Impact Of Public Policies Research Articles

The Impact of Public Policies on Return Migration and Human Capital Development in the Republic of Moldova

The article addresses the issues related to migration and reintegration of migrants in the Republic of Moldova in the last decade. The Government of the Republic of Moldova has shown an increased interest in diaspora and migration policies, developing strategies and policies on migration. However, it is noted that they are mainly focused on actual migrants, neglecting potential migrants and optimizing the migration process. It is also mentioned that the reintegration policies of migrants in the Republic of Moldova were mostly informative, focusing on the individual level and providing reintegration services and tools for citizens, but not for communities. The article mentions the institutionalization of the State Policy Coordination Mechanism in the field of Diaspora, Migration and Development in the Republic of Moldova and the inclusion of the reintegration of migrants on the government’s agenda as a priority.

SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring in rural and small metropolitan communities in Central Michigan

Central Michigan University (CMU) participated in a state-wide SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring program throughout the 2021–2022 academic year. Wastewater samples were collected weekly from ten on-campus sites and nine off-campus wastewater treatment plants servicing small metropolitan and rural communities. SARS-CoV-2 genome copies were quantified using droplet digital PCR. Case data reported by Central Michigan District Health Department and CMU were collected and compared with wastewater data. During the delta wave, wastewater detection and on-campus case reports increased rapidly with the start of the academic semester and peaked quickly, compared with a more gradual and prolonged increase in detection and case reports off-campus. During the omicron wave, transmission dynamics were similar on-campus and off-campus. Normalization of on-campus and off-campus wastewater data with pepper mild mottle virus gene expression suggested lower SARS-CoV-2 shedding per person in on-campus compared to off-campus samples during the delta wave, but no difference in virus shedding during the omicron wave. We discuss the possibility that a higher on-campus vaccination rate may have reduced virus shedding per person during the delta wave, but that this effect was lost with the omicron variant. This study suggests that wastewater monitoring is effective in rural and small metropolitan communities when used in conjunction with case reports to understand regional transmission dynamics and the impact of public health policies at a public university on virus shedding in the community.

Policy interventions and productive employment in rural sub-Saharan Africa: a gender-differentiated meta-analysis

PurposeThe farm sector is crucial for rural poverty alleviation, alongside the non-farm sector, which contributes to mitigating risks associated with crop failures. This paper investigates the effects of public policies on productive employment within both the farm and non-farm sectors in sub-Saharan Africa.Design/methodology/approachA meta-analysis is conducted exclusively on the results of the Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP)-funded studies under the Policy Analysis on Growth and Employment (PAGE II) initiative. Selected studies focused on the impact of public policies on productive employment in rural farm and non-farm sectors, encompassing a total of nine sub-Saharan Africa countries in: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa.FindingsThe results indicate that public investments in rural areas and public policies that facilitate access to productive resources are likely to enhance productive employment. The overall effect size is positive and significant, ranging from 2% to 10% increases in productive employment. Sources of variation include the sector of activity and the policy instrument. In addition, the policy effects are gender-sensitive and seem more consistent in the non-farm sector.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the selected working papers addressed several aspects of productive employment, other aspects warrant further investigation. Policies involving restrictions or regulations have received little attention in the impact analysis. Researches to fill this gap would be important. Another suggestion for further research is the analysis of the relative importance of non-farm employment in rural areas in developing countries. It is always assumed that rural households depend heavily on agriculture for their subsistence.Originality/valueThe contribution of the paper lies in the comparative analysis of numerous public policies implemented in nine distinct countries. By consolidating data from fourteen 14 different experiences into a single study, the paper offers valuable insights on factors that determine policy effectiveness and contribute to understanding what worked for whom and why.

How does public policy impact trafficking victimization?: An exact matching study in the EU

Trafficking in human beings (THB) is a widespread, transnational issue in the European Union (EU). Member states act as source, transit, and destination countries for intra-EU trafficking, in addition to being a major destination region for external THB victims. This study presents a new dataset of THB victims observed in each EU member state per year and by type of exploitation going back as far as 2001 and employs exact matching methods to test the link between different prostitution policies and Roma secondary education attainment rates on observed THB victimization. The paper also builds off previous literature to compare how different legal prostitution models and THB supply factors are expected to influence various types of THB. The results indicate that legalized prostitution and lower educational attainment among the Roma community increase observed THB victimization, especially THB for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The paper does not find that the Swedish model significantly increases or decreases observed THB victimization. In demonstrating how matching methods can be utilized to uncover policy patterns in THB outcomes, this study provides a blueprint for how other hidden phenomena, such as corruption or migration, can be robustly and empirically tested.

Impact of public policy on higher education in Cuba

This article analyzes the background, results, and predictions of public policies accompanying the transformation of higher education in Cuba since the victory of the revolution. It shows how this process marks an improvement in the quality of education at different levels in the country, especially in higher education, and has had an impact on overall social indicators, especially higher education, which currently focuses on the Millennium Goals and the 2030 United Nations Agenda goals.

Public policies and governance of the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games: Potential impacts on territorial development in north-east Paris

This article looks at the impact of public policies relating to the Olympic Games in the north-east Paris area in the run-up to the Paris 2024 Games. It is based on a qualitative survey (semi-structured interviews and observations/immersion) of the different stakeholders involved with the aim of identifying the divergences and convergences between them. The article seeks to analyse how the stakeholders are using this event to benefit the regions and their residents. The engagement on the part of the City of Paris and the surrounding areas highlights their common goals as well as their specificities.

0881 The Clinical and Policy Impact of Increasing Awareness about Sleep and CVD Health through Public health Programs for Women

Abstract Introduction Sleep is important for cardiometabolic health (CVH) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, especially for women. Relative to men, women have less awareness of CVD risk factors. Particularly, minority women have disproportionately higher prevalence of short sleep and CVD risk awareness. The primary objective of this review is to investigate the clinical, public health, and policy implications of three major public health programs: the Go Red for Women campaign, the Heart Centers for Women initiative, and the HEART for Women Act, on increasing CVD and sleep health awareness among women in the United States. The secondary objective is to create public health action plan to increase awareness of sleep health and CVD risk. The third objective is to describe barriers and facilitators of implementing the public health action plan for minority women. Methods To assess the impact of these interventions, a systematic review was conducted. Studies that directly examined the impact of the 3 CVD awareness programs on the prevalence of CVD in the U.S. Next, studies that evaluated the level of awareness of CVD risk factors and sleep were identified. The current literature was synthesized and described qualitatively to elucidate individual, provider, community and policy knowledge gaps in CVD and sleep health programs for women. Results Prevalence of CVD deaths among women decreased from 459,000/ year in 2004 to 339,500/year in 2015. Majority of these interventions include diet, exercise, and smoking cessation and exclude sleep and. Of the three programs, the Go Red for Women campaign proved to have the greatest public health and policy impact. From the results of systematic review, we created a public health action plan to increase awareness of sleep health and CVD risk. Third, we found patient, provider, and policy barriers and facilitators of implementing the public health action plan for minority women. Conclusion Public health action plans that focus on sleep health should be culturally sensitive to all women and accessible to those that live in both rural and urban areas addressing the importance of sufficient sleep and its benefits to CVH. Support (if any) K01HL135452, K07AG052685, R01AG072644, R01HL152453, R01MD007716, R01HL142066, R01AG067523, R01AG056031, and R01AG075007

An Assessment of the Supreme Court's Ruling in South Dakota V. Wayfair: A Macromarketing Case Study

Years ago Shelby Hunt noted that cromarketing focuses on marketing systems, the impact of marketing systems on society, and the impact and consequences of society on marketing systems. The ruling by the United States Supreme Court enabling states to require remote sellers to collect and remit sales taxes on in-state purchases exemplifies the latter. Imposing a new tax burden on previously untaxed remote sellers has the power to alter the structure of retailing and impact consumer welfare. Responding to “new economic realities,” the Court reversed long-standing precedent requiring that sellers must have a physical presence in the state to be subject to taxation. Proponents viewed this as a major step in restoring lost tax revenues to the states. Critics point to the inconsistency of the Court's ruling with stare decisis, the regressive nature of sales taxes, and recent public policy mandates stemming from the Covid pandemic. Although the Wayfair ruling is now the law and many of the concerns voiced prior to the Court's action seem to have been unfounded, the macromarketing implications remain. The potential impact of public policy on retailing cannot be ignored nor should the regressive nature of an increase in sales taxes on income inequality be overlooked. Additionally, there remain questions of fairness and administration with the ruling. Students of macromarketing should not ignore these issues. The responsibility to examine the impact of society—and the Court—on marketing systems was reinforced years ago by Bartels and Jenkins: “…the goal of marketing is the achievement of entrepreneurial goals in a manner consistent with the best overall interests of society… Macro models represent value judgments made by society for society; by governments in the form of laws, administrative orders, and judicial decisions…and by others who assume the role of advocating what is best for the general welfare.”

Unlocking the Impact of Climate Change Mitigation Policies: A Comprehensive Study of Clean and Dirty Innovation Dynamics

Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement’s goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C to 2 °C by the end of the century will require massive investments in environmental technologies and a drastic shift away from high-carbon technologies. This paper investigates the impact of climate change mitigation policies on clean energy innovation. A statistical evaluation of the impact of public policies on the rate and direction of innovation for a lowcarbon future is complicated by the nature of the data and the absence of benchmarks. In addition, the statistical analysis is further complicated by the spillover effects between clean and dirty innovation and by the lag effects. In this paper, the authors assess the effects of both public policies, such as carbon taxes and green subsidies, and economic and environmental conditions, such as oil prices, large recessions, climate-related disasters, etc., on clean innovation using a nonparametric method based on the copula distribution of clean innovation. The authors collect data from the European Patent Office (EPO) Worldwide Patent Statistical (PATSTAT) Database, both on clean and dirty patents. This database is managed by the EPO and compiles data from patent offices around the world. The emphasis is put on inventions for which a patent application has been submitted to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The inventions are dated based on the date of their first patent application. Clean innovation refers to patents in areas such as renewable energy generation and electric vehicles, while dirty innovation refers to fossil-based energy generation and internal combustion engines. The authors employ a novel nonparametric test against pairwise differences, especially in tail dependence structures, which we measure with tail copulas, thereby avoiding the possibility of parametric misspecification. This method also permits to examine the effects of various interventions and economic conditions on different portions of the distribution, with a particular emphasis on tail dependence. The authors identify nonlinear dependence structures between clean innovation, public policies, and economic determinants like the oil price and recession. By comparing the effects of clean and dirty innovation, we can determine whether the effect on clean innovation is distinct. The findings indicate that the tightening of environmental policies since the early 1990s has statistically and economically contributed to the increase in clean innovation. The findings can bolster public support for green R&D. In addition, they suggest that green policies may be able to increase the knowledge diffusion of clean innovation.

How do Public Policies impact Housing Provision? An empirical study of housing in Surabaya, Indonesia

Effective instruments are important to implement planning so that resources remain efficient, and the environmental balance is maintained for sustainable urban development. It has been a global problem that housing provision is often delayed due to various significant factors, on the other hand, the housing backlog is increasing in many urbanizing countries, including Indonesia. Furthermore, it impacts the imbalance in the housing market. There have been many policies to solve this problem, but limited we know how those contributes. This article aims to examine the impact of public policies on housing provision by taking samples in Surabaya. We use content analysis as a qualitative approach to analyse how public policies are implemented and influenced the housing provision represented by seven related variables. The result shows that the current regulations of housing provision that are effectively implemented in Surabaya include housing mortgage, taxation, local government regulations1. Meanwhile, other regulations or programs that are exist but has limited impact in Surabaya are the subsidized down payment program, liquidity facility for housing finance, and one million housing program. These empirical findings illustrate how public policies, both from the central government and local government, empirically affect the dynamics of the housing market, especially from the supply side. Further, we hope that these findings contribute to the global knowledge of housing provision in emerging countries and local housing practices in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Neoliberalization and urban redevelopment: the impact of public policy on multiple dimensions of spatial inequality

ABSTRACT This paper examines the impact of public policy on different dimensions of spatial inequality. We not only study residential segregation but also housing market access and inequality in terms of neighborhood status. We chart the impact of urban redevelopment policies in two Dutch cities—Amsterdam and Rotterdam—through a unique longitudinal and full-population dataset that enables us to distinguish the contributions of demolition, new construction, and tenure conversion to various dimensions of spatial inequality. We find that policy measures that reduce segregation may reduce access to housing (as happened in Amsterdam) while measures that promote upgrading may exacerbate inequalities between neighborhoods (as happened in Rotterdam). Distinguishing between different kinds of policy measures and dimensions of spatial inequality, we argue, allows for a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of urban redevelopment and better insight into the trade-offs involved in policy decisions.

Impact of public health policy and mobility change on transmission potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Rhode Island, March 2020 – November 2021

ABSTRACT To study the SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential in Rhode Island (RI) and its association with policy changes and mobility changes, the time-varying reproduction number, Rt, was estimated. The daily incident case counts (16 March 2020, through 30 November 2021) were bootstrapped within a 15-day sliding window and multiplied by Poisson-distributed multipliers (λ = 4, sensitivity analysis: 11) to generate 1000 estimated infection counts, to which EpiEstim was applied to generate Rt time series. The median Rt percentage change when policies changed was estimated. The time lag correlations were assessed between the 7-day moving average of the relative changes in Google mobility data in the first 90 days, and Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. There were three major pandemic waves in RI in 2020–2021: spring 2020, winter 2020–2021 and fall-winter 2021. The median Rt fluctuated within the range of 0.5–2 from April 2020 to November 2021. Mask mandate (18 April 2020) was associated with a decrease in Rt (−25.99%, 95% CrI: −37.42%, −14.30%). Termination of mask mandates on 6 July 2021 was associated with an increase in Rt (36.74%, 95% CrI: 27.20%, 49.13%). Positive correlations were found between changes in grocery and pharmacy, Rt retail and recreation, transit, and workplace visits, for both Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. Negative correlations were found between changes in residential area visits for both Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. Public health policies enacted in RI were associated with changes in the pandemic trajectory. This ecological study provides further evidence of how non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination slowed COVID-19 transmission in RI.

Modern Collective Transport. The Impact of Public Policy on the Implementation of the EU Legislative Objectives on the Example of Poland

Urban policy is driven by current trends and ideas. In the 20th century, it was mainly based on modernist views and the most important element of the transport planning policy at that time was the use of the private motor vehicle (car). As a result, transport policies in the 20th century were focused on large-scale road projects, while public transport was marginalized. However, this approach changed drastically at the turn of the 20th and the 21st centuries. Nowadays, the main emphasis is put on environmentally and user-friendly public transport. However, public urban transport often fails to meet the needs of the society. What are the reasons why urban public transport is still not as effective as it should be? The author of this article points in this respect to the poor policy of public bodies responsible for the provision of transport services for the society rather than to the poor quality of the transport law. There are two main areas for improvement - public service planning (defining the service) and cost-effectiveness of providing transport services. The author of the article proposes specific solutions in this regard.

Use of a multi-method approach to rapidly assess the impact of public health policies at the state and local level: a case study of flavored e-cigarette policies

BackgroundE-cigarettes are the most-commonly used tobacco product by youth since 2014. To prevent youth access and use of e-cigarettes, many U.S. states and localities have enacted policies over a relatively short period of time. The adoption of these policies has necessitated timely data collection to evaluate impacts.MethodsTo assess the impact of flavored e-cigarette policies in select states and local jurisdictions across the United States, a multi-method, complementary approach was implemented from July 2019 to present, which includes analyses of cross-sectional online surveys of young people ages 13–24 years with retail sales data.ResultsFrom February 2020 through February 2023, cross-sectional surveys have been conducted in three cities, one county, and eight states where policy changes have been enacted or are likely to be enacted. Data collection occurred every six months to provide near real-time data and examine trends over time. Additionally, weekly retail sales data were aggregated to showcase monthly sales trends at the national level and for the selected states.DiscussionThis rapid and efficient method of coupling online survey data with retail sales data provides a timely and effective approach for monitoring a quickly changing tobacco product landscape, particularly for states and localities where rapidly-available data is often not available. This approach can also be used to monitor other health behaviors and relevant policy impacts.

Anti-crisis tools in the system of public finance, taxation and management

Anti-crisis management is a set of techniques, methods, and tools for influencing crisis phenomena, the scale of which may be limited to the microlevel or cover industries, regions, and the economy as a whole. The author formulated a comprehensive goal of assessing the tools used by the state, clarifying theoretical and methodological provisions on the classification of anti-crisis measures, their correlation with the stages of the crisis, combining the anti-crisis concept with other approaches. The subject of the study is the anti-crisis tools of public administration, structured according to the directions of economic policy measures and financial regulation. The object of the study is a system of public administration aimed at adapting special tools in times of crises and negative external influences. The author obtained the following results: separate theoretical and methodological provisions regarding the tools are substantiated and other structural elements of the state anti-crisis management; identified the most popular from the point of view of developing practice and public policy impact measures having a financial, organizational, managerial and tax character; developed an approach to the classification of anti-crisis measures depending on the ways of impact on the economy and structuring anti-crisis management tactics and strategy of the post-crisis period; formulated proposals for development educational field and scientific directions in solving the tasks of personnel training of specialists in the field of crisis management.

A synthetic population for agent-based modelling in Canada

In order to anticipate the impact of local public policies, a synthetic population reflecting the characteristics of the local population provides a valuable test bed. While synthetic population datasets are now available for several countries, there is no open-source synthetic population for Canada. We propose an open-source synthetic population of individuals and households at a fine geographical level for Canada for the years 2021, 2023 and 2030. Based on 2016 census data and population projections, the synthetic individuals have detailed socio-demographic attributes, including age, sex, income, education level, employment status and geographic locations, and are related into households. A comparison of the 2021 synthetic population with 2021 census data over various geographical areas validates the reliability of the synthetic dataset. Users can extract populations from the dataset for specific zones, to explore ‘what if’ scenarios on present and future populations. They can extend the dataset using local survey data to add new characteristics to individuals. Users can also run the code to generate populations for years up to 2042.

Enhancing the Impact of Public Policy as an Academic Entity in Malta

Enhancing the Impact of Public Policy as an Academic Entity in Malta

Exploring the lived experience of families with a COVID-19 positive child: The journey from a critical grounded theory approach.

COVID-19 and associated public health policies have significantly disrupted the lives of both adults and children. Experiences of COVID-positive adults are well described but less is known about the experiences of families of children who receive a positive diagnosis, and the impact of public health policies on this experience. This study aimed to develop a framework to understand the lived experience of families with a child testing positive for COVID-19. We applied a qualitative study design, using grounded theory. The study took place in Melbourne, Australia between July and December 2020, during the first major Australian COVID-19 wave. Parents of children 0-18 years tested at a walk-in clinic at a paediatric tertiary referral hospital were invited to participate. Two interviewers jointly undertook in-depth interviews with parents of children who tested positive. Interviews were transcribed and two analysts used an inductive, critical realist analysis approach with NVivo and a virtual whiteboard. Results are presented incorporating a stratified reality (empirical, actual, real). Families described seven sequential stages of the COVID-19 positive testing journey: COVID-19 close to home; time to be tested; waiting for the test result; receiving the result; dealing with the diagnosis; coping with isolation; and moving forward/looking back. Our findings highlight how public health policies and messages targeting the general (adult) public were experienced by families. We provide a framework that families move through when their child tests positive for COVID-19. Within each phase, we report unmet needs and identify strategies to improve future pandemic planning for parents and children.

The Dilemma of Balancing Public Health and Economic Concerns: Benefit and Cost Analysis on China’s COVID-19 Policy Under Monte Carlo Simulation

This study explores the dilemma of balancing public health and economic concerns during a pandemic through a cost-benefit analysis approach in public economics. To estimate the impact of public health policies during an epidemic, this research innovatively applies the Monte Carlo simulation algorithm, using both top-down and bottom-up methods to avoid double counting. The study focuses on zero-clearance public health policy, analyzing the value of lives saved and the economic output decline of the society as a whole during the pandemic as the benefit and cost of preserving lives, respectively. Additionally, the study examines the decreased infected population and medical expenses gained through reductions in mortality due to public health policies, estimating the costs and expenses associated with COVID-19 infection and unemployment using a bottom-to-up method. The study concludes with a discussion of the limitations in data comprehensiveness and authenticity, as well as the particularities of public health policies based on political attributes.

People Around the Edge of The City The Impact of Governmental Public Policies on Street Artisans

In China, there is a group of artisans hidden in the corners of the city, with business replaced by mass manufacturing. They moved to big cities from rural areas with the surge of modernization and urbanization. With lower-income and dwindling customers, they have become marginalized in society, thus being susceptible to changes in governmental policies. This paper explores and analyzes the effect of household registration policy, displacement and resettlement policy, and social security policy on the living and working conditions of the marginalized group living conditions, business, and self-recognition through interviewing seven artisans, including bicycle-repairers, instrument-makers, and paper-cutting artists.