Impact Of Heat Waves Research Articles

Coupling Relationship Between Heat Waves and Air Pollution: A Case Study of Central Tianjin

With the increasing contradiction between urban construction and ecological and societal resources, the impact of heat wave and air pollution on cities has become increasingly conspicuous. How to create a comfortable and cool urban environment has become a hot topic that the whole society attaches great importance to. By analyzing the spatio-temporal distribution of heat wave and air pollution, the coupling characteristics of heat wave and air pollution are obtained.

Impact of heatwaves and system shocks on a nearly zero energy educational building: Is it resilient to overheating?

The characteristic that describes the extent to which buildings and their systems maintain their performance during shocks is called resilience. Building policies in the EU have already addressed the resilience of buildings against possible hazards (i.e., natural disasters, extreme weathers, fires). However, with increasing overheating risks (e.g., climate change) accompanied by their detrimental health and economic impacts, the thermal performance of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) is not guaranteed. This study aims to assess the impact of shocks and combinations on the thermal resilience of educational nZEB against heatwaves (HW) and system shocks (SS) including failure of indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), natural night ventilation (NNV) and solar shading failure (SF). A Modelica model of the building was developed and experimentally validated. Shocks were classified and quantified using the novel normalized degree of shock (doS) index. Heatwaves (HWs) had 20 × to 93 × more critical impact than the worst SS (NNV failure). Additionally SS occurring at the start of the operational period is 1.2 × more critical than SS occurring later in the day as it allowed for significant heat build-up in both classrooms. In future climate scenarios a combination of HWs and power outages will become frequent. This study showed that a combination of a full day of cooling strategy and shading failure occurring on the hottest day of a 6-day long HW, is 10% more critical on both lecture rooms than an individual 10-day long HW. Classroom with heavy thermal mass prolongs the absorptivity of the shocks but delays recovery.

Can we use a machine learning approach to predict the impact of heatwaves on emergency department attendance?

Global warming has contributed to more frequent and severe extreme weather events, which has led to increased research on the health impacts of extreme heat. However, research on heatwaves, air quality, and their spatial impact on health service demand is limited. This study used machine learning (ML) approaches to obtain the optimised model to predict health service demand associated with those risk factors for an all-age model and compared it with young children (0–4 years) model in Perth. Ten years’ data (2006–2015) on emergency department attendances (EDA), socioeconomic status (SES), heatwaves, landscape fires, and gaseous and particulate air pollutants were collected. ML approaches, including decision tree, random forest (RF), and geographical random forest (GRF) models, were used to compare and select the best model for predicting EDA and identify important risk factors. Five-hundred cross validations were performed using the testing data, and a construct validation was performed by comparing actual and predicted EDA data. The results showed that the RF model outperformed other models, and SES, air quality, and heatwaves were among the important risk factors to predict EDA. The GRF model was fitted well to the data (R2 = 0.975) and further showed that heatwaves had significant geographic variations and a joint effect with PM2.5 in the southern suburbs of the study area for young children. The RF and GRF models have satisfactory performance in predicting the impact of heatwaves, air quality, and SES on EDA. Heatwaves and air quality have great spatial heterogeneity. Spatial interactions between heatwaves, SES, and air quality measures were the most important predictive risk factors of EDA for young children in the Perth southern suburbs. Future studies are warranted to confirm the findings from this study on a wider scale.

The impact of heat waves on the mortality of Chinese population: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Many studies had shown that with global warming, heat waves may increase the mortality risk of Chinese populations. However, these findings are not consistent. Therefore, we elucidated the associations by meta-analysis and quantified the magnitude of these risks, as well as the underlying factors. We searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for literature screening up to Nov 10, 2022, to analyze the effect of heat waves on mortality in the Chinese population. Literature screening and data extraction were performed independently by two researchers and the data were merged by meta-analysis. In addition, we conducted subgroup analysis by sex, age, years of education, region, and number of events to explore the source of heterogeneity. Fifteen related studies on the impact on heat waves of the death of Chinese people were included in this study. The results of the meta-analysis showed that heat waves were significantly associated with increased mortality from non-accidental deaths, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, respiratory diseases, and circulatory diseases in the Chinese population: non-accidental mortality (RR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.13-1.27, P < .01), cardiovascular diseases (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.14-1.38), stroke (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03-1.20), respiratory diseases (RR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09-1.28), and circulatory diseases (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.06-1.17). Subgroup analyses showed that heat waves had a higher risk of non-accidental death for those with <6 years of education than for those with ≥6 years of education. Meta-regression analysis showed that the contribution of the study year to the inter studied heterogeneity was 50.57%. The sensitivity analysis showed that the exclusion of any single study did not materially alter the overall combined effect. The meta-analysis method indicated no obvious evidence of publication bias. The results of the review indicated that heat waves were associated with increased mortality in the Chinese population, that attention should be paid to high-risk groups, and that public health policies and strategies should be implemented to more effectively respond to and adapt to climate change.

Influence of environmental temperature and heatwaves on surgical site infection after hip and knee arthroplasty: a nationwide study

Previous studies reported higher incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after procedures performed in summer or with high temperatures. However, no study used detailed climate data to assess this risk after hip and knee arthroplasty, and no study specifically investigated the role of heatwaves. To assess the impact of higher environmental temperatures and heatwaves on SSI rates after hip and knee arthroplasty. Data on hip and knee arthroplasty procedures performed between January 2013 and September 2019 in hospitals participating in the Swiss SSI surveillance were linked to climate data extracted from weather stations located in their vicinity. The association between temperature, heatwaves and SSI was studied using mixed effects logistic regression models fitted at the patient level. Poisson mixed models were fitted for both calendar year and month of the year to investigate the SSI incidence trajectory over time. We included 116,981 procedures performed in 122 hospitals. Significantly higher SSI rates were observed for procedures performed in the summertime (incidence rate ratio 1.39, 95% CI (1.20-1.60), P<0.001; reference: autumn) or in calendar months in which the mean temperature was above 20°C (reference 5-10°C; odds ratio 1.59, 95% CI (1.27, 1.98), P<0.001). We observed a slight but non-significant increase in the rate of SSI during heatwaves (1.44% versus 1.01%, P=0.2). SSI rates after hip and knee replacement appear to increase with higher environmental temperature. To establish whether, and to what extent, heatwaves increase the risk of SSI, studies involving geographical areas with larger variability in temperature are needed.

Impacts of seasonal temperatures, ocean warming and marine heatwaves on the nutritional quality of eastern school prawns (Metapenaeus macleayi)

Ocean warming and marine heatwaves significantly alter environmental conditions in marine and estuarine environments. Despite their potential global importance for nutrient security and human health, it is not well understood how thermal impacts could alter the nutritional quality of harvested marine resources. We tested whether short-term experimental exposure to seasonal temperatures, projected ocean-warming temperatures, and marine heatwaves affected the nutritional quality of the eastern school prawn (Metapenaeus macleayi). In addition, we tested whether nutritional quality was affected by the duration of exposure to warm temperatures. We show the nutritional quality of M. macleayi is likely to be resilient to short- (28 d), but not longer-term (56 d) exposure to warming temperatures. The proximate, fatty acid and metabolite compositions of M. macleayi were unchanged after 28 d exposure to simulated ocean warming and marine heatwaves. The ocean-warming scenario did, however, show potential for elevated sulphur, iron and silver levels after 28 d. Decreasing saturation of fatty acids in M. macleayi after 28 d exposure to cooler temperatures indicates homeoviscous adaptation to seasonal changes. We found that 11 % of measured response variables were significantly different between 28 and 56 d when exposed to the same treatment, indicating the duration of exposure time and time of sampling are critical when measuring this species' nutritional response. Further, we found that future acute warming events could reduce harvestable biomass, despite survivors retaining their nutritional quality. Developing a combined knowledge of the variability in seafood nutrient content with shifts in the availability of harvested seafood is crucial for understanding seafood-derived nutrient security in a changing climate.

Determining the Impact of Heatwaves on Emergency Ambulance Calls in Queensland: A Retrospective Population-Based Study.

Heatwaves are a significant and growing threat to the health and well-being of the residents of Queensland, Australia. This threat is increasing due to climate change. Excess heat increases the demand for health services, including ambulance calls, and the purpose of this study was to explore this impact across Queensland. A state-wide retrospective analysis of heatwaves and emergency 'Triple Zero' (000) calls to Queensland Ambulance (QAS) from 2010-2019 was undertaken. Call data from the QAS and heatwave data from the Bureau of Meteorology were analysed using a case-crossover approach at the postcode level. Ambulance calls increased by 12.68% during heatwaves. The effect was greatest during low-severity heatwaves (22.16%), followed by severe (14.32%) and extreme heatwaves (1.16%). The impact varied by rurality, with those living in very remote areas and major cities most impacted, along with those of low and middle socioeconomic status during low and severe intensity heat events. Lag effects post-heatwave continued for at least 10 days. Heatwaves significantly increase ambulance call centre workload, so ambulance services must actively prepare resources and personnel to address increases in heatwave frequency, duration, and severity. Communities must be informed of the risks of heatwaves at all severities, particularly low severity, and the sustained risks in the days following a heat event.

Temporal dynamics of heatwaves are key drivers of sediment mixing by bioturbators

AbstractHeatwaves affect tidal flat ecosystems by altering the bioturbating behavior of benthic species, with potential consequences for sediment oxygenation, particle mixing, and erodibility. Although the frequency and duration of heatwaves are expected to increase under global warming scenarios, we lack insights into how heatwaves' temporal dynamics affect bioturbating behaviors. Using the widely distributed bioturbator Cerastoderma edule as model species, we quantified how heatwaves with identical heat‐sum but different temporal dynamics (i.e., 3‐ vs. 6‐d heating and normal temperature cycles) affect bioturbating behaviors and the sediment mixing processes in tidal mesocosms. Our results show that short but frequent 3‐d heatwave cycles increased the magnitude of bioturbating behaviors, thereby resulting in more bio‐mixed sediment than observed under infrequent prolonged 6‐d heatwave cycles. This unexpected result could be ascribed to the weakening health condition indicated by a high death rate (47.37%) under 6‐d heatwave cycles than in 3‐d and no‐heatwave control cycles. Present findings reveal that the impact of heatwaves on sediment bioturbation will strongly depend on the temporal dynamics of future heatwaves: bioturbation will be enhanced unless the heatwave duration exceeds species resistance and increases mortality.

Dairy Cows Offered Fresh Chicory Instead of Ensiled Pasture during an Acute Heat Challenge Produced More Milk and Had Lower Body Temperatures.

The frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves in Australia are increasing. To reduce the impact of heat waves on milk production, novel management strategies are required. Altering the forage type and amount offered affect the heat load on dairy cows and offer potential strategies to ameliorate the effects of hot weather. Thirty-two multiparous, lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were assigned one of four dietary treatments: chicory high amount, chicory low amount, pasture silage high amount, or pasture silage low amount. These cows were exposed to a heat wave in controlled-environment chambers. Cows that were offered fresh chicory had similar feed intake to cows that were offered pasture silage (15.3 kg DM/d). However, cows that were offered chicory produced greater energy-corrected milk (21.9 vs. 17.2 kg/d) and had a lower maximum body temperature (39.4 vs. 39.6 °C) than cows that were offered pasture silage overall. Cows that were offered the high amount of forage had greater feed intake (16.5 vs. 14.1 kg DM/d) and energy corrected milk yield (20.0 vs. 17.9 kg/d) than cows that were offered the low amount, as intended, but with no difference in maximum body temperature (39.5 °C). We conclude that feeding chicory instead of pasture silage to dairy cows shows promise as a dietary strategy to ameliorate the effect of heat exposure, and there was no advantage in restricting feed amount.

Why Insects Cannot Stand the Heat of Climate Change

Climate change is gripping our planet. News headlines proclaim warmer winters and hotter summers, and these changes are impacting Earth’s biodiversity. Have you ever wondered how climate change causes extinctions? This is an important, ongoing research question because understanding how heat impacts living organisms could help us predict how species will cope in a warmer world and give us the knowledge we need to help vulnerable organisms. Insects make honey, pollinate crops, control pests, and recycle waste into nutrients. Despite being numerous and often helpful to humans, insects, and the effects that climate change is having on them, are often overlooked. Due to climate change, heatwaves are becoming more common and intense. In this article, we explore the impact of simulated heatwaves on a beetle species in the laboratory. Keep reading to learn about how heatwaves could cause damage that lasts over generations, potentially leading to extinctions.

Heatwaves and mortality in Queensland 2010–2019: implications for a homogenous state-wide approach

Heatwaves are a significant cause of adverse health outcomes and mortality in Australia, worsening with climate change. In Queensland, the northeastern-most state, little is known about the impact of heatwaves outside of the capital city of Brisbane. This study aims to explore the impact of heatwaves on mortality across various demographic and environmental conditions within Queensland from 2010 to 2019. The Excess Heat Factor was used to indicate heatwave periods at the Statistical Area 2 (SA2) level. Registered deaths data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and heatwave data from the Bureau of Meteorology were matched using a case-crossover approach. Relative risk and 95% confidence intervals were calculated across years, regions, age, sex, rurality, socioeconomic status, and cause of death. Heatwaves were associated with a 5% increase in all-cause mortality compared to deaths on non-heatwave days, with variability across the state. The risk of death on a heatwave day versus a non-heatwave day varied by heatwave severity. Individuals living in urban centers, the elderly, and those living in regions of lower socioeconomic status were most impacted by heatwave mortality. The relative risk of dying from neoplasms, nervous system conditions, respiratory conditions, and mental and behavioral conditions increased during heatwaves. As heatwaves increase in Queensland due to climate change, understanding the impact of heatwaves on mortality across Queensland is important to tailor public health messages. There is considerable variability across communities, demographic groups, and medical conditions, and as such messages need to be tailored to risk.

Impacts of heatwaves and cold spells on glaucoma in rural China: a national cross-sectional study

China faces increasing health risks from climate change. The structure and function of the eye and vision were affected by extreme heat and cold. The study aimed to evaluate the impacts of heatwaves and cold spells on glaucoma. A national cross-sectional study of the Rural Epidemiology for Glaucoma (REG-China) was conducted in ten provinces of China, and 36,081 adults aged 40 years or more were included. Glaucoma signs were assessed via a standard examination. A total of 15 heatwave definitions, based on intensity (95th to 99th percentiles of temperature distribution) and duration (≥2 days, 3 days, and 4 days), were used to quantify heatwave effects, and 6 cold spell definitions were defined based on threshold temperature percentile (5th and 10th) and duration (3 days, 5 days, and 9 days). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models paired with interaction analysis were performed to investigate the impacts of heatwaves and cold spells on glaucoma, and the dose-response relationships were assessed using a restricted cubic spline (RCS) model. Subgroup analysis was conducted stratified by gender, age, smoking status, occupation, and family history of glaucoma. The overall prevalence of glaucoma was 2.1% (95% CI 1.94–2.25%). Higher heatwaves were significantly correlated with higher OR of glaucoma, with the OR (95% CI) ranging from 1.014 (1.009, 1.018) to 1.090 (1.065, 1.115) by different definitions. Glaucoma was affected by heatwaves more strongly than by cold spells. The effects of both heatwaves and cold spells were higher in males than females and in smokers than nonsmokers. These results of the present study evoked the attention of prospective research to elucidate the relationship between extreme temperatures and eye diseases.

Reproducing in hot water: Experimental heatwaves deteriorate multiple reproductive traits in a freshwater ectotherm

Abstract Heatwaves are occurring at an increasing frequency and intensity under ongoing climate change. As many reproductive traits—including mating behaviour and gamete traits—are sensitive even to small temperature changes, the impact of heatwaves on reproduction and sexual selection processes is likely to be vast. Also, evaluating whether the sexes respond differently to these extreme events is crucial to understand the impact on fecundity and the consequences at the population level. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the effects of heatwaves on these key aspects of animal life is still limited. Here, we expose recently mated male and female guppies Poecilia reticulata to an experimental heatwave (32°C, 6°C above the control, for 5 days) to determine its effects on several traits, including sexual behaviour, condition, ornamentation and fertility. Using this design, in contrast to alternative experimental setups, we had the possibility to attribute the effects of the heatwave to males' and females' reproductive traits independently. Overall, our results indicate that heatwaves can drastically affect key reproductive traits and unravel sex‐specific responses. In males, there was no effect of the heatwave on survival, but both pre‐ and postcopulatory reproductive traits were affected. After the heatwave, we detected a decrease in orange colouration (the most important ornament on which female choice is based) and the overall level of sexual activity, and a shift in the preferred mating tactic towards forced copulation attempts. The latter suggests implications in sexual conflict dynamics, as forced copulations override female mate choice. Also, after the heatwave, males had more sperm but of lower quality, and, in addition, an increased variance in sperm number. Overall, heatwaves may thus result in a compromised ability to secure matings and fertilizations. In females, the heatwave significantly affected survival, with increased mortality in the short term, and impaired fecundity, with many females from the heatwave treatment not reproducing at all. The negative effects of heatwaves on key reproductive traits unravelled by our study could have major implications for population dynamics and persistence. It highlights the need for further studies on how these extreme events affect reproduction, to improve our understanding of the impacts of climate change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The Impacts of Heat Waves on Hospital Admissions and Mortality in the Fethiye Province of Turkey

tHeat waves (HWs) are one of the most important atmospheric events that negatively affect human health. In this study, HWs which occurred between May 1 and September 30, 2019 in Fethiye Province (SW Turkey) were investigated for their effects on human health. For this purpose, as a first step, percentile-based threshold criteria and at least three consecutive days’ methodology were applied to the daily maximum temperatures to identify HWs. Using these criteria, a total of 3 HWs (HW 1, HW 2, and HW 3) with lengths of 6, 7, and 5 days, respectively, were found in 2019. In statistical analyses, hospital data recorded on HW days (including the 3 lag days) on reference days were compared using the logarithmic Z test method. Hospital data between May 1 and September 30 in the 5 years between 2014 and 2018 were used as reference data. As a result, in the 3 HWs that occurred in 2019, the risk ratios (RRs) and their confidence intervals in HW 1, HW 2, and HW 3 at hospital admissions were 1.09 (95% CI: 1.06–1.12), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.08–1.14), and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.09–1.16), (p < 0.05), respectively. When the effect of HW on death was examined, the RR values and confidence intervals in HW 1, HW 2, and HW 3 were 1.90 (95% CI: 1.04–3.46), 1.96 (95% CI: 1.03–3.75), and 2.18 (95% CI: 1.13–4.20), (p < 0.005), respectively. As a result, it was found that a total of 22 extra deaths occurred when three HWs were recorded in 2019. When the deaths were analysed by age, it was seen that the most affected group was the elderly (≥65 years), accounting for 82% of deaths. It was determined that 64% of the deaths were male, and 36% were female. These results show that HWs in Fethiye are an important natural disaster that negatively affects human health.

Corrigendum to “Impact of heat waves and cold spells on cause specific mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil” [Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 239 (2022), 113861

Corrigendum to “Impact of heat waves and cold spells on cause specific mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil” [Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 239 (2022), 113861

The modification effect of ozone pollution on the associations between heat wave and cardiovascular mortality

&lt;p&gt;Epidemiological evidence concerning whether ozone modifies the impact of heat waves remain unexplored, especially in developing countries. To comprehensively evaluate the potential modification effect of ozone on heat wave impacts in warm seasons, we adopted a dataset (including mortality from overall cardiovascular diseases, chronic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases) in 250 Chinese cities from 2015 to 2019. A conditional quasi-Poisson regression model within the framework of the space-time-stratified case-crossover design was applied to obtain province-level associations, and a meta-analysis was adopted to pool province-level associations to national-average associations. Ozone concentration was categorized into low, medium and high levels using the 33rd and 66th percentiles of the location-specific levels as cutoffs, then we calculated the effect of heat waves in various ozone strata. Further stratification analyses on sub-populations (age group, sex and occupation) and regions were carried out. Heat waves were found to be positively associated with mortality from overall cardiovascular diseases (&lt;i&gt;RR&lt;/i&gt;=1.043, 95% &lt;i&gt;CI&lt;/i&gt;: 1.027-1.059). Higher concentrations of ozone significantly enhanced the effects of heat waves on cerebrovascular mortality. The mortality risk of heat waves was 1.071 (95% &lt;i&gt;CI&lt;/i&gt;: 1.036-1.108) and 1.069 (95% &lt;i&gt;CI&lt;/i&gt;: 1.039-1.100) at the medium and high levels, respectively (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; for interaction=0.012 and 0.040, compared to the low level). A significant modification effect of ozone on the cerebrovascular mortality impact of heat waves was observed among people over 75, males and farmers, as well as in southern China and temperate climatic zones. Our findings suggest that ozone might potentially modify the mortality effect of heat waves.&lt;/p&gt;

Impact of extreme heatwaves and life-history traits on seed germination responses in Cumberland Plain Woodland native plant species

Context The Cumberland Plain Woodland (CPW) is a threatened ecological community that is expected to experience heatwaves of increasing intensity and frequency into the future. Given the central role that temperature plays in regulating seed germination, understanding the impacts of such heatwaves on key germination attributes is vital to identify potential impacts on plant community structure. Aims To determine the impacts of increased heatwave intensity and frequency treatments on seed germination within and across 15 native species of the CPW. We also examined the influence of interspecific variation in life-history traits on germination responses. Methods Seeds were exposed to seven heatwave treatments of increasing intensity and frequency. Life-history trait data were also collected for each species’ dormancy type, fire response traits, life form and seed mass. Key results There was evidence within the study species of a significant effect of heatwave treatment. Germination duration was prolonged for the two most extreme simulated heatwave events. Life-history traits could not explain germination responses after heatwave treatments, however, larger seeded species had quicker germination onset and shorter periods of germination over small-seeded species; and trees had lower proportions of germination than any other life form. Conclusions Increases in heatwave intensity and frequency have an impact on seed germination responses in native species of the CPW. Life-history traits could not explain germination responses across species along the heatwave gradient. Implications Projected increases in heatwave intensity and frequency are likely to impact seed germination, and thus community composition, in species from the CPW.

Reducing the impact of heat waves on human population through avenue vegetation: a mathematical modelling study

Reducing the impact of heat waves on human population through avenue vegetation: a mathematical modelling study

Reducing the impact of heat waves on human population through avenue vegetation: a mathematical modelling study

Reducing the impact of heat waves on human population through avenue vegetation: a mathematical modelling study

Mortality Risk Related to Heatwaves in Dezful City, Southwest of Iran.

We aimed to evaluate the impact of heatwaves on daily deaths due to non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory causes in the city of Dezful in Iran from 2013 to 2019. We collected daily ambient temperature and mortality and defined 2 types of heatwaves by combining daily temperature ⩾90th in each month of the study period or since 30 years with duration ⩾2 and 3 days. We used a distributed lag non-linear model to study the association between each type of heatwave definition, and deaths due to non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory causes with lags up to 13 days. There was no discernible correlation in this area, despite the fact that heatwaves raised the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and lowered the risk from respiratory causes. On the other hand, the risk of total non-accidental mortality on days with the heatwaves is significantly higher than normal days. In main effects, the heatwaves have a significant relationship with the risk of total non-accidental mortality (in the first heatwave definition, Cumulative Excess Risk (CER) in lag0-2 was 10.4 and in second heatwave definition, CER values in lag0, 0-2, and 0-6 were 12.4, 29.2, and 38.8 respectively). Also, in added effects, heatwaves have a significant relationship with the risk of total non-accidental mortality (in the first heatwave definition, CER in lag0 and 0-2 were 1.79 and 4.11 and in the second heatwave definition, CER values in lag0, 0-2, and 0-6 were 7.76, 18.35 and 24.87 respectively). In addition, heatwaves appeared to contribute to a cumulative excess risk of non-accidental death among the male group as well as the older adults. However, the results showed that heatwaves could have detrimental effects on health, even in populations accustomed to the extreme heat. Therefore, early warning systems which monitor heatwaves should provide the necessary warnings to the population, especially the most vulnerable groups.