Impact Of National Policies Research Articles

Research on Petroleum Industry Supply Chain in China: Performance and Predictive Analysis of Sinopec Group

As a major producer of oil and gas, China has historically adopted a variety of different approaches to managing its overall oil and gas supply chain. It also incorporates decisions and forecasts of trends in the overall petroleum supply chain in the context of existing domestic and international societal trends, such as the impact of national policies and the supply chains of China’s domestic petrochemical companies in the context of Sinopec’s past annual reports and assessments and recommendations for sustainable supply chains. This article uses the case study of Sinopec, a major Chinese chemical company, to provide statistics on the domestic market context and to propose and discuss risk management and sustainable supply chains for the company’s supply chain, as well as quantitative analysis to forecast and analyze China’s domestic oil consumption, with case studies and data on all indicators, and to show the impact of plans and trends on the chemical supply chain over time. The implications and trends of developing trends in the chemical supply chain are presented, and conclusions and final recommendations are drawn.

Family Matters: The Impact of National Policies on Asylum Destinations

In political and academic debates, a knowledge gap exists regarding the impact of different strands of national policies on the number of asylum arrivals. This article analyzes the effects of policy reforms on the distribution of asylum seekers among a group of major European receiving countries. More specifically, we study significant changes in the legislation that regulate the following three areas: (i) access to the asylum procedure, (ii) the asylum processing, and (iii) the family reunification and family formation. Empirically, we study how national reforms within these policy areas in nine Northwestern European destination countries affect the distribution of yearly outflows from 48 countries of origin, during the period 1985 to 2015. Applying a statistical approach, which accounts for simultaneous changes in other destination countries’ asylum policies, we conclude that more restrictive legislation appears to have significant effects on the distribution of asylum seekers among destination countries. In relative terms, restrictions that make reunification with current and future family less probable have the strongest negative influence, followed by tightening of the rules that govern the outcome of the asylum procedures.

Identifying key influences on antibiotic use in China: a systematic scoping review and narrative synthesis

IntroductionThe inappropriate use of antibiotics is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance. In China, antibiotic prescribing and consumption exceed recommended levels and are relatively high internationally. Understanding the influences on...

Regional variation in the survival of patients with a soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity and trunk wall under a centralized care system : what has been the impact of national policies in the UK?

While a centralized system for the care of patients with a sarcoma has been advocated for decades, regional variations in survival remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate regional variations in survival and the impact of national policies in patients with a soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) in the UK. The study included 1,775 patients with a STS who were referred to a tertiary sarcoma centre. The geographical variations in survival were evaluated according to the periods before and after the issue of guidance by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2006 and the relevant evolution of regional management. There had been a significant difference in survival between patients referred from the North East, North West, East Midlands, West Midlands, South West, and Wales in the pre-NICE era (five-year disease-specific survival (DSS); South West, 74% vs North East, 47% (p = 0.045) or West Midlands, 54% (p = 0.049)), which was most evident for patients with a high-grade STS. However, this variation disappeared in the post-NICE era, in which the overall DSS for high-grade STS improved from 47% to 68% at five years (p < 0.001). Variation in the size of the tumour closely correlated with the variation in DSS, and the overall size of the tumour and incidence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis also decreased after the national policies were issued. The survival of patients with a STS improved and regional variation corrected after the introduction of national policies, as a result of a decreasing size of tumour and incidence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis, particularly in patients with a high-grade STS. This highlights the positive impact of national guidelines on regional variation in the presentation, management, and outcome in patients with a STS. Cite this article: Bone Joint J2021;103-B(9):1541-1549.

National Policies for Women Empowerment: The Impact of Policy on Women Unemployment Rate in Saudi Arabia 2010-2019

This paper aims to explore the impact of national policies that are directed toward women empowerment in Saudi Arabia. The study focuses primarily on the impact that these policies had on women unemployment rate from the period of 2010 to 2019. During this period, the Saudi government issued multiple laws and policies to ensure a positive impact on women participation in labor market. This study assesses the short-term impact of each policy to understand the effect of policy on women&amp;rsquo;s participation in labor force. The results of this study show that there was a slight increase in women&amp;rsquo;s participation in labor market. However, we recommend that further studies should be conducted to study the long-term impact on women&amp;rsquo;s unemployment rate.

Impact of national policy on hand hygiene promotion activities in hospitals in Korea

BackgroundAfter the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak in Korea in 2015, the Government established a strategy for infection prevention to encourage infection control activities in hospitals. The new policy was announced in December 2015 and implemented in September 2016. The aim of this study is to evaluate how infection control activities improved within Korean hospitals after the change in government policy.MethodsThree cross-sectional surveys using the WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework (HHSAF) were conducted in 2013, 2015, and 2017. Using a multivariable linear regression model, we analyzed the change in total HHSAF score according to survey year.ResultsA total of 32 hospitals participated in the survey in 2013, 52 in 2015, and 101 in 2017. The number of inpatient beds per infection control professionals decreased from 324 in 2013 to 303 in 2015 and 179 in 2017. Most hospitals were at intermediate or advanced levels of progress (90.6% in 2013, 86.6% in 2015, and 94.1% in 2017). In the multivariable linear regression model, total HHSAF score was significantly associated with hospital teaching status (β coefficient of major teaching hospital, 52.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.9 to 96.4; P = 0.018), beds size (β coefficient of 100 beds increase, 5.1; 95% CI, 0.3 to 9.8; P = 0.038), and survey time (β coefficient of 2017 survey, 45.1; 95% CI, 19.3 to 70.9; P = 0.001).ConclusionsAfter the new national policy was implemented, the number of infection control professionals increased, and hand hygiene promotion activities were strengthened across Korean hospitals.

My journey to becoming a nurse started as an HCA

British Journal of Healthcare AssistantsVol. 14, No. 6 Health MattersMy journey to becoming a nurse started as an HCASarah Jane PalmerSarah Jane PalmerRegistered Nurse and Freelance WriterSearch for more papers by this authorSarah Jane PalmerPublished Online:14 Jun 2020https://doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2020.14.6.292AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Palmer SJ. The impact of national policy on the early diagnosis of cancer. Br J Nurs. 2013 May 23-Jun 12;22(10):S16, S18, S20–3 Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 June 2020Volume 14Issue 6ISSN (print): 1753-1586ISSN (online): 2052-4420 Metrics History Published online 14 June 2020 Published in print 2 June 2020 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Impact of national policies on patterns of built-up development: an assessment over three decades

Globally, built-up development is taking place at unprecedented rates. To mitigate and limit its effects, recent scientific and spatial planning communities call for built-up management to be addressed on broader scales, from regional to national, and coordinated with multiple policy domains. In this paper, we aimed to analyze the evolution and impact of Romania’s national policies on built-up management during the entire period from the fall of the communist regime to the present. The new perspective offered by our study concerns the use of spatiotemporal built-up development assessment with policy analysis and visualization. Moreover, policies and built-up land changes are addressed in direct relationship with major political events and global economic influences. Our findings reveal that policies were influenced by the communist legacy, accession to the EU and the global economic crisis. Most effective were the policies adopted during the pre-EU accession period and after the economic crisis. The strongest impact on patterns of development came from policies in the domains of transportation, regional development, public administration and the environment.

The impact of national policies on animal disease reporting within selected Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs).

A semi-systematic literature review of national policies was carried out in relation to surveillance and disease reporting in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). It also analysed the animal disease reporting structures in Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of those reporting structures were examined in relation to how they impacted the detection and management of animal diseases in PICTs. Field missions collected information on animal disease reporting structures and these were discussed in detail with country officials and documented. The findings from the literature review indicated that there is very little policy to support work in surveillance and disease reporting within national government structures of the countries studied. This increases the potential for disease transmission and the introduction of exotic diseases as the efficiency of disease reporting is low. The findings from the SWOT analysis of the reporting structures indicated that there were commonalities across the countries studied, i.e. reporting structures were long with multiple legs that were not functioning properly and this was worsened when positions were vacant in the reporting structure. The hierarchical nature of the reporting structure also reduced reporting efficiency as reports took a longer time to reach decision makers at the top of the structure. High officer turnover and the shortage of veterinarians in the countries studied also affected the efficiency of disease reporting as most in-county officials were inexperienced and could not recognise disease signs and there were no veterinarians to supervise them. Existing reporting structures need to be reviewed to remove duplication and shorten the chain. However, this could override existing command structures and would need to be documented and awareness created with the officers involved. There also needs to be more collaboration with FAO, OIE, academic institutions and national governments to create an environment conducive for the development of policies that support work on surveillance to improve disease reporting in PICTs. The shortage of veterinarians could be addressed by influencing national governments to create better policies to retain veterinarians in the animal health services; this should be supported by creating reasonable work conditions and remuneration packages. This should also be supported with policies to send young graduates to study veterinary science overseas and have a career path for them when they return. Engagement of retired veterinarians from developed countries and re-evaluating the criteria for veterinarian registration could be short-term solutions to address the shortage of veterinarians in PICTs.

Competências em Regime de Colaboração: relações entre governo central e local

O texto traz reflexões sobre aspectos intervenientes no desenvolvimento de políticas da União, em regime de colaboração, para a elaboração do Plano Nacional de Educação e a avaliação do rendimento escolar, focalizando os sistemas municipais de ensino de Duque de Caxias/RJ, Niterói/RJ e Queimados/RJ . Foram consideradas apenas as competências constantes nos incisos I e VI do artigo 9º da LDBEN 9394/96 (BRASIL, 1996). O percurso teórico-metodológico da pesquisa fundamentou-se na abordagem de análise do ciclo de políticas de S. Ball (1992, 2009) e suas considerações sobre a interpretação ativa, no contexto local, do discurso das políticas educacionais nacionais. Pode-se dizer que, nos contextos investigados, as ações responsivas às políticas federais, ainda que resultantes do processo de intensificação da incidência das políticas e programas nacionais no contexto local, são também decorrentes da autonomia política e administrativa municipal.

Impact of national policies on the microbial aetiology of surgical site infections in acute NHS hospitals in England: analysis of trends between 2000 and 2013 using multi-centre prospective cohort data

Our study aimed to evaluate changes in the epidemiology of pathogens causing surgical site infections (SSIs) in England between 2000 and 2013 in the context of intensified national interventions to reduce healthcare-associated infections introduced since 2006. National prospective surveillance data on target surgical procedures were used for this study. Data on causative organism were available for 72% of inpatient-detected SSIs meeting the standard case definitions for superficial, deep and organ-space infections (9767/13 531) which were analysed for trends. A multivariable logistic linear mixed model with hospital random effects was fitted to evaluate trends by pathogen. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant cause of SSI between 2000 (41%) and 2009 (24%), decreasing from 2006 onwards reaching 16% in 2013. Data for 2005-2013 showed that the odds of SSI caused by S. aureus decreased significantly by 14% per year [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0·86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·83-0·89] driven by significant decreases in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (aOR 0·71, 95% CI 0·68-0·75). However a small significant increase in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus was identified (aOR 1·06, 95% CI 1·02-1·10). Enterobacteriaceae were stable during 2000-2007 (12% of cases overall), increasing from 2008 (18%) onwards, being present in 25% of cases in 2013; the model supported these increasing trends during 2007-2013 (aOR 1·12, 95% CI 1·07-1·18). The decreasing trends in S. aureus SSIs from 2006 and the increases in Enterobacteriaceae SSIs from 2008 may be related to intensified national efforts targeted at reducing MRSA bacteraemia combined with changes in antibiotic use aimed at controlling C. difficile infections.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of public private partnership projects in China

Public Private Partnership (PPP) has been widely applied in developing infrastructures around the world. In this research, a large database of PPP projects in China was firstly built to explore the spatio-temporal evolution in terms of regional differentiation, sectors, investors and contract types. It was found that China's PPP projects have undergone four stages with the characteristics of fluctuations along with time series, spatial differentiation and paradox of application. The mechanism behind these changes mainly include the momentum of economic development and impact of national policies, local settings, especially the local governments' motivation, preference, competency and reliability, as well as the feasibility and management of PPP projects. This paper tries to make its contribution in providing Chinese cases for international comparison, while helping Chinese national and local governments make customized policies, as well as laying foundation for further in-depth empirical and theoretical PPP research.

Policy responses to viral hepatitis B and C among people who inject drugs in Member States of the WHO European region: a sub-analysis of the WHO 2013 global hepatitis policy survey.

BackgroundUnsafe injections, through infectious bodily fluids, are a major route of transmission for hepatitis B and C. Viral hepatitis burden among people who inject drugs is particularly high in many Member States of central and Eastern Europe while national capacity and willingness to address it varies greatly.In 2013, the World Health Organization conducted a survey assessing national viral hepatitis efforts of 194 national governments. Here, we present a sub-analysis of this global survey focusing on questions relating to people who inject drugs in the WHO European Region.MethodsThe initial survey included 43 questions covering awareness, data, prevention, and screening and treatment. It was sent in five languages to identified national focal points. This sub-analysis included 11 questions and 53 Member States in the WHO European Region. Descriptive analyses of national activities are presented. As a secondary outcome bivariate analyses of differences between Member States of the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) compared to those not in said grouping are presented.ResultsForty-four of the 53 Member States responded to the survey (response rate of 83%). More than three-quarters reported offering publicly-funded treatment for HBV or HCV (82% and 80%, respectively), with a significantly higher proportion of EU/EFTA Member States (P=0.004 and P=0.010, respectively). Half of Member States (53%) reported the existence of a national policy for hepatitis prevention and control; however less than one-third (27%) reported having written national strategies. Under half of the responding Member States reported holding events for World Hepatitis Day 2012. One-fifth reported offering hepatitis B and C testing free of charge, with less than one-third reportedly conducting regular serosurveys among people who inject drugs.ConclusionsFindings highlight key gaps requiring attention in order to improve national policies and programmes in the region and ensure an adequate response to injection drug use-associated viral hepatitis. Further studies are required to assess quality and impact of national policies and services.

A New Bunun Aborigines’ Educational Aspect of Cultural Identity Design in Taiwan

The Tongpu community is a minority Bunun aborigine tribe located in Jade Mountain area. Due to its location in the national park, the economic development is vulnerable by the impact of national policy, leading to widening gaps between rich and poor, and population exodus, etc. Although this area is rich for its cultural and natural landscape, the Tongpu is reliant on farming, primarily fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, plums, sweet pepper, and tea.Our research team members have first contacted Tongpu community in 2010, for helping the local community to build their new Bunun Aborigines’ Tribal characteristics through Cultural Identity Design. Then, again in 2012 we helped Tongpu community to construct their logos systems for the farmers through educational process with the aid of our students.As the design workers, we hope to inspire new creativity and to introduce various products and exclusive images of the Tongpu community, in addition to activating the local industry thus increasing the income of the residents, and enhancing the visibility of the local culture. We aim at empowering Tongpu's aboriginal history, their geography and cultural connotations, to let their voices be heard, in order to create a formative cultural brand name in the near future.

The impact of national policy on the early diagnosis of cancer

Since the mid-90s UK governments and other policy makers have sought to develop policy that addresses the need for improved outcomes for people diagnosed with cancer. However, the strategies for cancer in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are different to the policy on cancer produced under the English government. This article will examine policy developments in the English health service aimed at achieving early diagnosis of cancer with particular reference to the Cancer Reform Strategy (2007). The role of socioeconomic factors and the need for policy to address a range of cancers due to their differences in pathology and therefore diagnosis and treatment will also be considered.

From ‘import’ to ‘import—export’ oriented internationalization: the impact of national policy on scholarly publication in China

This article examines the evolution of national research policy in China over the past three decades and its recent shift in emphasis from ‘import’ to ‘import–export’ oriented internationalization. Based on a policy review and interviews with three groups of academics—six journal editors in the humanities and social sciences, two directors from top-tier Chinese university Departments of Scientific Research Administration, and six scholars from different disciplines—the article investigates the impact of national research policy and its recent shift towards ‘going out’ on scholarly publishing in China. The paper reveals Chinese academia’s quandary with regard to internationalization and discusses the link with larger debates about uni- and bi-directionality in academic knowledge exchange.

Assessing phenological change in China from 1982 to 2006 using AVHRR imagery

Long-term trends in vegetation phenology indicate ecosystem change due to the combined impacts of human activities and climate. In this study we used 1982 to 2006 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (AVHRR NDVI) imagery across China and the TIMESAT program to quantify annual vegetation production and its changing trend. Results showed great spatial variability in vegetation growth and its temporal trend across the country during the 25-year study period. Significant decreases in vegetation production were detected in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, and in industrializing regions in southern China, including the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, and areas along the Yangtze River. Significant increases in vegetation production were found in Xinjiang, Central China, and North-east China. Validation of the NDVI trends and vegetated area changes were conducted using Landsat imagery and the results were consistent with the analysis from AVHRR data. We also found that although the causes of the vegetation change vary locally, the spatial pattern of the vegetation change and the areas of greatest impact from national policies launched in the 1970s, such as the opening of economic zones and the ‘Three-North Shelter Forest Programme’, are similar, which indicates an impact of national policies on ecosystem change and that such impacts can be detected using the method described in this paper.

National primary care guidelines for England: impact on chronic kidney disease prevention in South Asian populations

This study evaluated the impact of national policy for kidney disease in primary care comparing South Asian (SA) and white European (WE) population groups. Retrospective audits of primary care records of SA and WE adults diagnosed with diabetes in 2004 and 2007 were carried out in a total sample of 707 patients across 18 general practices within Luton, Leicester and West London. Four hundred patients (SA: n=241, and WE: n=159) were diagnosed as diabetic in 2004, and 307 (SA: n=178, and WE: n=129) in 2007. South Asian patients were 9-10 years younger, had lower systolic blood pressure than white Europeans at diagnosis in both years (136.1 vs. 141.4 mm Hg, p=0.01, in 2004; and 134 vs. 142.3 mm Hg, p=0.000, in 2007) and significantly higher HbA1c (8.6%, 63 mmol/L vs. 7.9%, 71 mmol/L) at diagnosis in 2004 than in 2007 (8.3%, 67 mmol/L vs. 8.2%, 66 mmol/L). Recording of the majority of variables associated with diabetic kidney disease increased across both patient groups between 2004 and 2007: albumin to creatinine ratio (up 13.0% in SA to 37.9%, and 15.1% in WE to 40.3%), estimated glomerular filtration rate (up 61.7% in SA to 70.8% and 75.6% in WE to 80.6%) and proteinuria (up 19.3% in SA to 46.3% and 26.1% in WE to 51.9%). Recording of indicators for diabetic kidney disease at diagnosis increased in both South Asians and white Europeans following introduction of national guidance to improve early detection and quality of care in the diabetic kidney disease care pathway.

An analysis of research activity in major UK cancer centres

The organisation of cancer research is critical to its overall creativity and productivity. Cancer centres are a major organisational structure for this research, however, little is known about their effect on research or how national policy-making intersects with this complex policy nexus. This study of the evolution of United Kingdom cancer centres (UKCC), part of a wider European and United States programme, uses a bibliometric analysis of research activity prior to the creation of the NCRI and after its formation (1995–2004/5). In terms of critical research mass UKCC are very heterogeneous with a fourfold difference between the top and bottom quintiles. UK centres published just over one eighth of the total UKCC in 1995 but almost a quarter by 2004. This centrification occurred in the absence of any national strategy. Overall these centres conduct more fundamental (laboratory-based) research than that being conducted in the wider network but this hides major heterogeneity. UKCC collaborate with European investigators in 5–28% of all their outputs and with USA the range is between 6% and 21%. We have also derived new measures of research impact on clinical management and the general public as well as the impact of national policy on research assessment for certain types of cancer research.

The Impact of National Policies on Traditional Community Forestry: Forest Proprietorship and Management in Chetan Community, Mazandran, Iran

This paper traces the evolution of forest management around Chetan village in the northern part of the Elburz Mountains of north Iran, an area of broadleaved temperate forest in the Caspian region, during three distinct time periods. Since the 18th century the forest, pasture and agricultural land were administered under common rights, with a clear financial relationship between descendants of the dominant family and other families, until the constitutional revolution of 1906. Some decades of instability preceded establishment of various regulated and non-regulated orders by new powers. Finally, the Forest Nationalization Law 1963 established new institutions that continue today with some small variations, the government now being the main policy and decision-maker. The paper highlights the differences between the three periods; the third one expresses the impact of national policy on forest proprietorship and management at the village level and the interruption of traditional and transitional processes of management.