Impact Of Intellectual Property Research Articles

Role of open innovation and patents on strategic decision making

AbstractThe fourth industrial revolution, as it is popularly known, is transforming the overall ecosystem of business and is swiftly affecting the structure of organizations with respect to their working strategy. It is leading to enhanced collaboration and cross‐application of center‐specific fundamentals across various industries. As a result, collaboration and cross‐licensing of technologies have become the norm rather than an exception. Open innovation, therefore, plays a critical role in various horizontal applications of industry‐specific concepts. As a result, choices such as “keep or sell” or “make or buy” research and development (R&D) supplies have become extremely critical and significant. Therefore, patent‐based research is required as an enabling tool for assisting research on an open innovation‐based approach. This article projects an in‐depth review of the research articles related to various aspects of open innovation and patents and their overall impact on firm performance. This article also suggests an open innovation model that cumulates the role of patents and institutional participation with a focus on firm performance. The impact of open innovation on firm performance is evaluated with respect to variables on market positioning, R&D capacity building with respect to technology lifecycle, the impact of intellectual property, for instance, the existence of valid patents and know‐how, and the process of acquisition of technologies by such organizations.

Effects of the utilization of intellectual property by scientific researchers on economic growth in Mexico.

The present article examines the impact of intellectual property (IP) utilization and concentration on economic growth in Mexico. The findings presented center on the use of different forms of IP by researchers in the National System of Researchers (SNI in Spanish) of Mexico. We focus especially on the externalities associated with the use of IP by researchers, as well as on understanding how knowledge about, and utilization of IP relates to economic growth, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP). The results of our analyses indicate that in the context of the Mexican SNI, the utilization of certain forms of IP, specifically patents and industrial designs, had a positive impact on economic growth, while the use of utility models was negatively linked to drivers of growth. Policies based on these results could seek to foster awareness and utilization of particular forms of IP by SNI researchers, which in turn could result in greater economic growth in Mexico.

Economic impact of intellectual property in Europe and Hungary

As the aim of the article, to show in the framework of theoretical research, to assess the situation of Hungarian intellectual property in the life of businesses. In our paper, we try to analyze and present this area approaching it from an economic side, which seems to be a mere legal phenomenon for an outside observer.

The Impact of Intellectual Property in Fostering Innovation

This article aims to examine the role of intellectual property within the scope of innovation by highlighting the principal connections between intellectual property and innovation. In this sense, this article emphasizes on the massive contribution of intellectual property rights (just for patent, trade secret and copyright) in innovation and also criticizes the role of intellectual property in developing concepts such as big data, artificial intelligence and green innovation. In addition, it is extremely significant to demonstrate the differences among the traditional definitions, understandings and historical background of intellectual property and innovation and their current situations in our era. Having said that, it is also necessary to see the present and future challenges faced as to the role of intellectual property rights in the era of innovation where the boundaries are more flexible, the information is more accessible, and the limits can be easily exceeded.

Efficient use of intellectual property

With the acceleration of technological development and the digital transformation of economies, the impact of intellectual property on economic growth will increase. The article shows that the forms and means of legal protection and use of intellectual property will evolve in line with the opportunities that will be provided by the infrastructure (production, fixation, management, tracking and protection of intellectual property rights) in this area. In Russia, the “digitalization” of legal protection and use of intellectual property rights will make it possible to form public-private platforms for rights management, which will create additional opportunities for authors to effectively manage their rights. This will attract investors to the non-raw-material sector of the economy and may become an important driver for the development of the digital economy in the country as a whole.

Essays on the Impact of Digital Information on Innovation

This dissertation consists of three essays studying the impact of new, digital information on innovation in different markets. The first essay sheds light on the impact of intellectual property in affecting the impact of new information on innovation, while the second and third essays identify the role of maps as a novel form of information and estimate their impact on innovation in different markets.

Thirty Years of Essential Medicines

Behind the simple description of essential medicines as those that meet the real health needs of the population, is one of the biggest revolutions of the last decades. The essential medicines’ concept encompasses those medicines that meet people’s real health needs as well as the cost-containment of pharmaceutical products. As a result, it has been a contentious issue throughout the three decades of its existence. The World Health Organization’s Essential Medicines Programme, a firm promoter of access to medicines as a human right, has been the subject of numerous debates, the most recent surrounding the impact of intellectual property on access to medicines. This book is the first historical summary of the last thirty years of essential medicines. The book calls for the essential medicines’ concept to be put into action and identifies the current and future obstacles to making access to essential medicines an effective human right.

Post-eBay Patenting and Technology Licensing in US IP-Intensive Industries

This study examines the impact of intellectual property (IP) enforceability on firms’ incentives to patent and out-license. Following the pro-patent shift in 1982, the US IP regime has been regarde...

The Impact of Intellectual Property Protection on MNEss Decisions to Invest in Developing Countries: Empirical Evidence from New Swiss Firm-Level FDI Panel Data

This article reviews the impact of intellectual property (IP) protection on foreign direct investment (FDI) by multinational enterprises (MNEs) in developing countries. Applying different panel data techniques to a newly-created comprehensive FDI/IP dataset of 31 Swiss MNEs investing into 53 developing WTO Members over a period of 21 years (1990-2010), this study seeks to examine whether the local IP protection level has a significant positive effect on MNEs’ decisions to invest in developing host countries and whether this effect differs between particular industry sectors, technological intensity levels and stages of host country development. The author could not find conclusive evidence that IP protection has an overall significant positive effect on FDI volumes. A differentiated analysis of specific sectors, however, does identify a significant positive effect for the chemical industry and for high-tech/medium-high-tech companies. Furthermore, no conclusive evidence was found that the effect of IP protection on investment decisions by MNEs differs according to the development level of the host country.

Intellectual Property – Lever or Barrier to the Globalization of Knowledgeintensive SMEs of Small Country Origin

Although hundreds of research papers have been published on the issue of accelerated internationalisation, Born Globals and International New Ventures, the advancement for common theory of International Entrepreneurship (IE) has been limited. Little attention has been paid to Intellectual Property (IP) and its strategies in rapidly internationalising companies. Researching the role of IP in the internationalisation process is especially important in case of knowledge intensive small and medium size companies (KSME). It has been shown that KSME leverage knowledge and other resources in order to internationalise rapidly and gain competitive advantage on global market. This includes building on existing knowledge of markets and technology, and incorporating new knowledge domains until the value of products or services, incorporating all the knowledge, becomes more valuable than the sum of different knowledge domains. The paper aims to explore the role of intellectual property in the process of becoming global technology- and knowledge-intensive SME of small open economy country origin. The authors suggest that the impact of IP on globalization can be threefold. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) can be a barrier to internationalisation, it can be a blocker for constraining competitors’ ability to leverage, and it can support the market and knowledge leverage. Conducted case study analysis is based on POMstrategy model, the process theory and market-knowledge leverage framework of globalization of KSMEs, and above mentioned IPR categorisation. Four companies were chosen for case studies: Regio (mobile positioning software company), Skype Technologies S.A. (global VoIP company), Asper Biotech (small global biotech company), and Icosagen (small biotech company). For all companies obtaining IP rights or not obtaining them has been a barrier. Patenting is costly for companies in early stages. In case of software, the best strategy can be the utilisation of copyright and trade secret protection (as in case of Regio). Skype, Asper and Icosagen have used patenting also for either blocking their competition or guaranteeing freedom to operate for themselves. All four case companies gained VC funding or financial support from academic institutions. In case of Regio the funding was gained despite the lack of protected IP in form of patents. The companies used the financing and funding in different development stages and for different purposes. Only two companies out of the four have used their patents to leverage their knowledge domains or market penetration. Protected patent portfolio has allowed Skype to advance to different markets and increase the number of services provided. Icosagen has been able to standardise their patent protected technology, which is heavy blocker, but also creates leverage effects for Icosagen technology. KSMEs have usually relatively low resources for marketing, but not only, there is a lack of resources for anything. But this can be not disturbing to global breakthrough as seen on the example of Skype. Clever business model, protected IP and free of charge basic service can create absolutely new approach in the industry. Moving from a single product/knowledge domain to a “high system” products is not the absolute rule. Market can cause the contrary processes, i.e. simplifying complexity of the product and its IP protection. For SME the focus on the concrete technology and product creates preconditions for global breakthrough, but is not the guarantee for leverage of all accumulated competences globally. It depends on “happy” combination of product development and IP, allied partnerships and market, and business model linking all these factors together.

Access to essential technologies: The role of the interface between intellectual property, competition and human rights1

Intellectual property (IP) can stimulate innovation but it can also impose restrictions on the wider development of and access to essential technologies. Yet IP should be viewed within the context of a larger legal framework, which includes the laws of human rights and competition. This article introduces these laws into this larger framework and explores their relationship with IP. The article reviews steps which have been taken at policy level to manage the impact of IP, notably the draft Access to Knowledge Treaty, and the new contribution which could be made using human rights and competition law. It then proposes further amendment of TRIPS (the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) as the most effective approach to securing a new place for IP and discusses the challenges which may be encountered.

Responding to Global Constraints and Opportunities: Access to Medicines and the Impact of Intellectual Property and Competition Rules in Post-Apartheid South Africa

This article explores how institutional changes within a state are shaped by a mixture of events, opportunities and constraints, from both within and from across the country's geographical boundaries. Focusing on the interaction between different policy demands and imperatives: from demands for medical care to the promotion of economic competition and the need to implement international trade commitments, including specific levels of intellectual property protection. Within the context of South Africa's democratic transition and HIV/AIDS pandemic, I argue that despite a strong commitment to change, to address the legacies of apartheid, and the relative strength and political will of the dominant political party, the African National Congress, the transformation of the state was significantly framed by the global environment in which the state found itself. As the state responded to a range of shifting opportunities and constraints, whether real or perceived, so impetus was given to different policies and competing political and economic factions enabling particular institutions and rules to be embraced, created, reshaped or simply foregone.

Does Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Matter? Evidence from Financing and Investment Choices in the High Tech Industry

Financing of and investing in R&D are prone to risks of appropriation by competitors, information asymmetry, and agency problems. Although legal protection of intellectual property (IP) rights at the national level is necessary to encourage investing in R&D, we show that the effective enforcement at the local level is also critical. We concentrate on the impact of provincial level IP rights enforcement on the financing of and investing in R&D, using a unique and rich sample of high technology firms. These firms are located in twenty-eight provinces/districts throughout China. The enforcement of IP rights differs at the provincial level, although the firms are under the same set of national and international laws. Controlling for provincial institutional factors such as economic development, banking system development, legal system performance, and local government corruption, we find that the enforcement of IP rights positively affects firms' ability to acquire new external debt (including formal and informal financing) and external equity. The firms in provinces with better enforcement of IP rights invest more funding in R&D, generate more patents, and produce more sales from new products. We also find better enforcement of IP rights helps mitigate the problem of appropriation by local partners in foreign and ethnic joint ventures. To deal with the problems of reverse causality and omitted common variables, we adopt the instrumental variable method and the approach used by Rajan and Zingales (1998), and the impact of IP rights enforcement is robust to different specifications. Our evidence confirms that enforcement of IP rights matters even in China. Furthermore, our results support that the enforcement of IP rights affects the growth in the economy via the channels of financing of and investing in R&D.

TRIPS post-2005 and access to new antiretroviral treatments in southern countries: issues and challenges

Until 2005 some developing countries with pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities especially India used the transitional period allowing local manufacturers to produce and sell generic versions of first-generation ART drugs patented in industrialized countries and originally produced and sold at high prices by Western pharmaceutical companies. Thanks to international competition between generic manufacturers and these companies significant price reductions were achieved for the large majority of these drugs. This was a key factor in the implementation and strengthening of access to AIDS treatment in developing countries and a strategic element in the World Health Organization (WHO) 3by5 plan. However with the end of the extended deadline for TRIPS compliance the scenario is likely to change radically. Considering the end of the transitional period which effectively will prohibit the free manufacture of newer and innovative antiretroviral generations to mark a key episode in the history of the fight against AIDS in developing countries this review will provide an overview of the meaning and consequences of this turning point and to present some of the new challenges of the post-2005 period. (excerpt)

Intellectual property rights business management practices: A survey of the literature

The survey focuses on the empirical literature regarding the use and management of intellectual property rights (IPRs). It overviews policy changes regarding intellectual property (IP) protection in the US that led, according to some commentators, to patent friendly era in the US. Then it looks at the IPRs use and strategies in the US, Canada, EU, Japan and Australia and at the protection of IP in specific industry groups. Also reviewed is the relationship between the use of IPRs and the size of firm and its ownership (national vs. multinational). Numerous articles show that management of knowledge assets in general and IPRs in particular are increasingly important. The value of firms in knowledge intensive activities is determined by the value of its IP. IP is used as a financial asset. Firms allocate more human resources to management of IPRs and their training, but there remain important international differences. The recent literature on the impact of IP on the value of the firm, its assessment, valuation, accounting and management of IP are reviewed. The last section of the paper deals with enforcement of IPRs, infringement and dispute resolution. A special attention is given to internet and computer infringement of IP and to insurance as a protection for legal costs.

Key Intellectual Property Issues In Nanotechnology

Great attention has been paid in recent years to the importance of intellectual property to successful R&D and commercialization of technology. The issues raised have included the appropriate role and expense of IP in the R&D and commercialization environments, the impact of intellectual property on companies' freedom to use technology in new products and the role of intellectual property in extracting maximum value from R&D by providing alternative commercialization paths including licensing, business spin offs, joint ventures and packaging the innovative business for sale to another party. Nowhere has this interest been keener than in the rapidly expanding and commercially unpredictable area of nanomaterials. This paper will provide a basic understanding of the key intellectual property issues most important to nano-materials, including practical advice for managers and R&D personnel on efficiently creating intellectual property processes and policies appropriate to companies in the nano-materials business.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: People, Plants and Patents. The Impact of Intellectual Property on Biodiversity, Conservation, Trade, and Rural Society. By the Crucible Group Biodiversity and Landscapes: A Paradox of Humanity. Edited by K. E. Chung Kim and R. Weaver The Flexible Economy: Causes and Consequences of the Adaptability of National Economies. Edited by Tony Killick Inducing Food Insecurity: Perspectives on Food Policies in Eastern and Southern Africa. Edited by M. A. Mohammed Salih How Developing Countries Trade: The Institutional Constraints. By Sheila Page Research with a View to Implementation. By D. J. Gouws Case Studies in Research with a View to Implementation. Edited by D. J. Gouws Energy Taxation and Economic Growth. By Adam Seymour and Robert Mabro Africa: The Challenge of Transformation. By Stephen McCarthy Privatisation Experiences in African and Asian Countries. Edited by Miene Pieter van Dijk and Nico G. Schulte Nordholt The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource. A Historical and Technical Review of Water Management and of Economic and Legal Issues. Edited by P. P. Howell and J. A. Allan Sharing the Ganges: the Politics and Technology of River Development. By Ben Crow, with Alan Lindquist and David Wilson Sociology, Anthropology and Development: An Annotated Bibliography of World Bank Publications 1975–1993. By Michael Cernea Third World Democratization? A Partly Annotated Bibliography of Recent Literature. By Svend Erik Lindberg‐Hansen Finance for the Poor Man's Business. Edited by Maria Otero and Elizabeth Rhyne The Reality of Aid 1995. Edited by Judith Randel and Tony German GATT Uruguay Round, Developing Countries and Trade in Services. By Neela Mukherjee The Experience of Poverty: Fighting for Respect and Resources in Village India. By Tony Beck Introduction to Development Economics, 3rd edition. By Subrata Ghatak Privatisation Policy and Performance: International Perspectives. Edited by P. Cook and C. Kirkpatrick Countrysides at Risk, The Political Geography of Sustainable Agriculture. By R. L. Paarlberg Environment, Development, Agriculture: Integrated Policy through Human Ecology. By Bernhard Glaeser