, and it occurs at both the design and construction phases of construction projects. This study therefore examined the perception of construction professionals on the impact of rework on the performance of both the project and the performing organization. This was achieved by determining the most important effect of rework on project and organizational performance, and identifying variables in which the professionals view varies significantly. The study adopted a quantitative survey approach in which structured questionnaire was adopted as the research instrument. Mean item score was used in ranking the professionals perception of the effect of rework, and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to identify the variables in which the professionals view varies. The study revealed that: rework has a very high impact of (MIS = 4.00) on project performance which results in projects over shooting their planned budget and planned duration, and degradation of project quality. Rework has a very high effect of (MIS = 4.04) on organizational performance leading to loss of profit/reduced profit, de-motivation of workers, and loss of future work/business. Disputes between contracted parties, design team dissatisfaction, de-motivation of workers and Fatigue are the factors in which the professionals’ view varied significantly. It was recommended that there is the need for the training of construction stakeholders on construction rework and other variables that cause projects to over shoot their budget, time and other resource.

Causes and Impact of Rework on Residential Construction Project

Causes and Impact of Rework on Residential Construction Project

Identifying MajorProject Delay Causes in Egypt and Assessing their Impacts Using System Dynamics

AbstractConstruction industry is one of the major industries in the economic growth of development countries especially in Egypt. It characterized by complex elements, interdependences, and inefficiency on its operations.Previous studies revealed that designs errors, omissions, poor quality material, are the causes of delay in projects and cost overrun. This paper will discuss the problem of poor project management in Egypt using literature and data from a set of interviews with expert construction managers. The main reasons for the poor quality of projects, delays in schedule, and cost overrun have been established from the outcomes of a survey undertaken and a series of interviews of experts. Also, these results used with system dynamics model to solve the rework problemdue to changes in construction phase,by application of VENSIM software. This model takes into account the impact of rework on customer satisfaction and the feedback on productivity. Also, quality and productivity are both vary along the project. In addition, the effect of moral, fatigue, overtime, and learning effect on both productivity and quality are considered. The model is validated with Rodrigues, Dharmaraj et al. model for base case. Results show good agreement with the Rodrigues model results for the base case. Also, results show that changes less than 50% of scope could be eliminated and get project to its rout. On the other hand, results revealed for changes more than 50% of scopethat project could not be finished at the planed schedule even after applying strategies to overcome these changes, and it`s better to terminate the project rather than struggle in delays and financial wastes.

A Study on Impact of Rework in a Manufacturing System Using LEAN Techniques

A Study on Impact of Rework in a Manufacturing System Using LEAN Techniques

The impact of rework and organisational culture on project delivery

Purpose It is generally accepted that organisational culture is capable of influencing how project organisation performs. It can also impact on how people set individual goals and objectives, perform their roles, tasks and deploy resources to achieve set objectives. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of organisational culture on the occurrence of rework in Nigerian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach The research adopted mixed method research using both quantitative and qualitative approaches to elicit information. Though, the result of the questionnaire survey was presented in this paper. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify which variables measured attributes of the same underlying proportions, while descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to establish the influence of organisational culture on rework. Findings The study identifies 14 factors as causes of rework from the result of factor analysis. The outcome also indicates that leadership style, success criteria and management style are important organisational culture dimensions. Poor management practices and lack of teamwork are found to be largely responsible for poor project delivery due to rework occurrence. Practical/implications The research will be of significant benefit to both the academic and industry practitioners. The result of the research will provide academics with useful insights into the influence of organisational culture on project delivery by undertaking future research to inform better understanding. The research will also provide practitioners with good understanding of how culture within their organisations can influence the performance of their subordinates or employees. Further research is encouraged to investigate the influence of management and leadership style on project delivery in the context of Nigeria. Originality/value This study is the first attempt to investigate the influence of organisational culture on occurrence of rework empirically in the Nigerian construction industry. There is paucity of research focusing on this area as it affects project delivery.

The symbiotic nature of safety and quality in construction: Incidents and rework non-conformances

Safety and quality performance share a symbiotic relationship. Despite the extensive amount of research that has provided quantitative assessments of the financial impact of rework, there have been limited studies that have examined the relationship between safety performance (i.e. in terms of the number of incidents arising) and rework that occurs from the issue of non-conformances (NCRs). Using an exploratory case study approach, the statistical characteristics of incidents (n=16,885) and NCRs (n=2885) requiring rework experienced by a tier one Australian contractor over a 31month period are analyzed and their relationship determined. A significant association between incidents and rework NCRs was revealed (p<0.05). The skewness and kurtosis values of monthly incidents and NCRs are computed to determine if the empirical distribution of the data follows a Normal distribution. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Anderson–Darling and Chi-Squared non-parametric tests are used to determine the ‘Goodness of Fit’ of the selected probability distributions. An Inverse Gaussian probability function is found to be the best overall distribution fit for the monthly incidents and used to calculate the probability of their occurrence. A Lognormal probability function was found to be the best overall distribution fit for the NCRs and also used to calculate their likelihood of occurring. Ascertaining the best fit probability distribution from an empirical distribution can produce realistic probabilities of incidents and NCRs, which should then be incorporated into a contractor’s risk management and continuous improvement strategy.

Modeling the Impact of Design Rework on Transportation Infrastructure Construction Project Performance

Rework in construction development projects can significantly degrade project cost and schedule performance. Previous research has shown that in a typical construction development project, rework in the construction phase could increase construction cost by up to 12.4% of the contract price. In large, complex projects, undiscovered rework in the design phase can induce rework in the construction phase, thus increasing project cost. The time when rework is discovered during the project development process affects the magnitude of the impact of rework on overall project performance. However, available knowledge is not always successful in improving project managers’ understanding of the feedback mechanisms that drive undiscovered rework impacts on project performance, specifically the interaction between different phases during the developing process. The current work uses a system dynamics model of a two-phase project development cycle to identify high leverage points for minimizing the impacts of rework and ripple effects on project development performance. The work contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a structured feedback description of how design undiscovered rework combines with ripple effects to impact project performance in both the design and construction phases, as well as evaluating possible solutions to the problem. Model analysis suggests that failing to discover rework near its creation in the project development process can magnify the impact of rework on project performance.

Causal ascription of rework in building and civil engineering projects

Purpose– Rework is an endemic problem in construction projects and has been identified as being a significant factor contributing cost and schedule overruns. Causal ascription is necessary to obtain knowledge about the underlying nature of rework so that appropriate prevention mechanisms can be put in place. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– Using a supervised questionnaire survey and case-study interviews, data from 112 building and engineering projects about the sources and causes of rework in projects were obtained. A multivariate exploration was conducted to examine the underlying relationships between rework variables.Findings– The analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between rework causes for building and civil engineering projects. The set of associations explored in the analyses will be useful to develop a generic causal model to examine the quantitative impact of rework on project performance so that appropriate prevention strategies can be identified and developed.Research limitations/implications– The limitations include: small data set (112 projects), which include 75 from building and 37 from civil engineering projects.Practical implications– Meaningful insights into the rework occurrences in construction projects will pave pathways for rational mitigation and effective management measures.Originality/value– To date there has been limited empirical research that has sought to determine the causal ascription of rework, particularly in Hong Kong.

Effects of Multiple Reworks on the Accelerated Thermal Cycling and Shock Performance of Lead-Free BGA Assemblies

In this paper, the effect of multiple rework cycles (up to 5×) on reliability of lead-free assemblies is investigated. The test vehicle is designed to capture the reliability impact of rework processes on interconnects of ball grid array (BGA) devices, the solder joints of its adjacent components, and BGA devices of clamshelled devices. The effects on high aspect ratio plated through hole (PTH) vias and microvias are also considered. A variety of BGA packages, such as flip-chip BGA, plastic BGA, and chip array BGA are selected to represent different package technologies and stress levels. The effect of multiple reworks on the behavior of lead-free solder joints during accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) and mechanical shock is extensively explored in this paper. The experimental and analytical findings showed that multiple reworks significantly degraded the ATC performance of the reworked assemblies by up to 50% in terms of characteristic life. It is also found that multiple reworks affect the PTH vias significantly. The combination of increased lead-free rework temperature excursions and high-end printed circuit board (PCB) aspect ratios may incur higher stresses in the PTH copper barrel. Early failures are observed post multiple reworks and the subsequent ATC test due to PTH barrel cracking. However, the effects of multiple reworks are less severe for devices with microvias compared to those with PTH vias. Multiple reworks also cause severe degradation of long-term performance of devices with clamshell designs. With proper control in rework process, multiple reworks have minimum effects on the adjacent BGA solder joints. In addition, failure analysis is performed in order to study the impact of multiple rework on the microstructure of SnAgCu solder joints. It is found that the intermetallic compounds (IMC) layer grows thicker as the number of reworks increases; however, the IMC growth rate and morphology are dependent on the surface finish of the package substrate. The failure mode and failure mechanism after ATC are also compared for different number of rework cycles. The implications of these results for the reliability of lead-free solder joints are discussed in this paper.

Impact of Premature Information Transfer on Cost and Development Time of Projects

The pressure to accelerate the transfer of information between tasks in order to reduce the duration of projects may lead to rework due to the uncertainty of data assertiveness. This paper assesses the impact of rework with regard to both a project's costs and its duration. We have introduced a model that estimates the project development time by taking into account the premises of the task overlapping, the moment of information transfer, the risks of rework, and the consequences of the premature transfer of information. The model was used in the planning of a project for the construction of a fuel distribution terminal in a large Brazilian oil company. In this case, it was possible to demonstrate that the uncertainty derived from the premature transfer of information may increase a project's duration and should be analyzed in the light of cost variations due to rework. The model determines the best moment in which to transmit information and assesses the impact of premature information transfer. More importantly, it demonstrates that the alternative to the early transfer of information does not necessarily result in a shorter project duration or in larger costs.

Measuring the Impact of Rework on Construction Cost Performance

Rework continues to affect both cost and schedule performance throughout the construction industry. The direct costs alone often tally to 5% of the total construction costs. Using the data obtained from 359 construction projects in the Construction Industry Institute database, this paper assesses the impacts of rework on construction cost performance for projects in various categories. In addition, it identifies the sources of this rework, permitting further analyses and the development of rework reduction initiatives. The results of this study establish that the impacts of rework differ according to project characteristics and that the sources of rework having the greatest impact are not significantly different among project categories. By recognizing the impacts of rework and its sources, the construction industry can reduce rework and ultimately improve project cost performance.