Impact Of Land Reform Research Articles

Land Reform and Its Effect on Farm Household Income Inequality: Evidence from Georgia

This article examines the importance of landholdings in explaining income inequality among family farms in four districts in Georgia following the land reform of the 1990s. Income inequality is decomposed by sources of income and by determinants of income. The results indicate that farm income is a disequalizing source of income among family farms in these districts. In addition, a uniform increase in landholding is expected to reduce income inequality. Combining the two results, we conclude that the impact of land reform on farm household income inequality depends on the resulting distribution of landholdings. It can reduce inequality if land is distributed relatively equally, but inequality can increase if the wealthier farmers are able to gain control of more (and perhaps better) land resources. A possible implication of this result is that for land reform to be equalizing, distributing land to smallholders should be accompanied by additional policies and regulations supporting small farmers, such as land titling and registration, support for cooperation, and access to credit and other market services.

Інвестиції та земельна реформа в сільському господарстві в Україні

Мета. Метою статті є ідентифікація тенденцій і чинників інвестицій у сільському господарстві в Україні в період 2014–2019 рр. та впливу заходів земельної реформи із лібералізації обігу земель сільськогосподарського призначення на обсяги інвестування в сільському господарстві. Методологія / методика / підхід. У дослідженні використано такі методи, як логічні операції (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення, індукція, дедукція) – для визначення особливостей тенденцій в інвестуванні, формулювання висновків щодо впливу земельної реформи на інвестиції; індексний – для виявлення кількісних змін у номінальних і реальних обсягах інвестицій, чинниках впливу; трендовий аналіз – для визначення тенденцій змін та побудови функцій тренду інвестицій у різні періоди; факторний і кореляційний аналіз – для виявлення чинників і щільності зв’язку та залежностей обсягів інвестицій від окремих чинників (прибутку, цін, ставки відсотка, державної підтримки); графічний – для візуальної презентації динаміки інвестицій. Дослідження виконувалося на основі статистичних даних Державної служби статистики України, Національного банку України, звітності сільськогосподарських підприємств Харківської області та даних власних спостережень за 2014–2019 рр. (для розрахунку індексів окремих показників та окремих коефіцієнтів кореляції враховувалися дані за 2009–2013 рр.). Результати. Визначено функцію тренду, яка розкриває загальну спрямованість зміни річних обсягів інвестування в сільському господарстві у 2014–2019 рр. в Україні. Установлено, що основними чинниками, які здійснювали вплив на процеси інвестування в цей період, були підвищення цін на сільськогосподарську продукцію, низький рівень диспаритету цін на продукцію сільського господарства та матеріально-технічні ресурси, експортна орієнтація виробництва та сприятлива для експортерів динаміка курсу національної валюти, агроінновації, прибутковість сільськогосподарського виробництва. Однак дія визначених чинників не пояснює зменшення обсягу інвестицій у 2019 р. Проведене дослідження показало, що очікування щодо змін у законодавстві стосовно обігу земель сільськогосподарського призначення мали негативний вплив на динаміку інвестування в сільському господарстві в Україні. Для збереження тренду збільшення інвестування в сільськогосподарське виробництво, його техніко-технологічне оновлення важливим є здійснення комплексу правових, економічних, технічних та організаційних заходів, що забезпечать якісне реформування земельних відносин. Оригінальність / наукова новизна. Набули подальшого розвитку визначення динаміки інвестицій у сільському господарстві в Україні та ідентифікація найбільш значущих чинників впливу на них у 2014–2019 рр., оцінка зміни в річних обсягах інвестування під впливом очікувань запровадження ринку землі в Україні. Розвинуто наукове обґрунтування впливу земельної реформи на інвестування в сільському господарстві та доведено, що доки права власності на землі сільськогосподарського призначення залишатимуться нечітко та не у повному обсязі визначеними, неможна стверджувати про підстави для підвищення ефективності використання земельних ресурсів, збільшення інвестицій у сільське господарство внаслідок відміни мораторію на продаж землі. Тривалість лагу впливу земельної реформи на збільшення інвестицій у сільському господарстві буде залежати від якості інститутів землекористування та ринку землі. Практична цінність / значущість. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані в управлінні як на мікро, так і на макрорівнях для прогнозування обсягу інвестицій у сільському господарстві, опрацювання заходів із стимулювання інвестицій та поглиблення земельної реформи.

The impact of land reform on the development of united territorial communities

Nowadays, according to decentralization and current legislation (Land Code of Ukraine, Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On Self-Governance»), the public lands have been transferred to the CTCs since 1 February 2018. In 2018/2019, 788 CTCs received communal ownership of 1.68 ha of public lands. According to the Draft Law «On Amendments to Several Legal Documents of Ukraine on Agricultural Lands Turnover», the consolidated territorial communities become the legal entities and can acquire property rights to agricultural land plots. Therefore, transferring the lands to be used by the newly created CTCs is currently an urgent issue that requires extended scientific and practical research. The paper aims to research the role of land reform in Ukraine and its impact on increase of CTCs’ budget revenues. The stages of land reform and the development of the land reform in Ukraine as well as its implementation strategy are outlined. The disparities of the integrated satellite map and the data of the Land Cadaster of Ukraine in terms of unregistered lands are defined. The amount of a CTC budget’s increased revenues due to the reform is estimated. Statistical data on small, medium, and large farmers and their interest in the land reform are analyzed. The terms of selling the land to foreign investors and conditions of participation in land auctions are examined. The mechanisms of land purchase, selling, and lease in line with the land reform are suggested. Generalizing the presented aspects of the land reform in Ukraine and their impact on economic activity of the newly created CTCs, it can be argued that the process is quite positive and necessary for both communities and businesses in order to get additional budget revenues for CTCs. The land reform improves the living standards of Ukrainian people through the disclosure of the country’s agricultural capacity.

РЕФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ: РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The article examines the impact of land reform on modern management practices in the agricultural sector through a change in the foundations of land relations, ensuring an acceptable efficiency in the use of land resources.

ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ СЕЛЯНСЬКИХ ТА ФЕРМЕРСЬКИХ ГОСПОДАРСТВ В УМОВАХ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНОЇ РЕФОРМИ В УКРАЇНІ

The historical analysis of the development of national forms of economy has been carried out. It has been determined that the most economically advantageous for society, vital, rational, socio-ecological-economic forms of economy are peasant economies and farms. The methodological basis of the study as to the identification of rational and effective forms of economy are general scientific methods, including methods of historical analysis, generalization, comparison, analysis and synthesis, methods of expert evaluation, graphical method. In the course of the research, the methods of historical analysis, generalization, analysis and synthesis were used in carrying out a retrospective analysis, in particular the research of scientific opinion on the effectiveness of such forms of economy as peasants and farms and the impact of land reform on their development; the method of expert evaluation in the survey of peasants and representatives from the administration of Radomyshl region of Zhytomyr oblast to determine their opinion – how the land reform will affect on the development of peasants and farms; graphical method for constructing tables and graphs. The study of the world experience in agriculture confirmed that the development of the farm model as a priority model of economy in agriculture is possible only with the active support of a state, as an institution that regulates land use through administrative and economic measures and provides legislation through limitation of purchase of land and the potential withdrawal of this land from agricultural circulation, and also involves the implementation of targeted programs through the financing of individual activity. An important function of state regulation is the conservation of the agricultural land fund. In developed countries, there are some restrictions on the land market to prevent latifundia. It is substantiated that in the course of land reform, the agrarian policy should be focused on preventing the creation of latifundia with large land tenure, as well as on the support, protection and development of peasant economies and farms as viable forms.

The impact of land reform in Ukraine on the development of rural areas

The impact of land reform in Ukraine on the development of rural areas

The Impact of Land Reform on Land Market Activity in Rwanda and Suggestions in Support of Sustainable Urban Development

The Impact of Land Reform on Land Market Activity in Rwanda and Suggestions in Support of Sustainable Urban Development

Impact of land reform on sustainable land management in Ukraine

Impact of land reform on sustainable land management in Ukraine

Land reform in South Africa: Beneficiary participation and impact on land use in the Waterberg District

National challenges of food insecurity and unemployment in South Africa prompted an increase in expectations for agricultural land acquired through land reform programmes to make meaningful contributions. Embedded in these expectations is the need for understanding the situation in reformed farms. This study reviewed policies and literature on land reform, and analyzed beneficiary participation in reformed farms and the impact of land reform on land use in land restitution and land redistribution farms in the Waterberg District Municipality. Data were collected through individual surveys, key informants interviews and stakeholder workshop. Beneficiary participation levels were significantly lower in restitution farms (18% per farm) than in redistribution farms (65% per farm). The changes in land redistribution policy over time resulted in significant differences in beneficiary participation among land redistribution models, with participation levels increasing with time. Land redistribution model SLAG had the lowest beneficiary participation level (19% per farm) while the latest model PLAS had the highest (100% per farm). The changes in land redistribution policy over time resulted in significant differences in extent of land used among land redistribution models, though the trend was not systemic. On average, redistribution farms under SLAG and LRAD2 models used ≤70% of the farm land, while farms under LRAD1 and PLAS models used more than 90% of the farm land. The research approach used in this study found similar results in beneficiary participation to those in literature where case studies approach was used in restitution farms. On the contrary, in redistribution farms the research approach resulted in findings that differed from case study literature and revealed the needs for representative sample and time if conclusive recommendations were to be reached.

Don´t do Land Reform: a simple theorem

We assess the general impact of land reforms on growth using human capital growth models due to Arrow (1962) - the main newness of the paper- after surveying the literature and building a typology. Thus, we conclude that land reform can yet been used as a modern tool to spur growth and development, but with our approach we can define the main limits and constraints that can block this growth. We conclude that a raise in undifferentiated wages after land reform leads to an unrecoverable society welfare loss; thus, yielding a lesson to political agents’ decision-makers elected after land reforms – wage raise land reform should not be used as an electoral motto.

The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe.

Large carnivores are decreasing in number due to growing pressure from an expanding human population. It is increasingly recognised that state-protected conservation areas are unlikely to be sufficient to protect viable populations of large carnivores, and that private land will be central to conservation efforts. In 2000, a fast-track land reform programme (FTLRP) was initiated in Zimbabwe, ostensibly to redress the racial imbalance in land ownership, but which also had the potential to break up large areas of carnivore habitat on private land. To date, research has focused on the impact of the FTLRP process on the different human communities, while impacts on wildlife have been overlooked. Here we provide the first systematic assessment of the impact of the FTLRP on the status of large carnivores. Spoor counts were conducted across private, resettled and communal land use types in order to estimate the abundance of large carnivores, and to determine how this had been affected by land reform. The density of carnivore spoor differed significantly between land use types, and was lower on resettlement land than on private land, suggesting that the resettlement process has resulted in a substantial decline in carnivore abundance. Habitat loss and high levels of poaching in and around resettlement areas are the most likely causes. The FTLRP resulted in the large-scale conversion of land that was used sustainably and productively for wildlife into unsustainable, unproductive agricultural land uses. We recommended that models of land reform should consider the type of land available, that existing expertise in land management should be retained where possible, and that resettlement programmes should be carefully planned in order to minimise the impacts on wildlife and on people.

What is a Chief without Land? Impact of Land Reforms on Power Structures in Namibia

Land is a key element to socio-economic development, peace- and state-building in Africa. It is inherent to local identity and inextricably linked to power. In Namibia, land rights were historically administered and allocated by traditional authorities. However, with the adoption of the 2002 Communal Land Reform Act, these customary land rights were codified. Drawing on qualitative interviews conducted in Namibia with state officials, traditional authorities of the Nama and Ovambo ethnicity, workers and farmers, we show that although it was presented as a decentralization reform, the Act reintroduced the Namibian state as a central actor in land tenure. This has resulted in power struggles between the state and traditional authorities, albeit to varying intensities as some traditional authorities have historically restricted access to communal land and limited political leverage.

CONTEMPORARY LAND REFORM POLICY AND PRACTICE IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: NEW IDEAS, OLD PROBLEMS?

An extensive land reform programme is underway, which faces many challenges unique to the socio-political context of post-apartheid South Africa. The aim of this paper is to review the extent to which agrarian land reform policy, more particularly in respect to its land distribution element, incorporates environmental sustainability principles into resultant practice and whether or not this may lead to exacerbation of land degradation problems in the country. The paper briefly outlines the key land reform role-players, the policy and implementation process of land reform, and considers these in relation to the problem of land degradation. Ongoing problems of implementation with the land redistribution programme are discussed in relation to a number of significant challenges. The paper illustrates the lack of integration of environmental planning in the land reform process generally and points to the potentially deleterious impact of land reform on land degradation.

Contemporary South African Urbanization Dynamics

The paper provides an overview of urbanization patterns and trends in the current era in South Africa, focusing in particular on the key dynamics and driving forces underlying migration and urbanization. It considers overall demographic trends with regard to migration and urbanization, and points to some of the difficulties with data, and with the analysis of trends and patterns. The paper explores the changing rural context and dynamics, and some of the significant processes in this context: large-scale displacement of black people off farms, the impact of land reform, and conditions in the former homeland areas. Circular migration continues to be an important way in which households in rural areas survive, but some are unable to move, and are falling out of these networks. International migration—the consequence of both conditions in the home country and the draw of the South African economy—is another significant process fuelling mainly urban growth. The paper demonstrates the importance of cities in terms of economic growth and employment, and thus their attractiveness to migrants. Continuing migration to cities is of course a challenge for city management, but important trends towards declining household size and the splitting up of households are also driving the physical growth of cities and demands for housing, services, and infrastructure.

Institutional Setting, Politics and Planning: Private Property, Public Interest and Land Reform in Japan

Taking an historical view, the paper considers how Japan has struggled to regulate development and examines the impact of land reform in the immediate post-WWII era. This is seen as a key institutional change that precipitated numerous political and policy shifts in subsequent decades and acted as a critical factor in shaping Japanese land use. The focus of the paper demonstrates how the political and economic transformation of Japan just prior to and after land reform in 1946 led to a situation where successive governments have tried but ultimately failed to intervene successfully in the development process, contributing to unsustainable outcomes derived largely from a sustained period of growth and economic development. In our view, this was supported by the legal framework reinforced under the Allied Occupation (1945–1951), alongside the outcomes of the land reform process. This has also led to a remarkably consistent set of institutional conditions. In order to highlight the impact of land reform the case of Japanese green belt policies between 1927 and 1965 are used to provide a more detailed account of the difficulties that planning and land use regulation has experienced in Japan.

Land reform and agricultural productivity in India: a review of the evidence

In this paper we review as well as contribute to the empirical literature on the impact of land reform on agricultural productivity in India. We find that, overall for all states, land-reform legislation had a negative and significant effect on agricultural productivity. However, this hides considerable variation across types of land reform, as well as variation across states. Decomposing by type of land reform, the main driver for this negative effect seems to be land-ceiling legislation. In contrast, the effect of tenancy reform, averaged across all states, is insignificant. There seems to be a wide range of state-specific effects, which suggests that focusing on average treatment effects can hide a considerable amount of heterogeneity. In particular, allowing a separate slope for West Bengal, one of the few states that implemented tenancy laws rigorously, we find that land reform had a marginal positive effect relative to the rest of India.

The Impact of Land Reform on Rural Household Incomes in Transcaucasia

An agricultural economist specializing in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) assesses changes in land use and their impact on rural incomes in Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The paper compares developments in these countries with core CIS (Russia, Ukraine) and Central Asian states of the FSU. The author's premise—that agricultural growth, and hence higher well-being of the rural population are positively linked to individualization of farming structure and commercialization—is tested on the basis of survey results linking increases in farm size with higher rural incomes and accelerated sales of farm products. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: Q15, Q18, Q24. 4 figures, 4 tables, 19 references.

Once Upon a Time in Ecuador: Memories of Miki

I arrived as a graduate student at the University of Illinois in the fall of 1961, joining the relatively new Department of Anthropology under the direction of Joseph B. Casagrande. Muriel (Miki) Crespi (nee Kaminsky) had already been a graduate student for a full year. We became fast friends immediately. Shy, timid, quiet, and midwestern, I was not exactly a likely running buddy. But from the beginning, she was my mentor. After all, she was already wiser in the mysteries of graduate school; and as time passed, I came to know her as a wonderfully warm, intelligent woman from New York who also happened to be Jewish. I had never before connected with anyone who was so urbane and effortlessly gregarious. Mick's and my friendship further blossomed in our shared selection of Dr. Casagrande as our dissertation advisor and of Ecuador as our fieldwork area. Early on, Miki knew she wanted to study the impact of land reform on a government-owned hacienda high in the Ecuadorian sierra, working primarily with Indios or campesinos. She saw nothing out of character to live at an elevation of 11,000 feet, nor to speak Quechua. She left Illinois briefly to go to Cornell to learn the rudiments of Quechua. (Later she was devastated to find that the Quechua taught at Cornell was a different dialect altogether.)

The impact of membership in communal property associations on livelihoods in the Northern Province, South Africa

This paper investigates the impacts of Communal Property Associations on rural livelihoods in the Northern Province, South Africa. After a brief review of livelihoods and a short background to land reform in South Africa the paper details findings regarding the impact of land reform in the province. Quantitative and qualitative interviews were conducted from July 1999 until May 2000 and in January 2001 to identify and explain any change in livelihoods resulting from land transfer. Change in livelihoods as a result of land reform was found to be minimal largely due to general disorganization, farm size problems, lack of capital, lack of skills and labor, gender bias, and skewed age distribution.

The Impact of Land Reform on Housing Development in Urban China

The Impact of Land Reform on Housing Development in Urban China