Impact Of Polarization Mode Dispersion Research Articles

The Effects of Polarization-Mode Dispersion on the Phase of the Recovered Clock

The impact of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on the phase of the recovered clock in the receiver is analyzed. The effects of first-order PMD on different clock-recovery configurations utilized for return-to-zero (RZ) and non-RZ (NRZ) formats are studied. Closed-form expressions relating the PMD-induced sampling time shift with the differential group delay and the power ratio between the principal states of polarization are obtained for each high-Q filter-based clock recovery. An experimental validation at 10 Gb/s is also shown for the case of NRZ data format

Impact of polarization mode dispersion and nonlinear effect on 40 Gbit/s dense wavelength division multiplexing system

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system is the ultimate selection as an optical communication system because of its high speeds and capacities. However, the fiber nonlinear effects and polarization mode dispersion severely limit the performance of the system when signal propagates at 40 Gbit/s in a single channel. The coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations of a single channel in DWDM, which are all considered factors of group velocity dispersion (GVD), self phase modulation (SPM), cross phase modulation (XPM), four wave mixing (FWM) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD), are derived, while their number results are obtained with extended split-step Fourier method. Finally, to analyze the impacts of the fiber nonlinear effects and PMD on the optical communication system, the simulated results of an 8×40 Gbit/s DWDM system are discussed under different conditions respectively.

Fiber-optic parametric amplifiers in the presence of polarization-mode dispersion and polarization-dependent loss

Polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) associated with various optical components affect the quality of pump beams even before they enter a fiber-optic parametric amplifier (FOPA). A vector theory of the underlying four-wave mixing process is developed to study the impact of PMD and PDL on the amplification of signal and idler fields. It is shown that the use of high-quality polarizers just before the input end of the fiber can improve the performance of a dual-pump parametric amplifier considerably

Impact of PMD on hybrid WDM/OCDM networks

In this work, we investigated the impact of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) in optical networks using the hybrid technology of wavelength-division multiplexing and optical code-division multiplexing. In these networks, virtual paths based on code/wavelength channels (VCP/VWP) are dynamically established to attend the traffic demand. We use a routing channel assignment based on genetic algorithm to establish the VCP/VWPs. The main results show that the network blocking probability caused by PMD depends on parameters of optical orthogonal codes like weight and length.

Intrachannel Dispersion-managed Soliton Interactions with the Impact of Polarization-mode Dispersion

Article Intrachannel Dispersion-managed Soliton Interactions with the Impact of Polarization-mode Dispersion was published on April 1, 2005 in the journal Journal of Optical Communications (volume 26, issue 2).

Effects of first-order polarisation-mode dispersion on clock recovery

The impact of polarisation-mode dispersion (PMD) on the phase of the recovered clock in the receiver is analysed theoretically and experimentally. A closed form expression relating the PMD-induced sampling time shift with the differential group delay and the power ratio between the principal states of polarisation is obtained for a high-Q filter based clock recovery.

Signal Degradation by Second-Order Polarization-Mode Dispersion and Noise

To specify the impact of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on optical signal transmission, formulas are derived both for the effective pulse broadening and the eye-opening penalty up to second order. Furthermore, a probability density function of the Q factor is set up due to second-order PMD and amplified spontaneous emission noise. The relations are verified by numerical simulations.

RZ-DPSK Transmission Using a 42.7-Gb/s Integrated Balanced Optical Front End With Record Sensitivity

We have demonstrated a record sensitivity of -37.0 dBm (38 photons/bit) for a BER of 10/sup -9/ at 42.7-Gb/s using an integrated balanced optical front end. Results were obtained using optical preamplification of RZ-DPSK modulation and an external delay-interferometer. The OSNR requirement was measured to be 16.9 dB in a 0.1-nm bandwidth. The impact of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and chromatic dispersion on the optical front end performance has been measured. Performance for enhanced forward error correction has been projected based on 10/sup -3/ BER performance.

Impact of polarization-mode dispersion on measurement of zero-dispersion wavelength through four-wave mixing

We develop a vector theory of four-wave mixing and use it to discuss the impact of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on measurements of the variations of the zero-dispersion wavelength along an optical fiber. We show that the PMD induces large fluctuations in the idler power and affects considerably the accuracy of such measurements.

Impact of Polarization Mode Dispersion on TransmissionCharacteristics of Dispersion-Managed Solitons and Its Suppression

The coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations fordispersion-managed soliton (DMS) with the impact of the polarizationmode dispersion (PMD) are constructed, and a PMD-suppression approachof DMS is proposed for the first time. Then, based on variationalmethod, the analytical equations of the DMS transmission system within-line optical filter control are obtained. Finally, in order toinvestigate the validity of the equations, we present an applicationsample for practical systems with in-line filter control. The resultsverify that the control is quite effective and valid.

Impact of Polarization Mode Dispersion in Multi-Hop and Multi-Rate WDM Rings

Fiber Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) is perhaps the most critical transmission impairment in optical networks with transmission rates of 10 Gb/s and higher. Since the bandwidth-distance product, or transparency, of the optical channel is limited by PMD, the overall network design and cost may be significantly altered by the actual fiber PMD values.

Measured temporal and spectral PMD characteristics and their implications for network-level mitigation approaches

Signal degradation due to polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) effects may become significant for signaling rates of 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s, and beyond. To assess the utility of various PMD mitigation schemes, temporal and spectral measurements of differential group delay (DGD) were made on 95 km of buried standard single-mode fiber over an 86-d period to determine the distribution and rate of change of high-DGD events. As expected, statistical analysis of variations in DGD indicate that excursions from the mean DGD by factors of 3.7 or higher have very low probability. For this link, the DGD varied slowly with time (having a drift time of about 3.4 d) and rapidly with wavelength. The DGD data agree well with results of similar experiments reported in the literature. Statistical analysis of the measured DGD data shows that high-DGD episodes will be exceedingly rare and short-lived. The impact of PMD on network operations is explored and approaches to ensure network reliability are reviewed for network operators given the task of transporting high-bit-rate channels over fiber links with known PMD characteristics.

Impact of polarization-mode dispersion on the design of wavelength-routed networks

In this letter, we address the impact of polarization-mode dispersion on the design of wavelength-routed optical networks. A mathematical formulation of the problem is provided which optimizes the cost of the network comprising the total number of regenerators and additional installed fiber for a given traffic forecast. The hill-climbing search algorithm is employed with random restarts. Numerical examples show the efficiency of the heuristic, especially in networks with nonhomogeneous fiber quality.

Pulse propagation in fibers with polarization-mode dispersion

The propagation of pulses in optical fibers with polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is considered. The approach taken differs from those previously used, adapting Marcuse's perturbation method to analyze pulse dispersion rather than using Jones matrices or Stokes parameters. This allows the complex stochastic partial differential equations to be reduced to a simple propagation equation for the pulse power. This may be solved to obtain the transfer function of the fiber. The impact of PMD on optical fiber communications systems is considered, with the effect on pulsewidth and eye closure calculated. Finally, the statistical behavior of the phenomenon is considered to calculate the system outage probability due to PMD.

Impact of PMD on four-wave-mixing-induced crosstalk in WDM systems

The impact of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on four-wave mixing crosstalk in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) fiber systems is quantified on a commercial system. It is found that even a small amount of PMD reduces the benefit of using polarization-multiplexed channels for suppression of crosstalk. As a rule of thumb, it is suggested that polarization-multiplexed schemes are of significant interest only when system differential group-delay (DGD) is smaller than DGD <1/(4/spl Delta/f), where /spl Delta/f is the channel-spacing.

Impact of polarisation mode dispersion on the statisticsof Q factor in optical transmission systems

The authors calculate the probability density function of the Q factor for optically amplified transmission IM-DD systems, in the presence of a randomicity given by the polarisation mode dispersion. Theoretical and experimental results obtained in a soliton field trial 500 km long at 40 Gbit/s show a satisfactory agreement.

Impact of polarisation mode dispersion in fielddemonstration of 40 Gbit/s soliton transmission over 500 km

40 Gbit/s single-wavelength alternate-polarisation soliton transmission over 500 km has been successfully demonstrated in a field trial using dispersion-shifted fibre. Comparisons with an equivalent laboratory trial and numerical simulations show that the main source of impairment is polarisation mode dispersion.

Impact of polarisation-mode dispersion in dispersion-managed soliton systems

Since enhanced power solitons are usually applied in dispersion-managed soliton systems, it might be expected that dispersion-managed solitons have a stronger resistance to polarisation-mode dispersion than conventional solitons. However, it is shown that dispersion-managed solitons behave similarly to conventional solitons in terms of resistance to polarisation-mode dispersion.

Impact of polarisation mode dispersion on 10 Gbit/sterrestrial systems over non-dispersion-shifted fibre

Depending on the launched state of polarisation, 10 Gbit/s system impairments are investigated experimentally in the presence of chromatic dispersion and variable differential group delay caused by polarisation mode dispersion. In addition, an actual fibre cable, not an optical simulator, was used to bring polarisation mode dispersion.

Effect of polarisation-mode-dispersion in fibre-opticmillimetre-wave systems

Experimental and theoretical results are presented concerning the influence of polarisation-mode dispersion (PMD) in an advanced fibre-optic supported millimetre-wave system. By using high birefringence singlemode fibre, the power penalty due to PMD has been investigated at a millimetre-wave frequency of 60 GHz. These experimental results confirm a theoretical approach which enables the calculation of the impact of PMD in long standard singlemode fibres.