Impact Of Green Space Research Articles

The impact of green space on nonaccidental and cause-specific mortality in the Adventist Health Study-2 population.

There is growing interest in evaluating the long-term health effects of neighborhood environments, particularly green space. However, only a limited body of research further incorporates multiple ambient air pollutants. This study looked at the relationship between green space, as measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and mortality adjusted by key confounders in the Adventist Health Study-2, a longitudinal cohort study from 2002 to 2015, across the contiguous United States (N = 67,400). We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to assess the risk of nonaccidental, cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and respiratory disease mortality from green space around subjects' home address under multiple covariate and pollutant adjustments. We found a 0.1 unit increase in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was associated with nonaccidental (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.96 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93, 0.99]), CVD (HR: 0.94 [95% CI: 0.90, 0.98]), and IHD (HR: 0.87 [95% CI: 0.81, 0.94]) mortality, with the greatest precision in fully adjusted three-pollutant models using the 1000-m buffer. Effect estimates were strengthened in urban areas, when incorporating seasons, and for females. However, all associations between green space and respiratory mortality were null. This study supports evidence that increased neighborhood green space is inversely associated with nonaccidental, CVD, and IHD mortality, where the inclusion of multiple environmental covariates had a greater impact on effect estimate magnitude and precision than adjustment by individual lifestyle and health factors.

Field Monitoring and the Impact of Green Space on the Local Climate of Summer and Winter for the Duration (2023-2024)

Field Monitoring and the Impact of Green Space on the Local Climate of Summer and Winter for the Duration (2023-2024)

The Impact of Greenspace on Health

The Impact of Greenspace on Health

Exploring ‘good practice’ densification projects: the impact of green space and density on local acceptance

ABSTRACT While the ‘compact city’ can provide environmental benefits, densification can result in negative trade-offs at the local scale – e.g. through increases in density and the removal of urban green space – and densification projects are often rejected by locals. This paper explores examples of densification in a compact European city, integrating different stakeholder perspectives from planners as well as neighbours of densification projects. Neighbours do not reject densification per se, but evaluate the individual projects and their contexts. Evaluation depended mostly on how the projects impacted urban green space, social mix and available parking spaces. Implications are discussed and ‘good practice’ criteria that could reduce the trade-offs of densification are suggested.

Comparative study and effects of urban green scape on the land surface temperature of a large metropolis and green city

Previous studies have provided valuable insights into the impact of green space (GS) on land surface temperature (LST). However, there is a need for in-depth comparative research on changing landscape patterns in cities and their effects on the urban thermal environment. This study investigates the spatial arrangement of GS and the influence of impervious surfaces on LST in urban areas, examining their cooling and warming effects in the urban landscapes of Beijing and Islamabad. The study aims to assess the impact of the spatial arrangement of GS on LST using a moving window of 1 km2 to analyze the overall effect of landscape patterns on the urban environment. Using Gaofen (GF–2) and Landsat–8 satellite data, we examined the biophysical surface properties of core urban areas. The results indicate a significant difference in the mean LST of 5.44 °C and 3.31 °C between impervious surfaces and GS in Beijing and Islamabad, respectively. The barren land and GS in Islamabad experience a higher LST of 3.39 °C compared to Beijing, which accounts for 1.39 °C. In Beijing, configuration metrics show no significant effect on urban LST, while edge density (ED) exhibits a slightly negative trend. In contrast, in the city of Islamabad, the landscape shape index (LSI), patch density (PD), and number of patches (NP) metrics have a significant influence on LST. The cooling effect of GS patches (0.1–0.5 ha) is more pronounced, while that of GS patches of 15–20 ha shows no significant effect on LST. The temperature difference (TD) of 5.01 °C was observed from the edge of GS in Beijing and 3.3 °C in Islamabad. Considering Islamabad's lush green scape compared to Beijing, this study suggests that Islamabad may experience an increase in LST in the future due to urbanization. This study's findings may assist urban policy-makers in designing sustainable green city layouts that effectively address future planning considerations.

The Impact of Green Space on University Students’ Mental Health: The Mediating Roles of Solitude Competence and Perceptual Restoration

With the prevalence of mental health problems among college students, perceptual recovery and the sensory dimensions of perception (PSD) have emerged as crucial environment-related factors for psychological well-being. However, there has been relatively limited research on how these factors directly and indirectly impact the restoration experience of college students in green spaces on campuses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of college students’ intrinsic motivation on their psychological well-being when exposed to campus green spaces. Special attention was given to the role of solitude and perceptual recovery in this process. Research Methodology: Based on a literature review and field research, we classified campus green spaces into eight types based on perceptual dimensions. We collected 550 questionnaires on campus, and the data processing involved structural equation modeling (SEM) and mediation analysis. Findings: A positive correlation was found between perceived sensory dimensions and the recovery experience. College students’ perceptual recovery and ability to be alone emerged as mediating variables in this process. In essence, this study sheds light on the mechanism through which intrinsic motivation impacts the mental health of college students when they engage with campus green spaces.

MANAGEMENT OF COUNTRYSIDE WALKING TOURISM THROUGH UNDERSTANDING USERS AND THEIR NEEDS

Walking tourism, among the most attractive manners to observe a destination and satisfy the growing demand of visitors for outdoor activities, allows tourists to interact closely with local nature, people, tradition, culture, and heritage. Walking tourism needs low investments and can be developed anywhere. The impacts of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health contribute to the accelerated development of this form of tourism. By better understanding users, it is more likely to develop a product or service that works for them. Despite the efforts of urban areas to become greener and more attractive (Callaghan et al., 2021), rural areas have unique and pristine natural resources that cannot be created artificially. In addition, life in the village is still traditional, peaceful, and easy, customs are respected, and the cultural heritage has been preserved from the influence of the modern, high-tech age and global market trends (Štetić & Šimičević, 2017). When developing a nature tourism product, the focal question is related to real user needs. Such as the lack of information about user needs accounts for 35% of total reasons for start-ups’ failures (CBInsights, 2021), this logic can also easily apply to tourism destinations. To learn about user needs, the starting point is to research users and their motivations, triggers, and context for using the product or service. Considering the impact of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health, countryside walking tourism (CWT), with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism. Properly developed and managed, walking tourism brings social-economic benefits to destinations and gains a significant place in regional sustainable development (Milojković et al., 2023a). CWT, with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism (Milojković et al., 2023b). Understanding users and their needs-based CWT management reduces the risk of expensive failures, ensures timely delivery, sets up and manages a team to design, build, and maintain a product or service, and opens space for innovations. The research purpose is to perceive users of the countryside walking tours and their needs during those tours. Among the general scientific methods, the statistical method and the hypothetico-deductive method were used. The research data were collected using the questionnaire-based survey technique and processed by SPSS. The general results indicated that the management of CWT should target meeting user needs for visiting hidden and original places with a local guide, consuming and buying authentic food and drinks, and raising awareness and building communicative capacities of the local population. The research contribution is to improve the management of rural tourism destinations based on understanding users and their needs for countryside walking tours.

THE WIMMELBOOK – ARTISTIC PERCEPTION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AESTHETIC IMPACT THROUGH FINE ART ACTIVITIES IN THE PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS

Walking tourism, among the most attractive manners to observe a destination and satisfy the growing demand of visitors for outdoor activities, allows tourists to interact closely with local nature, people, tradition, culture, and heritage. Walking tourism needs low investments and can be developed anywhere. The impacts of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health contribute to the accelerated development of this form of tourism. By better understanding users, it is more likely to develop a product or service that works for them. Despite the efforts of urban areas to become greener and more attractive (Callaghan et al., 2021), rural areas have unique and pristine natural resources that cannot be created artificially. In addition, life in the village is still traditional, peaceful, and easy, customs are respected, and the cultural heritage has been preserved from the influence of the modern, high-tech age and global market trends (Štetić & Šimičević, 2017). When developing a nature tourism product, the focal question is related to real user needs. Such as the lack of information about user needs accounts for 35% of total reasons for start-ups’ failures (CBInsights, 2021), this logic can also easily apply to tourism destinations. To learn about user needs, the starting point is to research users and their motivations, triggers, and context for using the product or service. Considering the impact of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health, countryside walking tourism (CWT), with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism. Properly developed and managed, walking tourism brings social-economic benefits to destinations and gains a significant place in regional sustainable development (Milojković et al., 2023a). CWT, with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism (Milojković et al., 2023b). Understanding users and their needs-based CWT management reduces the risk of expensive failures, ensures timely delivery, sets up and manages a team to design, build, and maintain a product or service, and opens space for innovations. The research purpose is to perceive users of the countryside walking tours and their needs during those tours. Among the general scientific methods, the statistical method and the hypothetico-deductive method were used. The research data were collected using the questionnaire-based survey technique and processed by SPSS. The general results indicated that the management of CWT should target meeting user needs for visiting hidden and original places with a local guide, consuming and buying authentic food and drinks, and raising awareness and building communicative capacities of the local population. The research contribution is to improve the management of rural tourism destinations based on understanding users and their needs for countryside walking tours.

The Impact of Greenspace, Walking, and Cycling on the Health of Urban Residents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of London.

Vulnerability to COVID-19 has been linked to public health issues like obesity and physical fitness, which consecutively can be linked to access to urban greenspace. However, the value of greenspaces remains contentious in the literature and unclear in practice. In view of very high COVID-19 mortality rates, we use data from London boroughs to explore the impact of green infrastructure in terms of the size, accessibility, and support of physical activity and healthy lifestyles (e.g., walking and cycling). Results show no significant relationship between the availability of greenspace and the probability of being obese or dying from COVID-19. Cycling once, thrice, or five times weekly was found to improve healthy weight, as does cycling once a month. However, the probability of dying from COVID-19 during lockdowns is correlated to the frequency of walking or cycling as a result of decreased social distancing, while the frequency of walking and cycling is determined by availability and access to greenspace.

The Impacts of Redlining on Urban Heat in New York’s Capital Districts

The impact of green space, or lack thereof, on the surface temperature of cities has long been studied through the Urban Heat Island effect. However, the extent to which the historic discriminatory housing policy of redlining influences the temperatures of different neighborhoods in the same city is still being revealed. Here, the researchers investigated how Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) maps correspond to land surface temperatures through uneven distribution of tree canopy and impervious surfaces in New York’s Capital District. Using HOLC maps for Albany, Troy, and Schenectady, the researchers calculated percent tree cover and imperviousness for each of the map’s graded blocks, and calculated the land surface temperature for each block using Landsat 8 imagery. Results showed that neighborhoods rated “hazardous” were generally hotter, more impervious, and less tree-covered than those rated “best” in Albany and Schenectady, but not in Troy. The difference between blocks rated “hazardous” and blocks rated “best” was +2.67°C in Albany, +4.18° in Schenectady, and -1.18° in Troy. These results are an example of how discriminatory housing policies are tied to a disproportional distribution of urban heat. Affected communities, like those in the Capital District, should be identified to increase resilience to the environmental, physiological, and social impacts of climate change.
 Keywords: Urban Heat Island Effect, Redlining, New York, Housing Policy, Green Space, Urban Tree Cover.

Impact of green space on residents' wellbeing: A case study of the Grand Canal (Hangzhou section).

In this study aimed to discuss the importance of the combination of cultural heritage management and green development for urban development by analyzing the upgrading and renovation of the Grand Canal (Hangzhou section) as a successful case. In recent years, green development has risen to prominence as a paradigm shift. Additionally, culture, as an engine to drive urban development, has received more attention. This research used a hybrid approach to examine the importance of combining green development with cultural heritage management. The qualitative method was an interview analysis of 13 residents living in the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal. Based on the analysis of multiple water quality variables in Hangzhou from 1998 and 2014 to 2021, the empirical results proved that it is feasible to integrate green development (environment and economy) into the cultural heritage management of the case study area. The results further prove that only through an understanding of the relationship between cultural heritage and green development can a virtuous cycle of development be created, thereby promoting the continuous development of a unique and historically significant urban area. The results of this study suggest that, in the development of mega-cities, although the preservation and inheritance of historical and cultural heritage conflicts with the green development of modern cities, a successful example has been explored in Hangzhou, including grassroots governance efforts like Gongshu District. There, the two factors can be mutually compatible and promote each other, enhancing the well-being and happiness of local residents.

Urban Parks—A Catalyst for Activities! The Effect of the Perceived Characteristics of the Urban Park Environment on Children’s Physical Activity Levels

The potential of urban parks to enhance social welfare and deliver health benefits has been recognized. However, it is still unclear which landscape characteristics in urban green spaces best improve the physical activity levels of users. Little is known about the relationship between the microenvironment of urban green spaces and the physical activity of children, particularly in the context of high levels of childhood obesity. Using the self-report method, we extracted the perceived environmental characteristics of the landscape and combined this with behavior observation to obtain the level of children’s physical activity in green spaces and to explore the influence of the characteristics of green spaces on these activities. Our results show that the highest levels of activity were found in the semiopen spaces of urban parks, which mainly consist of dense vegetation and a diverse range of recreation facilities. Play facilities were most closely related to the level of intensity of children’s activities, and perceived safety was the primary social perception factor affecting their activities. In addition, perceptions of the social environment were found to play a significant intermediary role in the impact of green space on children’s physical activity. The study results are intended to promote green space planning and design updates, improve the public health level of children, and provide a basis for the construction of child-friendly cities.

The impact of greenspace on air pollution: Empirical evidence from China

Can green vegetation absorb air pollutants and control regional air pollution? The existing research has not reached a consistent conclusion on this issue. Using the multi-level data in China, this paper provides empirical evidence of the causal impact of greenspace on PM2.5 through the abundant fixed effect and controls. Besides, this paper applied the soil humidity, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) last month, NDVI in the same month last year, and NDVI prefecture-level city average as the instrumental variables, respectively, to test the robustness of the estimation. The results show that increased greenspace significantly decreases the PM2.5 concentration and other air pollutants. In further analysis, we found that the decreasing effect turns significant when NDVI exceeds 0.3. In addition, there are regional heterogeneities in the impact of greenspace on air pollution. Greenspaces show a more pronounced air pollution reduction effect in southern or higher administrative-level cities. This paper suggests that increasing greenspace is an economical and effective way to achieve co-management of multiple air pollutants.

Prenatal exposure to residential green space and cord blood DNA methylation: epigenome wide association studies in the ENVIRONAGE cohort

Background and aim DNA methylation may be an underlying mechanism between green space and health. Although newborn DNA methylation is sensitive to environmental influences during prenatal life, the impact of green space has not been studied yet. This study evaluated whether prenatal exposure to residential green space is associated with cord blood DNA methylation. Methods We conducted epigenome-wide association studies using data from two subpopulations (N=198 and 349) of the ENVIRONAGE cohort. Cord blood DNA methylation was measured by Illumina HumanMethylation 450K and EPIC BeadChip arrays, respectively in the two subpopulations. High (vegetation >3m), low (vegetation <3m) and total (including both) green space exposure was estimated within 100 and 1000 m distance around the maternal residence using high-resolution data. We used linear mixed models to identify differentially methylated sites, and two different approaches (ENmix-combp and DMRcate) to identify differentially methylated regions. Functional analysis was performed by associating green space with cord expression of the genes mapped to the identified signals. Results Prenatal exposure to total, low and high residential green space within 100 and 1000 m was associated with six differentially methylated regions (annotated to COL9A3, GPR27, LINC00612, LINC01973, PARD6G-AS1, ZNF274 genes), in common to the two subsets. Methylation at 7 CpGs was associated with prenatal exposure to total and high green space at 100 and 1000 m distance, with no overlap between the two subsets. Expression level of the FSTL3 gene decreased with prenatal exposure to total green space at 1000 m buffer. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that prenatal residential exposure to green space is associated with cord blood DNA methylation, mainly at loci organized in regions, and that these signals may have functional relevance. Keywords: Residential green space, Epigenomics, Gene expression

The Effects of Urban Green Space on Depressive Symptoms of Mid-Aged and Elderly Urban Residents in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

The aim of this study is to assess the impacts of urban green space on depressive symptoms among Chinese urban residents aged 45 and older. In total, 7397 urban respondents were included in this study. Each respondent participated in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Wave 3 (2015). Environmental-level variables were retrieved from the National Bureau of Statistics database. Both unadjusted and adjusted methods were used in the multilevel regression analysis. Almost one-third of the sample population suffered from depressive symptoms (31.20%). The multilevel logistic regression model showed that green coverage ratio of city-built districts is negatively associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms among urban mid-aged (OR = 0.79, p < 0.05) and elderly (OR = 0.75, p < 0.05) residents, and the public recreational green space helps to reduce elderly people’s depressive symptoms (OR = 0.77, p < 0.05). This study adds insights about the impact of green space and other environmental factors on depressive symptoms among mid-aged and elderly urban dwellers. It is important to provide enough and accessible overall urban green spaces; additionally, attention should also be paid to specific green space forms such as public recreational green space.

Impact of Green Space, Air Pollution, and Weather on Cognitive Function in Middle and Old Age in China

Population aging will inevitably bring an increasing burden of poor cognitive function. The risk factors for cognitive decline have been widely studied. Even though environmental hazards have the greatest adverse impacts on older adults and the existing evidence has shown that green space, air pollution, and weather have an impact on cognitive function, most of the studies were conducted in developed countries and limited to cross-sectional analyses. China has the largest aging population in the world so the research evidence from it can offer an insight to the study in other developing countries facing similar issues and inform future public health policy and disease control. Using the data from a nationally representative sample of adults aged 45 years and older from the three waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2011-2015) and China City Statistical Yearbook, this study estimated multilevel growth curve models for the effects of green space coverage, air pollution, and weather conditions on cognitive function and cognitive decline. It showed that after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, built area green coverage rate was positively associated with cognition score at baseline, and higher annual minimum temperature was associated with faster decline in cognitive function. These effects did not substantially change after weekly total hours of physical activities and levels of social engagement were added and the interaction effects were examined between environmental conditions with them, respectively. More research on the mechanisms of the effects of environmental factors on cognition is needed such as the subgroup analyses.

42.3 GREENSPACE AND MENTAL HEALTH: IMPLICATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC POPULATIONS FACING CLIMATE CHANGE

The objectives of this presentation are to: 1) review the neuroscience of how greenspace impacts neural development; 2) summarize epidemiological evidence studying the impacts of greenspace on mental health, mental health disorders, and behavioral development in adults and children (with special attention on how greenspace has impacted mental health during a global pandemic); and 3) explore greenspace clinical interventions on pediatric mental health and approaches to “nature therapeutics.” This section will start by reviewing the basic research of how greenspace affects physiological neural development. It will then discuss epidemiologic findings showing the protective nature of greenspace in children, as well as the racial and socioeconomic inequity in greenspace accessibility. Additionally, this section will explore research, conducted by myself and others, on the unique role of greenspace during the COVID-19 pandemic on maintaining mental wellness. We will conclude by briefly discussing the use of “nature therapy” to help address certain pediatric mental health disorders. At the end of this presentation, the audience should be able to recall how greenspace and natural landscapes impact mental health in pediatric populations, as well as generally describe the inequity in greenspace access and the unique role that greenspace has played during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to mental health. Lastly, they should be able to appraise the merits of “nature therapy” as a potential treatment for certain mental health disorders and the importance of mental health professionals actively working to preserve greenspace in the face of climate change. The impact of greenspace on pediatric mental health is an evolving field that should be of significant interest to AACAP members. Participants of this talk will walk away with a better understanding of how nature and greenspace impact neurological processing and childhood development, as well as implications for therapeutics. This topic addresses how green spaces and natural environments can shape pediatric mental well-being and, therefore, complements the other talks in this series discussing how climate change and environmental preservation are fundamentally important concepts for psychiatrists to integrate into their practice.

The impact of greenspace and air pollution exposure on incident dementia in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: While long term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) has been linked to all-cause dementia, less is known about potential modification of these effects by greenspace exposure. METHODS: The Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study (GEMS) was a randomized trial in four US sites (Hagerstown MD, Pittsburgh PA, Sacramento CA, and Winston-Salem NC) from 2000-2008 with rigorous neuropsychological assessments for dementia every six months. Minimum age at enrollment was 75 years. Mean residence-specific PM₂.₅ concentrations were estimated using a novel spatiotemporal model and reconstructed from residential address histories for a 20-year period (1980-1999). Greenspace exposure was measured by averaging standardized 1) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), 2) reverse coded distance to nearest park, and 3) percentage of park overlap within a 10km buffer of residence. We evaluated modification by greenspace of the effects of PM₂.₅ on dementia risk by including an interaction term in Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, study site, year of randomization, gender, treatment assignment, neighborhood deprivation index, and education. RESULTS:For 2,549 participants who were free of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at enrollment, preliminary analyses indicate that an interquartile range (2 µg/m³) increase in 20-yr mean PM₂.₅ exposure was associated with a 19% (HR: 1.19: CI: 1.04, 1.37) greater risk of dementia. Relative to participants in the first tertile of greenspace, those in the second tertile had a 17% reduction (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.09) in dementia risk and those in the third tertile had a 25% reduction (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.03); however, these estimates included the null. Greenspace exposure did not modify the impact of PM₂.₅ on dementia risk (interaction term p-value=0.57). CONCLUSIONS:Greenspace exposure may be a promising protective factor against dementia but does not appear to modify the impact of PM₂.₅ on dementia in this cohort of older adults. KEYWORDS: Greenspace, Air pollution, All-cause dementia, Fine particulate matter, Long-term exposure

Residential Surrounding Greenspace and Mental Health in Three Spanish Areas.

Exposure to greenspace has been related to improved mental health, but the available evidence is limited and findings are heterogeneous across different areas. We aimed to evaluate the associations between residential exposure to greenspace and specific psychopathological and psychosomatic symptoms related to mental health among mothers from a Spanish birth cohort. Our study was based on data from 1171 women participating in two follow-ups of a population-based cohort in Valencia, Sabadell, and Gipuzkoa (2004–2012). For each participant, residential surrounding greenspace was estimated as the average of the satellite-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) across different buffers around the residential address at the time of delivery and at the 4-year follow-up. The Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R) was applied to characterize mental health at the 4-year follow-up. We developed mixed-effects logistic regression models controlled for relevant covariates to evaluate the associations. Higher residential surrounding greenspace was associated with a lower risk of somatization and anxiety symptoms. For General Severity Index (GSI), obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism symptoms, we generally observed protective associations, but none attained statistical significance. Findings from this study suggested a potential positive impactof greenspace on mental health.

Neighbourhood character affects the spatial extent and magnitude of the functional footprint of urban green infrastructure

ContextUrban densification has been argued to increase the contrast between built up and open green space. This contrast may offer a starting point for assessing the extent and magnitude of the positive influences urban green infrastructure is expected to have on its surroundings.ObjectivesDrawing on insights from landscape ecology and urban geography, this exploratory study investigates how the combined properties of green and grey urban infrastructures determine the influence of urban green infrastructure on the overall quality of the urban landscape.MethodsThis article uses distance rise-or-decay functions to describe how receptive different land uses are to the influence of neighbouring green spaces, and does this based on integrated information on urban morphology, land surface temperature and habitat use by breeding birds.ResultsOur results show how green space has a non-linear and declining cooling influence on adjacent urban land uses, extending up to 300–400 m in densely built up areas and up to 500 m in low density areas. Further, we found a statistically significant declining impact of green space on bird species richness up to 500 m outside its boundaries.ConclusionsOur focus on land use combinations and interrelations paves the way for a number of new joint landscape level assessments of direct and indirect accessibility to different ecosystem services. Our early results reinforce the challenging need to retain more green space in densely built up part of cities.